Yintoni Amandla Akhethekileyo?

Amandla athile alinganisa ubungakanani bamandla agcinwe ngeyunithi yobunzima besixhobo okanye inkqubo. Ivakaliswa ngeejowuli ngekhilogram (J/kg) okanye iiwathi-iiyure ngekhilogram (Wh/kg), le metric imisela ukuba angakanani amandla anokusebenziseka kubunzima obunikiweyo, iyenza ibaluleke kakhulu xa kuthelekiswa ubugcisa bogcino lwamandla kunye nesakhono sokuqonda imathiriyeli.

Amandla athile ahluka kakhulu kuxinzelelo lwamandla, nangona amagama ahlala ebhideka. Ngelixa uxinaniso lwamandla lulinganisa amandla ngomthamo weyunithi nganye (Wh/L), amandla athile ajolise ngokukodwa kubunzima. Lo mahluko ubaluleke kakhulu kwizicelo apho izithintelo zobunzima ziqhuba izigqibo zoyilo -ukusuka kwiziphekepheke ukuya kwizixhobo zombane eziphathwayo ukuya kwizithuthi zombane.

Ifiziksi esemva kwamandla athile ibandakanya unxulumano phakathi kwamandla agciniweyo kunye nobunzima obufunekayo ukuwaqulatha. Kwiibhetri, oku kuquka amandla avela kutshintsho lwekhemikhali olwahlulwe bubunzima bubonke bee-electrode, i-electrolyte, izahluli, kunye necasing. Kwizibaso, imele ubushushu obukhutshwa ngexesha lokutsha xa kuthelekiswa nobunzima bamafutha.

Specific Energy

Iibhetri zeLithium{0}}zibonisa ukuba kutheni amandla athile abalulekile kubuchwephesha bale mihla. Iiseli ze-ion zangoku ze-lithium-zifezekisa amandla athile phakathi kwe-250-270 Wh/kg, ivumela ii-smartphones ukuba zibaleke iiyure kunye nezithuthi zombane ukuhamba amakhulu eemayile. Xa kuthelekiswa, iibhetri zelead zemveli zizisa kuphela i-30-50 Wh/kg, zichaza ukuba kutheni zitshintshwe kakhulu kwizicelo eziphathwayo ngaphandle kweendleko zazo eziphantsi.

Izinto ezintsha zamva nje zityhalela phambili le mida. Iibhetri zelizwe-eziluqilima kuphuhliso zithembisa amandla awodwa angaphaya kwe-350 Wh/kg, ngelixa iinkqubo zentsimbi ezikwizinga eliphezulu ze-lithium-ezisuka kwiinkampani ezifana no-Amprius zibonise i-400 Wh/kg kwizicelo ezikhethekileyo zokubhabha. Olu phuculo luguqulela ngokuthe ngqo kwixesha elide lesixhobo okanye uluhlu olwandisiweyo lwesithuthi ngaphandle kokongeza ubunzima.

Amandla athile ebhetri axhomekeke kwizinto ezininzi: imathiriyeli ye-electrode, ikhemistri yeeseli, kunye nobuchule bokuyila. I-Nickel-i-cathodes etyebileyo yonyusa ugcino lwamandla kodwa imiceli mngeni yozinzo. I-Silicon anode inikezela ngomthamo ophezulu kunegraphite yendabuko kodwa amava okwandisa umthamo ngexesha lokutshaja. Ukhetho ngalunye loyilo lumele urhwebo phakathi kwamandla athile kunye nezinye iimpawu zokusebenza ezifana nobomi bomjikelo, ukhuseleko, kunye neendleko.

Amafutha efosili agcina amandla athile aphezulu kakhulu kuneebhetri. Ipetroli iqulethe malunga ne-12,700 Wh/kg (46 MJ/kg), ngelixa idizili ifikelela kwi-13,000 Wh/kg. Oku kuchaza ukuba kutheni, ngaphandle kwamashumi eminyaka yokuqhubela phambili kwebhetri, amafutha angamanzi ahlala elawula kwinqwelomoya kunye{7}}nothutho olude apho ubunzima bubaluleke kakhulu.

IHydrojeni ibonisa imeko enomdla enamandla athile angama-33,300 Wh/kg{2}}phantse ukuphinda-phindwe kathathu kwepetroli. Nangona kunjalo, uxinano oluphantsi kakhulu lufuna nokuba -uxinzelelo oluphezulu okanye ukupholisa kwe-cryogenic, yongeza ubunzima benkqubo ecutha amandla athile athile kakhulu. Irhasi yendalo ngokufanayo inamandla athile aphezulu ngokweyunithi yobunzima kodwa ifuna iinkqubo zokugcina ezinzima.

Kwisondlo, amandla athile amisela ubuninzi be-caloric. Amafutha abonelela ngokumalunga ne-38 kJ/g (9 Cal/g), ngaphezulu kokuphindwe kabini kwiiprotheni kunye neecarbohydrates kwi-16-17 kJ/g (4 Cal/g nganye). Oku kucacisa ukuba kutheni ukutya okunamafutha-aphezulu kuqulethe iikhalori ezininzi ngegram-amandla athile e-macronutrient alawula ukubalwa.

Isiqulatho samanzi sichaphazela ngamandla amandla athile okutya kuba amanzi esongeza ubunzima ngaphandle kokufaka amandla. Imifuno emitsha inokuqulatha kuphela i-0.5-1 kJ/g, ngelixa amandongomane omisiweyo engaphezulu kwe-25 kJ/g, nangona zombini ikukukutya okusekelwe kwizityalo.

Uyilo lwesithuthi sombane lujikeleze imiqobo ethile yamandla. Ipakethi yebhetri engama-75 kWh isebenzisa iiseli ezine-250 Wh/kg inobunzima be-300 kg, emele malunga ne-15-20% yobunzima besithuthi. Ukonyusa amandla athile ebhetri ukuya kwi-350 Wh/kg kungakwehlisa oku ukuya kuma-214 kg, ukukhulula 86 kg kumthamo womkhweli okanye uluhlu olwandisiweyo.

Oku kuncipha kobunzima kwehla ngokuyilwa kwesithuthi. Izithuthi ezikhaphukhaphu zifuna amandla amancinci okukhawulezisa kunye nokunyuka induli, iimoto ezincinci, kunye neenkqubo zokunqunyanyiswa ezingaqinanga. Ushishino lweemoto lujolise amandla athile ebhetri angama-400-500 Wh/kg ukwenza izithuthi zombane zikhuphisane nobunzima beemoto zepetroli, ezifuna kuphela i-50-60 kg yamafutha kuluhlu olufanayo.

Inqwelomoya kunye neziphekepheke zijongene neemfuno ezingqongqo ngakumbi zamandla. Ikhilogram nganye ephakanyiselwe kwi-orbit ixabisa amawaka eedola kwisibaso, nto leyo eyenza ukuba iibhetri zamandla athile aphezulu zibaluleke kakhulu kwiisathelayithi neziphekepheke. Iiroyi ze-NASA ze-Mars zisebenzisa iiseli ze-lithium{2}} ezikhethelwe ngokukodwa ukudityaniswa kwamandla athile kunye nokuthembeka kumaqondo obushushu agqithisileyo.

Uphuhliso lweenqwelomoya zombane luxhomekeke kwimpumelelo yebhetri. Itekhnoloji yangoku ye-lithium{1}}i-ion yenza i-drones ezincinci kunye neemoto ezimfutshane{2}}ezihamba emoyeni zasezidolophini, kodwa iinqwelomoya zengingqi zifuna amandla athile angaphezu kwe-500 Wh/kg ukuze zisebenze. Iinkampani ezilandela inqwelomoya yombane zijonga uphuhliso lwebhetri ngokusondeleyo, njengoko nokuphuculwa kwamandla athile kuvula uyilo olutsha lwenqwelomoya.

Abavelisi bee-smartphone balinganisela amandla athile ngokuchasene nezinye izinto ezifana nesantya sokutshaja kunye nokhuseleko. Iifowuni zangoku zisebenzisa iiseli malunga ne-250{2}}270 Wh/kg, ivumela yonke{5}}ukusebenza kwemini kwizixhobo ezinobunzima be-150-200 grams. Ukonyusa amandla athile kuvumela ubomi bebhetri obude okanye obuncinci, uyilo olukhaphukhaphu-zombini zixatyiswe ngabathengi.

Iibhetri zeLaptop zijongene nemiqobo efanayo kodwa ngokubaluleka kwazo okwahlukileyo. Ibhetri yelaptop eqhelekileyo inobunzima be-300-400 grams kwaye igcina i-50-100 Wh, isebenzisa iiseli ezinamandla athile afanayo kwiifowuni kodwa zilungiselelwe amaxabiso ahlukeneyo okukhutshwa kunye neempawu zobushushu.

Amandla athile kunye namandla athile amele imilinganiselo yokusebenza eyahlukileyo. Amandla athile (W/kg) alinganisa ukuba isixokelelwano sinokukhawuleza kangakanani na ukuhambisa amandla, ngelixa amandla athile alinganisa ukuba angakanani amandla ewonke ewagcinayo. Iibhetri ezenzelwe amandla athile aphezulu zincama amandla athile, kwaye ngokuphendululekileyo.

Iibhetri zeLithium iron phosphate (LFP) zibonisa olu rhwebo. Banikezela ngamandla athile asezantsi (120-160 Wh/kg) kune-nickel{4}}ezinye iindlela ezityebileyo kodwa zinikezela ngamandla athile aphezulu kunye nobomi bomjikelo obungcono. Izixhobo zamandla zisebenzisa iiseli zamandla aphezulu nangona zibonelela ngexesha elincinci lokubaleka, kuba ukuhambisa okwaneleyo kokusebenza kweemoto kuthatha indawo ephambili kumthamo opheleleyo.

Icebo leRagone libonisa olu budlelwane ngokomzobo, lubonisa amandla athile kwi-axis enye kunye namandla athile kwelinye. Iikhemistri zebhetri ezahlukeneyo zihlala kwimimandla eyahlukeneyo, zibonisa ukuba akukho teknoloji igqwesileyo kuzo zombini. Iiaplikeshini kufuneka zikhethe iibhetri ezihambelana neemfuno zazo -amandla aphezulu ixesha elide, amandla aphezulu ogqabhuko-dubulo olufutshane, okanye ukuthomalalisa uyilo losetyenziso oluxutyiweyo.

Amandla athile amele kuphela imetriki yokusebenza enye. Ibhetri enamandla akhethekileyo akhethekileyo isenokutsala nzima kumjikelo wobomi, iinkxalabo zokhuseleko, ixabiso eliphezulu, okanye umlinganiselo womlinganiselo wobushushu. I-Lithium -ibhetri zesulfure zibonisa amandla athile athiyori aphezulu (650 Wh/kg) kodwa zijongene nemingeni ngokuchithwa kwesulfure kunye nobomi bomjikelezo ophantsi othintela ukuthengiswa.

Iinkqubo zokuvelisa zichaphazela amandla athile asebenzayo. Iseli-inqanaba lamandla athile lidlula ipakethe{2}}amaxabiso enqanaba ngenxa yobunzima obongeziweyo obusuka kwiisekethi ezikhuselayo, iinkqubo zokupholisa, kunye nezakhiwo. Iseli efumana 270 Wh/kg inokuzisa kuphela 180-200 Wh/kg kwinqanaba lepakethi-umahluko obalulekileyo kubayili benkqubo.

Ubushushu buchaphazela kakhulu unikezelo lwamandla athile. Iimeko ezibandayo zinciphisa umthamo webhetri, ngokufanelekileyo ukunciphisa amandla athile ngexesha lokukhutshwa. Izithuthi zombane zifumana ukucuthwa koluhlu ebusika ngenxa yokuba iibhetri azikwazi ukuzisa amandla azo apheleleyo kumaqondo obushushu aphantsi.

Specific Energy

Uphando lulandela ukuphuculwa kwamandla athile ngeendlela ezininzi. Imathiriyeli yecathode ekwinqanaba eliphezulu njengelithium-nickel{2}}imanganese{3}}icobalt{4}}i-oxide (NMC) enomxholo ophezulu wenikeli yonyusa ugcino lwamandla kwi-electrode eyakhayo. I-silicon-esekelwe kwi-anodes igcina i-lithium eninzi kune-graphite, ikhulisa umthamo. Inkqubela phambili nganye ityhala amandla athile aphezulu ngelixa abaphandi besebenzela ukoyisa imiceli mngeni enxulumeneyo.

I-Solid-i-electrolytes yelizwe ithembisa iinzuzo ezinkulu ngokuvumela i-lithium metal anode, enika amandla athile aphezulu kakhulu kunegraphite. Iinkampani ezibandakanya i-QuantumScape, i-Solid Power, kunye ne-Samsung zilandela urhwebo, zijolise kumandla athile e-400-500 Wh / kg. Impumelelo iya kuguqula izithuthi zombane kunye ne-elektroniki yabathengi.

I-Lithium-ibhetri zomoya zimele-ixesha elide elinokubakho kunye namandla athiyori athile asondela kwi-11,140 Wh/kg{4}enokuthelekiswa nepetroli. Nangona kunjalo, imiqobo emininzi yobuchwephesha kubandakanya ukuzinza kwe-electrolyte, uvelwano lwekhabhoni dioksidi, kunye nobomi bomjikelo olinganiselweyo ubagcina bevalelwe kwiilabhoratri. I-lithium esebenzayo{7}}ibhetri zomoya zihlala iminyaka okanye amashumi eminyaka kude.

Ukuqondazithini iibhetri ze-lithiumkwaye kutheni zilawula ugcino lwangoku lwamandla, amandla athile anika impendulo ephambili. Uphuhliso lwetekhnoloji ye-lithium-yobuchwephesha be-ion ngeminyaka yoo-1990s bonyuse amandla athile ebhetri ukusuka kwi-120 Wh/kg kwiiseli zakwaSony ukuya ngaphezulu kwe-270 Wh/kg kuyilo lwangoku{5}}ngaphezu kokuphindwe kabini kumashumi amathathu eminyaka.

Iindidi ezahlukeneyo zebhetri ye-lithium zibonisa amanqanaba ahlukeneyo ombane asekelwe kwi-chemistry yawo. Iiseli ze-lithium cobalt oxide (LCO) ezisetyenziswa kwiifowuni zifikelela awona mandla athile aphezulu kodwa ubomi bomjikelo olinganiselweyo kunye neenkxalabo zokhuseleko. I-Lithium iron phosphate (LFP) irhweba ngamandla athile okhuseleko kunye nokuphila ixesha elide, iyenza ikhethelwe iibhasi zombane kunye nogcino olumileyo nangona amandla athile asezantsi.

Ukutyhala amandla athile aphezulu kuqhuba uphando lwezinto. Iimathiriyeli zeCathode zithatha ubungakanani beseli ubunzima, ngoko ke ukuphuhlisa ukukhanya, amandla amaninzi{1}}axineneyo aphucula amandla athile. Ukunciphisa imathiriyeli engasebenziyo{3}}abaqokeleli bangoku, abahluli, ukupakishwa{4}}kwanceda ngokunciphisa ubunzima ngaphandle kokunciphisa amandla agciniweyo.

Izithuthi zombane zanamhlanje zithembele kakhulu kwi-lithium yebhetri yezakhono ezithile zamandla. Ipakethi yebhetri ye-EV eqhelekileyo igcina i-50-100 kWh isebenzisa iiseli ezine-250-270 Wh/kg yamandla athile. Oku kwenza i-200-400 yeemayile zoluhlu ngelixa ugcina ubunzima bebhetri bulawulekayo. Njengoko amandla athile enyuka ukuya kwi-350-400 Wh/kg, nokuba uluhlu luyanda ngokomlinganiselo okanye ubunzima bebhetri buyancipha, kuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kwesithuthi.

Ii-elektroniki zomthengi ngokufanayo zixhomekeke kumandla athile ebhetri ye-lithium. Ii-smartphones, iilaptops, iipilisi, kunye nezinto ezinxitywayo zisebenzisa i-lithium-iion okanye i-lithium{2}}iiseli ze-polymer ngokukodwa kuba amandla azo aphezulu avumela ixesha elaneleyo lokubaleka kwi-compact, izixhobo ezikhaphukhaphu. Ngaphandle kweenzuzo ezithile zetekhnoloji ye-lithium, ikhompyuter yanamhlanje ayinakwenzeka.

Amandla athile alinganisa amandla ngokweyunithi ubunzima (Wh/kg), ngelixa uxinaniso lwamandla lulinganisa amandla ngomthamo weyunithi (Wh/L). Usetyenziso apho ubunzima bubaluleke kakhulu-njengenqwelomoya okanye oobhaka{2}}zibeke phambili amandla athile. Usetyenziso apho isithuba sinqongopheleyo{4}}njengee-elektroniki zabathengi kwindawo ezivalekileyo{5}kaninzi zibeka phambili uxinano lwamandla endaweni yoko.

Phakathi kweebhetri zorhwebo, iiseli ze-lithium eziphezulu-ezine-nickel{1}}i-cathodes ezityebileyo okwangoku zifumana amandla athile aphezulu kwi-250-300 Wh/kg. Uvavanyo oluqinileyo{7}}ibhetri yelithium yelizwe ibonise i400-500 Wh/kg kwiimeko zaselabhoratri. Iibhetri zomoya weLithium ngokwethiyori zifikelela kwi-11,140 Wh/kg kodwa zihlala zikude ekusebenziseni okubonakalayo.

Ipetroli igcina amandla kwiibhondi zeekhemikhali ezikhutshwa ngexesha lokutsha ngeoksijini yomoya. Kuba ioksijini ingabalwa kubunzima bepetroli, amandla ayo athile avela phezulu kakhulu (12,700 Wh/kg). Iibhetri kufuneka zithwale zombini amafutha kunye ne-oxidizer, zinciphisa amandla azo athile. Lo mahluko usisiseko ucacisa ukuba kutheni iibhetri zisokola ukuthelekisa uxinano lwamandla efosili.

Akunjalo. Amandla athile amele umlinganiselo omnye wokusebenza. Iibhetri ezinamandla athile aphezulu zinokuba nomjikelo ombi, imingcipheko yokhuseleko, iindleko eziphezulu, okanye umbane olinganiselweyo. Elona bhetri lingcono lixhomekeke kwiimfuno zesicelo{3}}ngamanye amaxesha uyilo lwamandla asezantsi lusebenza ngcono xa lulonke ngenxa yeempawu eziphezulu kwezinye iindawo.

Ukulinganisa amandla athile kufuna iinkqubo zokuvavanya ngononophelo. Kwiibhetri, iiprothokholi ezisemgangathweni zibandakanya ukutshaja ngokupheleleyo iseli, emva koko iyikhuphe ngamaxabiso achaziweyo ngelixa kusenziwa umlinganiselo wamandla ahanjisiweyo. Ukwahlula isiphumo samandla ewonke ngobunzima beeseli kuvelisa amandla athile kwi-Wh/kg.

Imibutho emininzi igcina imigangatho yomlinganiselo othile wamandla. I-International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) ipapasha iinkqubo zovavanyo eziqinisekisa ukungaguquguquki kubo bonke abavelisi. Iziphumo zinokwahluka ngokwezinga lokukhutshelwa, ubushushu, kunye nendlela yovavanyo, ngoko ke ukuthelekisa amaxabiso athile amandla kufuna ukuqonda iimeko zovavanyo.

Iseli-imilinganiselo yenqanaba iyahluka kwipakethi{1}}amaxabiso omgangatho kakhulu. Iipakethi zebhetri ziquka ulawulo lwe-electronics, iinkqubo zokupholisa, kunye namalungu esakhiwo esongeza ubunzima ngaphandle kokugcina amandla. Pakisha-inqanaba lamandla athile akholisa ukufikelela kuma-65-75% amaxabiso enqanaba leseli. Abaqulunqi benkqubo kufuneka baphendule ngolu nciphiso xa bebala ukusebenza kwesicelo.

Specific Energy

Uphuculo oluthile lwamandla lulandela umkhondo oqikelelwayo osekwe kwiipropati zemathiriyeli ezisisiseko kunye nenkqubela phambili yokwenziwa kwemveliso. Inzuzo eyongeziweyo iyaqhubeka njengoko abaphandi belungiselela ukwenziwa kwe-electrode, ukunciphisa ubunzima bezinto ezingasebenziyo, kunye nokuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kokwenziwa. Uqikelelo lwangoku lucebisa i-lithium -i-ion yamandla athile aya kufikelela kwi-350-400 Wh/kg phakathi kweshumi leminyaka elizayo ngophuculo lwendalo.

Utshintsho lufuna iikhemistri ezintsha. Iibhetri zelizwe eziSolid-zinokutsiba ukuya kuma-400{4}}500 Wh/kg ukuba imicelimngeni yobugcisa iyasonjululwa. ILithium-isulphur kunye ne-lithium{7}}iibhetri zomoya zithembisa amandla athile aphezulu kodwa zijongene nemiqobo yophuhliso. Iibhetri ze-sodium-ion zibonelela ngeendleko eziphantsi kwiindleko zamandla athile, zijolise kwizicelo apho ubunzima bubaluleka ngaphantsi kwezoqoqosho.

Impembelelo yamandla athile aphezulu idlulela ngaphaya kwezicelo ezicacileyo. Igridi-isikali sogcino lwamandla sisebenza ngakumbi njengoko amandla athile ebhetri ephucuka namaxabiso ehla. Izixhobo zonyango eziphathwayo zifumana ukusebenza ixesha elide phakathi kweentlawulo. Izixhobo zamandla ziba khaphukhaphu ngaphandle kokuncama ixesha lokusebenza. Uphuculo ngalunye olongezelelweyo kumandla athile luvumela ukuba kwenzeke okutsha kumashishini amaninzi.

Kuthutho lombane ngokukodwa, ukuphuculwa kwamandla athile kuqhubela ukwamkelwa ngokunciphisa ubunzima kunye nesohlwayo seendleko zeebhetri ngokuchasene namafutha efosili. Rhoqo nge-50 Wh/kg ukunyuka kwamandla athile kuguqulela malunga ne-15-20% ngaphezulu koluhlu lwesithuthi okanye ukunciphisa ubunzima obulinganayo, ukukhawuleza ukutshintshela ukuhamba kombane. Ishishini leemoto lijonga i-400 Wh / kg njengomlinganiselo owenza ukuba izithuthi zombane zikhuphisane ngobunzima kunye neendleko kunye nezithuthi eziqhelekileyo kuwo onke amacandelo emarike.

Ukuqonda amandla athile kunye neziphumo zawo kunceda iinjineli, abaqulunqi, kunye nabathengi ukuba benze izigqibo ezinolwazi malunga nobuchwepheshe bokugcina amandla. Nokuba ukhetha ikhemistri yebhetri yemveliso entsha, ukuvavanya amabango oluhlu lwesithuthi sombane, okanye ukuqonda ukuba kutheni usetyenziso oluthile luhlala lungaphaya kwamandla ebhetri, amandla athile abonelela ngomongo oyimfuneko. Njengoko uphando lutyhalela phezulu le metric, izicelo ebezingenakwenzeka ngaphambili ziyenzeka, zandisa indima yokugcina amandla ombane kubuchwephesha bale mihla.