Yintoni iLithium Titanate?

I-Lithium titanate yingxube ye-oxide edibeneyo edibanisa i-lithium, i-titanium, kunye ne-oksijini, edla ngokufumaneka njenge-Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ ene-spinel crystal structure. Le mathiriyeli yeceramic isebenza njengemathiriyeli ye-anode kwiibhetri ezikhethekileyo ze-lithium-, enikezela ngokhuseleko olukhethekileyo kunye nobomi bomjikelo ngaphandle koxinano lwamandla olusezantsi xa kuthelekiswa ne-graphite anode eqhelekileyo.

I-Lithium titanate ikhona kwiifom ezininzi zeekhemikhali, kodwa ukwahluka kwe-spinel Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ ilawula usetyenziso lwebhetri. Ikhompawundi inelathisi ye-cubic ene-dimensional ezintathu apho ii-ion ze-lithium zihlala iziza ze-tetrahedral 8a, ngelixa ii-ion ze-titanium zigcwalisa iisayithi ze-octahedral ze-16d ngaphakathi kwesakhelo se-oksijini. Olu lungiselelo ludala into abaphandi bayibiza ngokuba yi "zero{5}}strain" isakhiwo{6}}i-lattice inamava angaphantsi kwe-1% yokutshintsha kwevolumu ngexesha lokutshaja kunye nokukhupha imijikelo.

Isakhiwo se-spinel sivumela i-lithium ion ukuba ihambe nge-crystal ngokuxhuma phakathi kwe-tetrahedral kunye neendawo ze-octahedral. Ngexesha le-lithiation, izinto eziguqukayo zisuka kwi-Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ ukuya kwi-Li₇Ti₅O₁₂, zihlala ezintathu ezongezelelweyo ze-lithium ion kwiyunithi yefomula. Olu fakelo lwenzeka malunga ne-1.55V ngokuchasene nentsimbi ye-lithium, ephezulu kakhulu kune-0.1V eqhelekileyo ye-graphite anode.

Ezinye iifom ze-lithium titanate ziquka i-lithium metatitanate (i-Li₂TiO₃), i-powder emhlophe ene-melting point edlula i-1,533℃esetyenziswe kwi-ceramics kunye nezicelo zenyukliya, kunye ne-ramsdellite lithium titanate (Li₂Ti₃O₇), ebonise isithembiso kuphando olukhethekileyo lwebhetri. Umehluko ngamnye ubonisa i-titanium eyahlukileyo-ukuya{4}}kumlinganiselo welithium kunye nolungelelwaniso lwekristale, olukhokelela kwiimpawu zomzimba neze-electrochemical.

Lithium Titanate

Xa isetyenziswa njenge-anode yebhetri, i-lithium titanate isebenza ngokwahlukileyo kunegraphite eqhelekileyo. Izinto eziphathekayo azenzi umaleko oqinileyo we-electrolyte interface (SEI) ngexesha lemijikelo yokuqala kuba amandla ombane okusebenza ayi-1.55V ahlala ngaphakathi kwefestile yozinzo lwe-electrochemical ye-electrolyte ezininzi. Ii-anode eziqhelekileyo zegraphite zisebenza kufutshane ne-0V ngokuchasene ne-lithium, ibangela ukubola kwe-electrolyte eyenza umaleko okhuselayo kodwa ochasayo we-SEI.

Ngethuba lokutshaja, i-lithium ion isuka kwi-cathode nge-electrolyte kwaye idibanise kwi-lithium titanate anode structure. Ifomu ye-nanocrystalline ye-Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ ibonelela ngokuqikelelwa kwi-100 yemitha yesikweri sommandla womphezulu ngegram{2}}ngaphezu kwamaxesha angama-30 egraphite. Lo mmandla womhlaba owandisiweyo wenza ukuba ii-electron zingene kwaye ziphume ngokukhawuleza, zixhasa amazinga okukhawuleza okutshaja.

Ukusabela okunokubuyiselwa umva kulandela: Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ + 3Li⁺ + 3e⁻ ↔ Li₇Ti₅O₁₂. Umthamo wethiyori ufikelela kwi-175 mAh / g, nangona ukuphunyezwa okusebenzayo kufezekisa i-150-170 mAh / g. Ngelixa i-graphite inikezela ngomthamo wethiyori ephezulu kwi-372 mAh/g, i-lithium titanate ihlawula amandla omgangatho ophezulu kunye nobomi obude.

Amandla aphezulu e-redox ye-titanium oxide xa kuthelekiswa negraphite yenza inzuzo yokhuseleko lwendalo. ILithium dendrites-inaliti{2}}njengezinto zentsimbi ezinokugqobhoza izahluli zebhetri kwaye zibangele iisekethe ezimfutshane{3}}ayifane zenzeke kumphezulu we-lithium titanate. Lo mda wokhuseleko ungqina ubalulekile kusetyenziso oluphezulu{5} lwangoku apho ii-anodes zisemngciphekweni wokubaleka ubushushu.

Iibhetri zeLithium titanate zibonisa ubomi bomjikelo obuncinane kwezinye iikhemistri ze-lithium -ze-ion. Iiseli zorhwebo zihlala zifikelela kwi-10,000 ukuya kwi-30,000 yentlawulo epheleleyo{6}}yemijikelo yokukhupha phambi kokuba umthamo wehliswe ukuya kwi-80% yoqobo. Iinkcazo zikaToshiba zika-2024 zibanga imijikelo engama-45,000 kwireyithi ye-10C yeeseli zabo -zamandla eziphezulu ze-SCiB. Ngokuthelekisa, iibhetri ze-lithium - zeion ezisebenzisa imathiriyeli eqhelekileyo zihlala zigcina i-2,000-3,000 yemijikelo.

Obu bude buvela kuqanda-isakhiwo soxinzelelo. I-Graphite anode yandisa malunga ne-10% ngexesha le-lithiation, ibangela uxinzelelo lomatshini oluqhekeza amaqhekeza kunye nokunciphisa umthamo phezu kwemijikelo ephindaphindiweyo. Utshintsho lwevolumu oluncinci lweLithium titanate lugcina imfezeko yolwakhiwo nasemva kwamashumi amawaka emijikelo.

Ukutshaja ngokukhawuleza kubonisa olunye uphawu oluchazayo. Iibhetri zeLithium titanate zinokutshaja ukusuka kwi-0% ukuya kwi-80% umthamo kwi-6{7}}imizuzu eyi-10 ngaphandle kokuthotywa okubonakalayo. Iibhasi zombane ze-Chongqing zika-2011 zibonise oku kwazi ukusebenza{12}}37 iibhasi zeemitha ezilishumi elinambini ezine-80 kWh iisistim ze-lithium titanate zitshaje ngokupheleleyo kwimizuzu eyi-10 zisebenzisa iitshaja ezingama-400 kW. Iiseli zamva nje zamandla aphezulu zikaToshiba zihlawulisa ukuya kuma-80% ngomzuzu nje om-1 kwireyithi ye-48C.

Ukusebenza kobushushu kwahlula i-lithium titanate kwezinye iindlela. Ezi bhetri zisebenza ngokuthembekileyo ukusuka kwi-40℃ukuya kwi-60℃ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa kwamandla okuqhelekileyo kwezinye iikhemistri kwiimeko ezinzima. Isakhiwo se-spinel esizinzile sigcina i-ionic conductivity kulo lonke uluhlu, okwenza iteknoloji ifaneleke ukufakwa kwe-Arctic, izicelo zemoto yemozulu eshushu, kunye nezixhobo ze-aerospace apho ulawulo lokushisa longeza ubunzima kunye nobunzima.

Ukusebenza kokhuseleko phantsi kweemeko zoxhatshazo kuzodlula ezinye iintlobo ze-lithium{0}}. Iiseli ze-lithium titanate ziphumelela ukungena kwezikhonkwane, ukutyumza, kunye novavanyo lwe-overcharge ngaphandle komlilo okanye ukuqhuma. Umda wokubaleka we-thermal uhlala malunga ne-270 degree, ngaphezulu kwamaqondo obushushu okusebenza kwaye aphezulu kunezinye iikhemistri ezizezinye. Le nkangeleko yokhuseleko ingqina ukuba iyimfuneko-kufakelo olukhulu olufana nogcino lwegridi apho ukusilela kweseli enye kunokwehla.

Eyona nto ibalulekileyo i-drawback kukuxinana kwamandla. Iibhetri zeLithium titanate zihambisa kuphela i-30-110 Wh/kg ngokomxhumo kunye nokuya kuthi ga kwi-177 Wh/L ngokomthamo. Iibhetri eziqhelekileyo zelithium-ezisebenzisa igraphite anode kunye nenickel{6}}manganese{9}}cobalt cathodes zizuza 200{10}}300 Wh/kg. Oku kungalunganga okuphindwe kathathu ukuya kwelishumi kuthetha ukuba iibhetri ze-lithium titanate zithatha indawo eninzi kwaye zinobunzima obungakumbi bokugcina amandla alinganayo.

Uxinaniso lwamandla olusezantsi lulandela ngokuthe ngqo kumbane osebenzayo. Iiseli ze-lithium titanate zivelisa i-2.3-2.4V amandla ombane aqhelekileyo xa kuthelekiswa ne-3.6-3.7V ye-lithium eqhelekileyo{7}}iion. Le lahleko yamandla ombane{9}}imele malunga ne-1V-iguqulela ngokuthe ngqo kugcino lwamandla olucuthiweyo ngeyunithi ubunzima. Izicelo apho ubunzima kunye nomthamo ubaluleke kakhulu, njengombane womthengi kunye nezithuthi zombane zomgama omde, ngokuqhelekileyo abanakuvuma ukurhweba.

Iindleko zibonakalisa omnye umqobo ekukhuleni kwabantu abaninzi. Iiseli zebhetri zeLithium titanate zixabisa malunga ne-$1.50 ngewatt-ngeyure, ngelixa iiseli ze-lithium iron phosphate zibiza malunga ne-$0.40 ngewatt{4}}ngeyure. Iprimiyamu yexabiso ivela kwizinto ezininzi: iimfuno ezintsonkothileyo zokudibanisa, ulawulo lokufuma oluchanekileyo ngexesha lokwenziwa kwemveliso, i-titanium ebiza imali eninzi{6} esekwe ngaphambili, kunye nemithamo esezantsi yemveliso xa kuthelekiswa neekhemistri eziqhelekileyo.

Inkqubo yokuvelisa ifuna ulawulo olucokisekileyo. I-Sintering Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ ifuna amaqondo obushushu angama-600{4}}850 isidanga ngokuxhomekeke kwindlela yokudityaniswa, ngamaxesha amade okusebenza kunokulungiselela i-electrode yegraphite. Iimpawu ze-anatase okanye i-rutile i-TiO₂ inokuthi yenze ukuba ukulawulwa kweqondo lokushisa kubonisa ukunganelanga, ukuthoba ukusebenza kwe-electrochemical. Umgangatho ophezulu we-nanostructured lithium titanate ufuna izixhobo zokuvelisa eziphucukileyo kunye nobuchule.

Iibhasi zombane zimela ukuhanjiswa okukhulu kwentengiso ye-lithium titanate iteknoloji. Ukwazi ukutshaja okukhawulezayo kwekhemistri kuvumela ithuba lokutshaja kwiindawo zokumisa iibhasi, nto leyo evumela iipakethi zebhetri ezincinci eziphelisa isohlwayo sobunzima. I-Microvast ibonelela ngeebhetri ze-lithium titanate kubavelisi beebhasi zombane zaseYurophu kuquka i-Wrightbus's New Routemaster ephindwe kabini-idekhi eLondon, apho iiyunithi ezili-1,000 zisebenza nge-18 kWh iinkqubo zebhetri.

Iinkqubo zogcino lwamandla egridi ziya zisanda kuthumela i-lithium titanate kulawulo lwamaxesha amaninzi kunye neenkonzo ezincedisayo. IAltairnano yakha umzi-mveliso wokugcina amandla wama-20 MW/5 MWh isebenzisa ubuchwepheshe be-lithium titanate. Olu fakelo lubeka phambili ixesha lokuphendula kunye nobomi bomjikelezo ngaphezu koxinano lwamandla{4}}iimpawu apho i-lithium titanate igqwesa. Iibhetri zinokuphendula kwii-milliseconds kwiinguqu zefrikhwensi yegridi kwaye zinyamezele iminyaka eyi-30-40 yebhayisikile yemihla ngemihla.

Usetyenziso lukaloliwe lusebenzisa ukunyamezela ubushushu be-lithium titanate kunye nokhuseleko. Ibhetri ye-Siemens Mireo Plus B-oololiwe bombane bangene kwinkonzo ngo-Epreli ka-2024 bexhaswe yi-Toshiba lithium titanate cell with 15-iminyaka elindelekileyo yobomi benkonzo. Udidi lwama-93 kaloliwe waseBritani -imowudi yezitimela zisebenzisa iibhetri ze-lithium titanate ukusebenza kumacandelo emigca engenambane. I-N700S yaseJapan yaseShinkansen isebenzisa itekhnoloji yokusebenza ngokukhawuleza kwesantya esiphantsi ngexesha lokuphazamiseka kwamandla.

Umthengi wombane wamkela i-lithium titanate kwiimeko ezikhethekileyo ezifuna ukutshaja ngokukhawuleza okanye ukuthembeka okugqithisileyo. I-Samsung's Galaxy Note series isebenzisa iibhetri ze-lithium titanate kwi-S{1}}Isimbo sokubhala, esenza iiyure ezili-10 zokulinda zihlawulwe ngemizuzwana engama-40. Iiwotshi ze-Seiko Kinetic zithathe indawo ye-capacitors ngeebhetri ze-lithium titanate ukuphucula umthamo wokugcina amandla kunye nobomi benkonzo.

Izixhobo zoshishino ukusuka kwiimoto ezikhokelwayo ukuya kwizixhobo zonyango eziphathwayo zikhetha i-lithium titanate xa ukhuseleko kunye nobomi bomjikelezo buthethelela iindleko eziphezulu. Isikhululo semozulu yeSiqhwithi sisebenzisa i-1,300 mAh lithium titanate ibhetri ehlawuliswe ngeepaneli zelanga, ifuna iiyure ezi-4 kuphela zokukhanya kwelanga rhoqo kwiiveki ezimbini. Ukusetyenziswa komkhosi kunye ne-aerospace kuxabisa ukusebenza kwekhemistri kumaqondo obushushu agqithisileyo kunye nokumelana neengozi zomlilo.

Ukuqonda apho i-lithium titanate ingena khona, kunceda ukwazizithini iibhetri ze-lithiumngokubanzi{{0}zizixhobo zogcino oluphinda zitshajwe ezihambisa i-lithium ion phakathi kwe-electrode ukugcina nokukhupha amandla ombane. Ngaphakathi kolu sapho lwebhetri ye-lithium -ye-ion, i-lithium titanate ikwi-niche ekhethekileyo echazwe zizinto zayo ze-anode. Uninzi lweebhetri ze-lithium zisebenzisa i-graphite anodes edityaniswe neecathodes ezahlukeneyo{4}}i-lithium iron phosphate (LFP), nickel-imanganese{6}}cobalt (NMC), okanye i-lithium cobalt oxide (LCO). Iibhetri zeLithium titanate ziyazahlula ngokusebenzisa iLi₄Ti₅O₁₂ njenge-anode, edla ngokudityaniswa ne-lithium manganese oxide okanye i-lithium iron phosphate cathodes.

Xa kuthelekiswa neebhetri ze-LFP, i-lithium titanate inikezela ngo-5-ubomi bomjikelo wamaxesha ali-10 ubude kunye nemozulu ebanda kakhulu{2}}ukusebenza kwemozulu, kodwa ibonelela kuphela{3}}isinye kwisithathu ukuya kwisiqingatha sobuninzi bamandla. Iiseli ze-LFP zibiza malunga ne-$ 0.40 / Wh ngokuchasene ne-$ 1.50 / Wh ye-lithium titanate. Zombini iikhemistri zigxininisa ukhuseleko phezu koxinano lwamandla, zizenza ezinye iindlela zokusetyenziswa apho ingozi yomlilo ibangela iziphumo ezibi.

Iibhetri ze-NMC kunye neNCA zilawula usetyenziso lwezithuthi zombane ezifuna uluhlu oluphezulu. Ezi khemistri zihambisa ama-200-250 Wh/kg{3}}uxinzelelo lwamandla oluphindwe kabini okanye kathathu lwe-lithium titanate{10}}ivumela ama-300{11}}uluhlu lweemayile ezingama-500. Nangona kunjalo, bajikeleza kuphela 1,000{12}}2,000 amaxesha kwaye babeke umngcipheko omkhulu wokubaleka ubushushu. Izithuthi zombane ezibeka phambili iindleko zexesha elide-nge-mayile kunye nokutshaja ngokukhawuleza, okufana neenqwelo zokuhamba ezidolophini kunye neebhasi zedolophu, zingamkela isohlwayo se-lithium titanate kwiinzuzo zokusebenza.

Ngokuchasene nobuchwepheshe obuvelayo obufana neebhetri zelizwe-eziqinileyo kunye neeseli ze-ion zesodium{1}}, i-lithium titanate imele abantu abadala, ubuchwephesha obuvunyiweyo borhwebo. Iibhetri zombuso eziqinileyo-zithembisa ukuxinana kwamandla aphezulu kunye nokhuseleko kodwa zihlala ziphambi{4}}kuphuhliso lorhwebo kunye nemingeni yokwenziwa. Iibhetri zesodium -zibonelela ngeendleko zemathiriyeli ezisezantsi kodwa ukuxinana kwamandla afanayo kwi-lithium titanate enobomi obufutshane bomjikelezo. Uqikelelo lwemarike ngo-2025{9}}2033 iprojekthi ye-lithium titanate igcina amacandelo emarike akhethekileyo ngelixa ubugcisa obutsha bujongana nezicelo zentengiso enkulu.

Lithium Titanate

Imarike yebhethri ye-lithium titanate yehlabathi ifikelele kwi-$ 75.61 - i-80.65 yezigidigidi ngo-2024 ngokutsho kweefemu ezininzi zophando lwemarike, kunye noqikelelo olusuka kwi-237-308 yeebhiliyoni zeedola ngo-2033-2034. Oku kubonisa amazinga okukhula onyaka ahlanganisiweyo we-10-14.4%, eqhutywa ngokuyintloko kukwamkelwa kwesithuthi sombane, ukwandiswa kokugcinwa kwegridi, kunye nemfuno yeziseko ezingundoqo zokutshaja ngokukhawuleza.

IAsia -iPasifiki ilawula imveliso kunye nokusetyenziswa, ibalelwa malunga ne-60% yemfuno yebhetri ye-lithium titanate yehlabathi ngo-2024. Isicwangciso soNyaka se-14 saseTshayina{4}}Sijolise kwi-50% yohlumo lokuveliswa kwamandla ahlaziyekayo ukusuka ku-2020-2025, ikhuthaza utyalo-mali kugcino lwegridi apho iprojekthi ye-lithium titanate ibonelela ngenzuzo yeprojekthi ye-lithium titanate ixesha elide lonyaka-2 ibonelela ngenzuzo yeprojekthi ye-2 yeminyaka emide. IJapan, ikhaya leteknoloji ye-SCiB kaToshiba, igcina ukwamkelwa okuqinileyo kwe-lithium titanate kuthutho lukaloliwe kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezoshishino.

UMntla Merika ubambe malunga ne-36% yesabelo semarike, kunye nabavelisi abasekiweyo abafana ne-Altairnano kunye nabadlali abasakhulayo abanjengoGrinergy ukwandisa umthamo wemveliso. Utyalo-mali lweSebe lezaMandla lase-US lwezigidi ezingama-258 kwiitekhnoloji zebhetri eziphucukileyo luquka uphuhliso lwe-lithium titanate kwizicelo ezikhethekileyo apho i-lithium yesiqhelo{5}}ingqina ukuba ayinelanga.

Abavelisi abaphambili baquka i-Toshiba (i-SCiB brand), i-Altairnano (Nanosafe), i-Microvast (LpTO), i-Leclanché (i-TiBox), kunye nabavelisi baseTshayina kuquka i-Yinlong Battery Technology efunyenwe yiGree Electric. Ukwandiswa komthamo wemveliso kugxininise ekunciphiseni iindleko ngokusebenzisa inkqubo yokuphucula kunye noqoqosho lwesikali kunotshintsho olusisiseko lwekhemistri.

Izikhokelo zophando zigxininisa ukujongana nemida ephambili ye-lithium titanate. Amaqela kwihlabathi liphela aphanda idoping nge-niobium, i-magnesium, okanye ezinye izinto ukukhulisa ukusebenza kunye namandla. Ukuguqulwa komphezulu kubandakanya i-carbon coating kunye ne-nanostructuring ijolise ekuphuculeni izinga lokusebenza. Ubuchule bokugqithisa bujonge ukukhwela ibhayisekile ngaphaya kwe-Li₇Ti₅O₁₂ ukubamba umthamo owongezelelweyo, nangona oku kubeka esichengeni i-advanteji ye-zero{3}}yobunzima.

Imveliso yeLithium titanate ikholisa ukulandela iindlela eziqinileyo-zelizwe okanye ezingamanzi{1}}ezobume, nganye ineengenelo ezahlukileyo. Indlela yemveli ephezulu{3}}yobushushu obuqinileyo{4}}idibanisa i-lithium carbonate (Li₂CO₃) kunye ne-titanium dioxide (TiO₂) kwimilinganiselo ye-stoichiometric, emva koko i-calcines umxube kwi-700-850℃kwiiyure ze-10-24. Le ndlela ibonakalisa ilula kwaye iyancipha kodwa ivelisa amasuntswana amakhulu (500nm-5μm) kunye nommandla ophantsi.

I-Sol-iindlela zejeli zibonelela ngolawulo olungcono kubungakanani bamasuntswana kunye ne-morphology. Abaphandi banyibilikisa i-titanium alkoxides njenge-tetrabutyl titanate kunye ne-lithium hydroxide kwizinyibilikisi ze-organic, emva koko ijeli kunye ne-calcine kwi-600{7}}800 degree. Isiphumo se-lithium titanate sineesayizi zamasuntswana angaphantsi kwe-200nm kunye neendawo eziphezulu ezifikelela kwi-100 m²/g eyenza ukutshaja ngokukhawuleza. Nangona kunjalo, iinkqubo zesol -zejeli zifuna ulawulo lokufuma ngononophelo kwaye zibonakalise zibiza kakhulu kune-slid-state synthesis.

I-Hydrothermal synthesis ivelisa i-lithium titanate kumaqondo obushushu aphantsi kakhulu (120-200 degree) ngokusabela i-precursors kwizisombululo ezinoxinzelelo lwamanzi. Le ndlela idala i-nanotubes kunye nee-nanowires ezine-morphology ezizodwa, kodwa ifuna izixhobo ezikhethekileyo zoxinzelelo oluphezulu kwaye ivelise imijelo yenkunkuma yolwelo efuna unyango.

Indlela yetyuwa enyibilikisiweyo inqumamisa ii-reactants kwibhafu yetyuwa enyibilikayo esezantsi-eqhelekile i-LiCl-imixube ye-KCl) kuma-500{5}}700 isidanga. Ulwelo oluphakathi luququzelela ukusasazwa kwe-ion ngokukhawuleza, ukuvelisa i-titanate ye-crystalline ye-lithium eneempawu ezilungileyo ze-electrochemical. Ngelixa amandla - esebenza kakuhle xa kuthelekiswa neendlela zemveli eziqinileyo, iindlela zetyuwa enyibilikisiweyo zifuna ukubuyiswa kwetyuwa kunye neenkqubo zokurisayikilishwa.

Ulawulo lomgangatho ngexesha lokuvelisa lubonakalisa ukubaluleka. X-i-ray diffraction iqinisekisa ukucoceka kwesigaba, njengoko umkhondo weemali ze-anatase okanye i-rutile TiO₂ ithoba ukusebenza. Unikezelo lwesayizi yesuntswana luchaphazela ukusetyenzwa kwe-electrode kunye nokusebenza kwebhetri{3}}inkulu kakhulu kwaye i-conductivity iyasokola, incinci kakhulu kunye namasuntswana agglomerate. Umxholo wokufuma kufuneka uhlale ngaphantsi kwe-100 ppm ukuthintela ukuthotywa kwe-electrolyte ngexesha le-cell assembly.

Iibhetri zeLithium titanate zikholisa ukufikelela kwi-10,000 ukuya kwi-30,000 yokutshaja okupheleleyo{4}}kumjikelezo wokukhupha phambi kokufikelela kwi-80% umthamo, kunye-nokwahluka kwamandla aphezulu abekwe kwi-45,000 yebhayisikile. Iibhetri ze-lithium eziqhelekileyo{10}}ezisebenzisa i-graphite anode zigqibe ama-2,000{18}}3,000 imijikelo phantsi kweemeko ezifanayo. Le nzuzo ye-5-15x yokuphila ixesha elide iguqulela kwi-20-30 iminyaka yokuphila yokusebenza kwizicelo kunye nebhayisikili yemihla ngemihla, xa kuthelekiswa neminyaka eyi-5-8 ye-lithium-ion eqhelekileyo.

Ukungalungi koxinzelelo lwamandla kwenza i-lithium titanate ingasebenzi kumthengi ophathwayo we-elektroniki. Ibhetri ye-smartphone esebenzisa i-lithium titanate inokuba 2-i-3 ibenkulu kwaye ibenzima kunoyilo lwangoku ukunika ixesha elilinganayo lokubaleka. Abathengi babeka phambili ubungakanani besixhobo kunye nobunzima ngaphezu kokutshaja okukhawulezayo kunye nobomi obude bezibonelelo ze-lithium titanate. Iindleko eziphezulu ziyakutyhafisa ngakumbi ukwamkelwa komthengi kwiimarike zabathengi ezingakhathali ngamaxabiso.

Ewe, iibhetri ze-lithium titanate zinokutshaja ngokukhawuleza kakhulu kunee-Tesla Superchargers zangoku xa ziyilwe ngokufanelekileyo. Iiseli zamva nje zeToshiba zihlawulisa ukuya kwi-80% kwi-1-imizuzu emi-6 ngokuxhomekeke kwinqanaba lamandla, ngelixa iTesla Supercharger ifuna imizuzu eyi-15-20 kumanqanaba afanayo entlawulo. Nangona kunjalo, oku kufuna iziseko zokutshaja zamandla aphezulu (400+} kW) azifumaneki ngokubanzi, kwaye isohlwayo sokuxinana kwamandla kuthetha ukuba izithuthi ze-lithium titanate ziya kuba noluhlu olufutshane lobunzima bebhetri obulinganayo.

Izinto ezintathu eziphucula ukhuseleko lwe-lithium titanate: Okokuqala, i-1.55V enokuthi isebenze ikhusela ukubunjwa kwe-lithium dendrite ebangela ukuba iisekethe ezimfutshane zangaphakathi kwi-graphite anode. Okwesibini, imathiriyeli ayenzi ujongano oluluqilima lwe-electrolyte olunokubola ngokugqithisileyo. Okwesithathu, umyinge we-thermal runaway we-270℃udlula uninzi lwamaqondo obushushu bemeko, kwaye iqanda{4}}isakhiwo sixhathisa umonakalo osuka kuchaphazeleko. Ezi mpawu zivumela iiseli ze-lithium titanate ukuba ziphumelele ukungena kwe-nail kunye nokuvavanya iimvavanyo ngaphandle komlilo okanye ukuqhuma.

Lithium Titanate

ILithium titanate ihlala kwindawo echaziweyo kodwa ekhulayo yokugcina amandla. Itekhnoloji ayisayi kuthatha indawo yelithium{1}}yesiqhelo kwii-smartphones okanye iimoto ezinde{2}} apho ukuxinana kwamandla kumisela ukusebenziseka. Endaweni yoko, ijongana nezicelo apho ubomi bomjikelo, ukhuseleko, ukutshaja okukhawulezayo, okanye ukunyamezela ubushushu kuthethelela ukwamkela uxinano lwamandla kunye neendleko eziphezulu.

Eyona ndlela icacileyo yokukhula ibonakala kwezothutho zikawonke-wonke, apho ukutshaja kwamathuba kuvumela iipakethi zebhetri ezincinci ezithomalalisa ngokuyinxenye izohlwayo zobunzima, nalapho ukutshintshwa kwebhetri kuxabisa ngaphezulu kweminyaka eli-12-15 yobomi bezithuthi kuthanda iikhemistri ezomeleleyo. Ugcino lwegridi lumele olunye ulungelelwano lwendalo, ngakumbi kwiinkonzo zolawulo lwamaxesha amaninzi ezifuna amawaka emijikelo yemihla ngemihla engekho nzulu kumashumi eminyaka.

Uphuhliso lwakutsha nje kwiindlela zomhlanganiselwa lubonisa isithembiso{0}} sokudibanisa i-lithium titanate anode kunye{1}}nomthamo ophezulu we-cathodes, okanye ukusebenzisa i-lithium titanate kuluhlu{2}}izithuthi ezondisiweyo apho ibhetri encinci ijikeleza rhoqo. Njengoko izikali zokuvelisa kunye neendleko zincipha, ikhemistri inokwanda iye kwiimarike ezikhethekileyo ezongezelelweyo. Okwangoku, i-lithium titanate ibonisa ukuba eyona chemistry yebhetri ixhomekeke ngokupheleleyo kwiimfuno zesicelo kunokulandela itekhnoloji "eyona ilungileyo" kuzo zonke izinto ezisetyenziswayo.