Yintoni iLithium Manganese Oxide?

I-Lithium Manganese Oxide (LMO) yimathiriyeli ye-cathode esetyenziswa kwiibhetri ze-lithium-zeion, kunye ne-chemical formula LiMn₂O₄. Ibonisa ulwakhiwo lwekristale ye-spinel ene-dimensional emithathu eyenza i-lithium esebenzayo{3}}intshukumo ye-ion ngexesha lokutshaja kwebhetri kunye nemijikelo yokukhupha.

Uphawu oluchazayo lwe-LMO ilele kulwakhiwo lwekristale ye-spinel, ehlelwa phantsi kweqela lesithuba se-Fd3m. Olu lungiselelo lwe-cubic lattice lubeka iiathomu ze-oksijini kwiindawo ezithile ngelixa i-manganese kunye ne-lithium ion zithatha indawo ze-octahedral kunye ne-tetrahedral ngokulandelelana. Ubume obuthathu - budala iindlela ezidityanisiweyo ze-lithium ion ukuhamba ngokukhululekileyo, nto leyo eguqulela ngokuthe ngqo ekusebenzeni kwebhetri ebonakalayo.

Olu luyilo loyilo lusombulula ingxaki ebetha izinto ezimbini-ezinobume becathode. Esikhundleni sokunyanzelisa ii-ion ukuba zihambe ngeendlela ezinqamlekileyo ezicwangcisiweyo, isakhiwo se-spinel sibonelela ngeendlela ezininzi kwimilinganiselo emithathu. Isiphumo kukuthuthwa kwe-ion ngokukhawuleza, ukunciphisa ukuchasana kwangaphakathi, kunye nokukwazi ukuphatha kakuhle ngoku. Uphononongo lubonisa ukuba olu lwakhiwo lugcina imfezeko naxa intlawulo ekhawulezayo{4}}yemijikelo yokukhupha, isenza i-LMO ifaneleke ngakumbi izicelo ezifuna unikezelo lwamandla okukhawulezayo.

Umxholo wemanganese kwi-LMO ukhona kwimo exubeneyo yevalence, enemilinganiselo elinganayo ye-Mn³⁺ kunye ne-Mn⁴⁺ ion ezihlala kwiziza ze-octahedral. Le meko ye-oxidation edibeneyo idlala indima ebalulekileyo kwiimpendulo ze-electrochemical ezenzeka ngexesha lokusebenza kwebhetri, ivumela ukuguqulwa kokufakwa kwe-lithium kunye nokukhutshwa.

Ngexesha lenkqubo yokukhupha, ii-ion ze-lithium zifuduka kwi-anode nge-electrolyte ukuya kwi-LMO cathode, apho zihlala khona iindawo ze-tetrahedral ngaphakathi kwesakhelo se-manganese oxide. Ii-electron zihamba kwisiphaluka sangaphandle, zivelisa umbane wombane. Xa utshaja, le nkqubo ibuyisela umva{2}}i-ion zelithium itsalwa kwi-cathode kwaye ibuyele kwi-anode.

Iimpawu zombane zahlula i-LMO kwezinye iikhemistri ze-cathode. Iibhetri ze-LMO ngokuqhelekileyo zisebenza kumbane wegama omalunga ne-4.0V, ngaphezulu kancinci kuneenkqubo ze-lithium cobalt oxide (LCO). Lo mbane uphezulu unegalelo ekuphuculweni kwemveliso yamandla ngeyunithi yobunzima, nangona ubuninzi bamandla bubonke buhlala buphakathi xa kuthelekiswa ne-nickel{3}}imathiriyeli etyebileyo yecathode.

Indlela yokudibanisa kwi-LMO yenzeka ngenkqubo apho i-ion ze-lithium iphinda ifakwe kwaye ikhutshwe kwisakhiwo se-spinel ngaphandle kokuphazamisa kakhulu i-manganese{0}}isakhelo se-oksijini. Olu zinzo lwesakhiwo ngexesha lokuhamba ngebhayisikile luyinzuzo kunye nomda, esiya kuphonononga kwicandelo lemingeni.

Iibhetri ze-LMO ziyagqwesa kwii-aplikeshini ezifuna ukukhutshwa kwamandla aphezulu ngexesha elifutshane. Izixhobo zamandla zimele icandelo lentengiso enkulu, apho abavelisi baxabisa amandla e-LMO ukuhambisa ngokubonakalayo ngokusebenza ngokugrumba, ukusika, kunye nokuqinisa. Ukukhupha okukhawulezileyo ukukwazi ukuhambelana nokuphazamiseka, {2}aphezulu indalo yokusetyenziswa kwesixhobo.

Icandelo leemoto lisebenzisa i-LMO kwiimoto ezixubileyo kunye nezombane, nangona zihlala zidibene nezinye izixhobo ze-cathode. I-Nissan Leaf kunye ne-Chevy Volt, umzekelo, zisebenzise i-LMO{1}}i-NMC (i-Nickel Manganese Cobalt) i-cathodes edityanisiweyo. Le ndlela yokudibanisa iphakamisa amandla aphezulu e-LMO yokukhawulezisa ngelixa ixhomekeke kwi-NMC kuluhlu oluzinzileyo. Idatha yakutsha nje ibonisa malunga ne-30% yesiqulatho se-LMO kwiinkqubo ezinjalo ezixutyiweyo zibonelela ngolungelelwaniso lokusebenza olugqwesileyo.

Izixhobo zonyango zizuza kwiprofayili yokhuseleko ye-LMO kunye neempawu zamandla. Izixhobo zokuhlinzwa, i-defibrillators ephathekayo, kunye neepompo zokufakelwa zibandakanya iibhetri ze-LMO kuba ukuzinza kwe-thermal kunciphisa umngcipheko womlilo kwiindawo zokunyamekela. Uhlalutyo luka-2024 lokhuseleko lwebhetri yonyango lufumene izero ezirekhodiweyo zomlilo kunye neebhetri ze-LMO kwiisetingi zeklinikhi, xa kuthelekiswa neziganeko ezizimeleyo kunye nezinye iikhemistri ze-lithium -.

Iibhayisekile zombane kunye nee-scooters ziya zisanda kwamkela itekhnoloji ye-LMO, ngakumbi kwiimarike zaseAsia. Indibaniselwano yeendleko-ukusebenza kunye nonikezelo lwamandla olwaneleyo lufanele iipatheni zokusetyenziswa kwezi zithuthi{2}}iihambo ezimfutshane ezinamaxesha athile aphezulu{3}amandla okufunwa ngamandla okunyuka induli okanye ukukhawulezisa okukhawulezileyo.

Iinkqubo zokugcina amandla okudityaniswa okuhlaziyiweyo zikwasebenzisa i-LMO, nangona esi sicelo sijongene nokhuphiswano oluvela kwi-lithium iron phosphate (LFP). Iprojekthi yefama yelanga yaseSweden ngo-2025 yasebenzisa i-50 MWh yeebhetri zesodium{3}}zemanganese oxide (ubuchwephesha obahlukileyo), ebonisa ukusungulwa kwezinto ezintsha kwimanganese{4}esekelwe kugcino lwamandla.

Lithium Manganese Oxide

Ubuninzi bemanganese benza i-LMO ibe nomtsalane kwezoqoqosho. IManganese ikwinqanaba le-12 njengeyona nto ixhaphake kakhulu kuMhlaba, ininzi kakhulu kunecobalt okanye nickel. Oku kufumaneka kuguqulela kumaxabiso azinzileyo kunye nokuba sesichengeni okuncitshisiweyo konikezelo. Idatha yemarike yangoku ibonisa imathiriyeli ye-LMO ixabisa malunga ne-20% ngaphantsi kwe-nickel-i-cobalt{6}}ezezinye iindlela zemanganese (NCM) xa kubalwa iindleko zemathiriyeli ekrwada.

Iingqwalaselo zokusingqongileyo zikhetha i-LMO ngaphezu kwe-cobalt{0}}iikhemistri ezinzulu. Ukukhutshwa kweManganese, ngelixa kungekho mpembelelo yokusingqongileyo, kuthintela iinkxalabo ezininzi ezisesikweni ezinxulumene nokumbiwa kwe-cobalt kwimimandla ethile. Ubume bemathiriyeli obungeyotyhefu{3} benza lula ukuphatha ngexesha lokwenziwa kunye neenkqubo zokurisayikilishwa. Amaziko okuhlaziya ibhetri angenza i-LMO ngobuchule obusekiweyo besinyithi, ukubuyisela imanganese ukuze iphinde isetyenziswe kwiibhetri ezintsha okanye ezinye iinkqubo zoshishino.

Ukuzinza kwe-Thermal kubonisa inzuzo ebalulekileyo yokhuseleko. Iicathodes ze-LMO ziyaxhathisa ukubaleka kwe-thermal{1}}imowudi yokusilela kwe-cascading apho ubushushu bebhetri bunyuka ngokukhawuleza, okunokubangela umlilo okanye ugqabhuko-dubulo. Uvavanyo ngokwemigangatho ye-UL lubonisa i-LMO ibonisa i-58% yomngcipheko ophantsi wokubaleka we-thermal xa kuthelekiswa nolungelelwaniso lwe-lithium-. Uzinzo lwe-spinel lwendalo luthetha ukuba i-LMO igcina ukusebenza kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu, isebenza ngokukhuselekileyo ukuya kuthi ga kwi-60℃(140 degrees F) ngaphandle kokuthotywa okubalulekileyo.

Ukutshaja ngokukhawuleza ukukwazi ukuvela kwiindlela ze-ion{0}}ezintathu. Iibhetri ze-LMO zingamkela intlawulo ngamaxabiso angaphezulu kwe-1C (intlawulo epheleleyo ngeyure enye) ngaphandle kokuthotywa kokusebenza okumandla. Oku kuchasene nezinye izinto zecathode ezifumana ilahleko yomthamo phantsi kweemeko zokutshaja ngokukhawuleza.

Ukuncipha kwamandla ngexesha lokuhamba ibhayisekile okwandisiweyo kubonisa owona mceli mngeni ubalulekileyo we-LMO. Iibhetri ze-LMO ngokuqhelekileyo zihambisa ama-300{3}}700 imijikelo yokutshaja phambi kokuba umthamo wehle ukuya kwi-80% ye-original-incinci kakhulu kunemijikelo eyi-1,500-3,000 ephunyezwe ziibhetri ze-LFP. Lo mda usukela ekunyibilikeni kwemanganese kwi-electrolyte, into ekhawulezayo kumaqondo obushushu aphakamileyo.

Indlela yokuphelisa ibandakanya i-Mn²⁺ ion ukuqhawula kulwakhiwo lwecathode, ngakumbi xa kukho i-hydrofluoric acid (HF) eyenza ukubola kwe-electrolyte. Ezi ion zemanganese zinyibilikile zifudukela kwi-anode, apho zifaka khona kwaye ziphazamise umaleko we-electrolyte interphase (SEI) eqinileyo. Ngokuhamba kwexesha, le nkqubo ithoba zombini i-electrodes, inciphisa umthamo webhetri jikelele kunye nokusebenza.

Unyino loxinano lwamandla lunqanda ukukhuphisana kwe-LMO kwizicelo ezifuna umthamo omkhulu wokugcina. Iibhetri ze-LMO zifikelela malunga ne-100-150 Wh/kg, xa kuthelekiswa ne-150-250 Wh/kg ye-NMC kunye ne-250-300 Wh/kg yee-cathodes ze-nickel eziphezulu. Kwizithuthi zombane ezibeka phambili kuluhlu olude lokuqhuba, lo msantsa woxinaniso lwamandla uguqulela ngokuthe ngqo kwimayile encitshisiweyo ngentlawulo okanye ukonyuka kobunzima bebhetri ukufikelela kuluhlu olulinganayo.

I-Jahn-Isiphumo seTeller senza omnye umngeni wolwakhiwo. Xa ikhutshiwe ngaphantsi kwe-3V, i-Mn³⁺ ion ifumana ukonakala kwejiyometri okuguqula isakheko se-cubic spinel sibe yi-tetragonal symmetry. Olu tshintsho lwenqanaba lubangela utshintsho lwevolyum ye-anisotropic{4}}ikristale yanda ngakumbi kumacala athile kunamanye. Ukuphinda-phindwa kwebhayisikile ngolu tshintsho kuvelisa uxinzelelo kumatshini, oko kunegalelo ekubhubheni komthamo kunye nokuthotywa kwesakhiwo ekugqibeleni.

Abaphandi baye balandela izicwangciso ezahlukeneyo zokunciphisa. Iingubo ezingaphezulu zisebenzisa izinto ezifana ne-aluminium oxide (Al₂O₃), i-titanium dioxide (TiO₂), okanye i-carbon layers conductive inokuthintela ukuchithwa kwe-manganese ngokudala umqobo wokukhusela. Uphononongo lwango-2024 lubonise ukuba ukubekwa kwe-atom yomaleko we-Al₂O₃ kwandiswa ubomi bomjikelo ukusuka kwi-500 ukuya kwi-1,200 imijikelezo ngokuthintela ukunxibelelana ngokuthe ngqo kwe-electrolyte kumphezulu we-cathode.

Izicwangciso ze-doping zibandakanya ukufaka indawo encinci yezinto zangaphandle kwisakhiwo se-spinel. Ukubandakanya izinto ezifana ne-aluminiyam, i-nickel, okanye i-chromium ingazinzisa ulwakhiwo lwekristale kwaye inciphise i-Jahn{1}}isiphumo seTeller. Uphando olupapashwe ngo-2024 lubonise ukuba ukutshintshwa kwezinto ezimbini nge-aluminiyam kunye nefluorine kwi-LiMn₂₋ₓAlₓO₄₋yFy ikhompawundi kuphucule{4}}uzinzo lobushushu obuphezulu kakhulu.

Ngaphandle kwesiseko se-LiMn₂O₄ spinel, ukwahluka okuninzi kuye kwavela ukulungisa iimfuno ezithile zokusebenza. I-Lithium-i-rich manganese oxide (LRMO) imathiriyeli, enefomula ngokubanzi i-Li₁₊ₓMn₂₋ₓO₄ okanye iikhompawundi ezileyiweyo ze-Li₂MnO₃, zibonelela ngomthamo owandisiweyo odlula i-250 mAh/g. Ezi zixhobo zifumene ingqwalasela kwiminyaka yamva nje njengoko abaphandi besebenzela ukoyisa imiceli mngeni yabo yendalo ngokuncipha kwamandla ombane kunye nokungasebenzi kakuhle kokuqala.

High{0}}izahlukano ze-voltage spinel ezifana ne-LiNi₀.₅Mn₁.₅O₄ (LNMO) zisebenza malunga ne-4.7V, ihambisa ubuninzi bamandla obuphezulu malunga ne-200 Wh/kg. I-Toyota ibhengeze izicwangciso ngo-2024 zokukhupha isithuthi sombane esingumzekelo usebenzisa i-LNMO cathodes ngo-2026, ejolise kumgama weekhilomitha ezingama-400. Umceli mngeni nge-LNMO ulele kuzinzo lwe-electrolyte kumandla ombane aphakamileyo, athob' isidima kwaye avelise igesi ngexesha lokuhamba ngebhayisikile. I-electrolyte ene-fluorinated ephuhliswe ngabaphandi ngo-2023 yanciphisa ukubunjwa kwerhasi nge-90%, ukujongana nalo mda.

Uyilo lwe-cathode oluhlanganisiweyo ludibanisa i-LMO kunye nezinye izixhobo zokwandisa ukusebenza. Ibhetri ye-CATL ye-M3P idibanisa imanganese{2}}izinto ezityebileyo ezine-phosphate{3}esekelwe kwi-chemistry, ifumana i-15% yeendleko eziphantsi kuneebhetri eziqhelekileyo ze-NMC ngelixa igcina ukusebenza okukhuphisanayo. Ezi ndlela zidityanisiweyo zimele intsingiselo yoshishino ebhekiselele kwiingqungquthela zecathode ezilungiselelwe usetyenziso oluthile kunezisombululo{6}zekhemistri eyodwa.

Izakhiwo ze-manganese oxide ezilayiweyo, ngelixa zincinci kunezijikelezo, zinika iimpawu zokusebenza ezahlukeneyo. Uphononongo luka-2024 kwiLi -birnessite, i-lithium manganese oxide elayitiweyo enokuphazamiseka kwesakhiwo esilawulwayo, ibonise ukukhwela ibhayisekile okubuyela umva kufutshane nomthamo wethiyori ngokucinezela iinguqu zesigaba ezingafunekiyo. Olu lwathiso lophando lucebisa ukuba ubunjineli bolwakhiwo ngononophelo kwisikali seathom bunokoyisa imida yeLMO yemveli.

Imveliso ye-LMO yorhwebo ngokuqhelekileyo isebenzisa i-slid -i-state synthesis, apho i-lithium carbonate (i-Li₂CO₃) okanye i-lithium hydroxide (i-LiOH) isabela kunye ne-manganese oxide precursors kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu (700-900 degree). Inkqubo yokubala yenza i-spinel structure, kunye nobukhulu be-particle kunye ne-morphology elawulwa ngokushisa, ixesha, kunye nokukhethwa kwangaphambili.

Inkqubela phambili kwimveliso ijolise ekunciphiseni iindleko kunye nokuphucula iimpawu zezinto eziphathekayo. Uphononongo luka-2024 luphuhlise indlela epheleleyo yokudibanisa eqala kwintsimbi ekrwada ye-manganese kune-electrolytic manganese dioxide esulungekileyo (EMD). Oku kuthe ngqo-ukusuka{4}}kwindlela ye-ore, kusetyenziswa ukuvuza kweasidi elandelwa kukubola kwe-thermal kunye ne-slid{5}}impendulo yemeko, izuze i-96.1% ye-manganese esebenza ngokufanelekileyo ngelixa ivelisa i-LMO kunye nokusebenza kwe-electrochemical ethelekiswa nemathiriyeli eqhelekileyo.

Isisombululo-esekwe kwiindlela zokudityaniswa njenge-hydrothermal okanye i-sol-ubuchule bejeli bunikezela ngolawulo olungcono kubungakanani bamasuntswana kunye nemorphology. Ezi ndlela zinokuvelisa i-nanoscale LMO particles kunye nokwanda kwendawo ephezulu, okunokuphucula ukusebenza kwezinga. Nangona kunjalo, iindlela zokusombulula zibiza imali eninzi kwaye zikala ngaphantsi ngokulula kunobumbano oluqinileyo- lwelizwe kwimveliso yorhwebo.

Iindlela zokuguqula umphezulu ezisetyenziswa ngexesha okanye emva kodibaniso zinokuphucula ukusebenza kwe-LMO. Iinkqubo zokugquma kusetyenziswa ukubekelwa komphunga wekhemikhali, ukubekeka komaleko weatom, okanye iindlela zekhemikhali ezimanzi zisebenzisa umaleko okhuselayo othomalalisa ukunyibilika kwemanganese. Ubukhulu bokugquma, obuqhelekile 5-20 nanometers, kufuneka bulungelelanise ukhuseleko ngokuchasene nothutho lwe-ion{4}}iingubo ezityebileyo zibonelela ngokhuseleko olungcono kodwa intshukumo ecothayo ye-lithium-ion.

Imakethi yehlabathi ye-LMO cathode ifikelele kwi-2.31 yeebhiliyoni zeedola ngo-2024, kunye noqikelelo olubonisa ukukhula ukuya kwi-4.29 yeebhiliyoni zeedola ngo-2033 ngesantya sokukhula sonyaka esihlanganisiweyo se-7.1%. Olu lwando lubonisa ukonyuka kwemfuno yebhetri ye-lithium iyonke kunye nezibonelelo ezithile ze-LMO kwizicelo ezithile.

I-dynamics yengingqi ibonisa i-Asia Pacific ilawula malunga ne-54% yesabelo semarike (i-1.25 yeebhiliyoni zeedola ngo-2024). I-China, iJapan, kunye noMzantsi Korea zibamba abavelisi abakhulu beebhetri kwaye baqhube zombini imveliso kunye nemfuno. Iinkuthazo zikaRhulumente zezithuthi zombane kunye nokugcinwa kwamandla ahlaziyekayo kula mazwe kuzuzisa ngokuthe ngqo ukwamkelwa kwe-LMO. UMntla Melika kunye neYurophu kunye zenza malunga ne-45% yemarike, ngokukhula okuqhutywa kukufakelwa kombane kwiimoto kunye neeprojekthi zokugcina amandla.

Ukhuphiswano olusuka kwezinye iikhemistri zecathode lubumba ubume bemalike ye-LMO. I-lithium iron phosphate ifumene umhlaba obalulekileyo, ngakumbi e-China, ngenxa yobomi bayo obuphezulu bomjikelo kunye neempawu zokhuseleko. Umsantsa wexabiso phakathi kwe-LMO kunye ne-LFP uye wancipha njengoko imveliso ye-LFP yanyuka. Nangona kunjalo, i-LMO igcina izibonelelo kumandla athile kunye nombane, igcina i-niche yayo kusetyenziso lwamandla oluphezulu{3}.

Uphuhliso lomgaqo-nkqubo luchaphazela ukwamkelwa kwe-LMO. I-European Union's 2027 iBattery Regulation ibeka iimfuno ezizinzileyo kunye nezigunyaziso zokulandela umkhondo. Le mimiselo ithanda imanganese{3}esekelwe kwichemistries kunecobalt{4}}ezinye iindlela ezinzulu ngenxa yeenkxalabo eziphantsi zokusingqongileyo kunye neenqobo ezisesikweni. Ezinye izindululo ziquka iintlawulo ezongezelelweyo kumxholo we-cobalt, onokwenza i-LMO ngama-20% ingabizi kakhulu kune-NMC kwiimarike ezithile ukuba iphunyeziwe.

Inkxaso-mali yophando ibonisa umdla oqhubekayo kwiibhetri{0}ezisekwe kwimanganese. ISebe lezaMandla lase-US labele i-2 yeebhiliyoni zeedola kuphando lwe-manganese{5} olusekwe kwibhetri kunye nophuhliso ukusuka ngo-2024-2027, ligxile ekuphuculeni ukuxinana kwamandla kunye nobomi bomjikelo ngelixa kugcinwa izibonelelo zeendleko. Olu phawu lotyalo-mali lucebisa ukuqondwa kukarhulumente kwendima yemanganese ekwahlukaneni kwamakhonkco obonelelo ngeebhetri kude nezimbiwa ezibalulekileyo njengecobalt.

Ukudityaniswa kwebhetri yelizwe -okuqinileyo kubonisa impumelelo enokwenzeka yeteknoloji ye-LMO. Ii-electrolyte eziqinileyo zisusa ulwelo lwe-electrolyte eququzelela ukunyibilika kwemanganese, okunokubanakho ukusombulula eyona ndlela iphambili yokuthotywa kwe-LMO. Idatha ye-QuantumScape's 2024 ye-LMO edityaniswe nee-electrolyte ze-ceramic iphumelele imijikelo engama-500 kwireyithi ye-1C, nangona ukuchasana kobuso buhlala kuphezulu ngokuphindwe kathathu kuneeseli ze-electrolyte zolwelo. I-Toyota's solid{7}}prototype yelizwe esebenzisa i-LiMn₂O₄ cathode ene-electrolyte ye-Li₃PS₄ ibonise uxinano lwamandla angama-300 Wh/kg, isondela kumanqanaba okusebenza e-NMC ngelixa igcina izibonelelo zokhuseleko ze-LMO.

Lithium Manganese Oxide

Ukuqonda i-LMO kufuna umxholo ngaphakathi kwendawo ebanzi yebhetri ye-lithium. I-Lithium cobalt oxide (LCO) inika amandla aphezulu aphezulu (i-140-180 Wh / kg) kodwa ihlupheka ngenxa yokuzinza kwe-thermal kunye neendleko eziphezulu. I-LCO ilawula izinto zombane eziphathwayo apho ubukhulu bubaluleke ngaphezu kweendleko okanye ubomi obude, kodwa iinkxalabo zokhuseleko zinciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwazo kwifomathi enkulu yezicelo.

I-Lithium iron phosphate (LFP) ibonelela ngobomi bomjikelo obukhethekileyo (2,000{7}}5,000 cycles) kunye nokhuseleko oluphezulu, olusebenza kumbane ophantsi (3.2V nominal). Ubuninzi bamandla e-LFP (90{8}}120 Wh/kg) buwela ngaphantsi kwe-LMO, kodwa ubomi obude buyenza ibe noqoqosho kwizicelo apho iindleko zokubuyisela rhoqo zidlula ixabiso lokuqala lokuthenga. Imakethi yemoto yombane yaseTshayina iya ithanda i-LFP kuluhlu lwezithuthi ezisemgangathweni, ngelixa imidibaniso ye-LMO-NMC ihlala ixhaphakile kwiimarike zibeka phambili ukusebenza.

Iibhetri ze-nickel manganese cobalt (NMC) zinika awona mandla axineneyo aphezulu phakathi kokhetho lwangoku lwentengiso (150-250 Wh/kg), nto leyo eyenza ukuba zikhethelwe izithuthi zombane zomgama omde. Nangona kunjalo, i-NMC ixabisa kakhulu ngenxa yomxholo we-nickel kunye ne-cobalt, kunye neenkxalabo zokuzinza kwe-thermal zifuna iinkqubo zokulawula ibhetri eziphucukileyo. Unikezelo lwamandla lwe-LMO ludlula i-NMC ngokugqabhuka okufutshane, lunika umphetho kwizicelo ezixubeneyo ezifuna ukukhawuleziswa okukhawulezileyo.

Iibhetri zeLithium titanate (LTO) zisebenzisa i-anode elungisiweyo kune-cathode eyahlukileyo, kodwa uthelekiso lubonisa ukuba lufundisa. I-LTO inikezela ngobomi obude obugqithileyo (10,{2}} imijikelo) kunye nokhuseleko kodwa kuxinano lwamandla asezantsi kakhulu (50{5}}80 Wh/kg). Indibaniselwano ye-LTO anodes kunye ne-LMO cathodes yenza iibhetri ezilungiselelwe usetyenziso oluthile olufana neenkqubo zebhasi ezitshaja ngokukhawuleza, ebonisa ukuba ukubhanqa kwekhemistri kunokujolisa njani kwiimfuno ze-niche.

Isantya sokuqaliswa kwe-LMO siye sakhula kwiminyaka yakutshanje njengoko abaphandi bajongana nemida ekudala ikho. Uphononongo lwango-2024 kwiJenali yeAmerican Chemical Society yachaza i-lithium manganese oxide elayitiweyo enesiphako esilawulwayo solwakhiwo olufumene ukubuya umva kwebhayisikile kufutshane nomthamo wethiyori. Abaphandi basebenzise utshintshiselwano lwe-ion kunye nokulawula ukuphelelwa ngamanzi emzimbeni ukwenza i-metastable Li{3}}isakhiwo se-birnessite esicinezela ukufuduka kwemanganese kunye nokuchithwa.

Amaqhinga okuguqula umphezulu aqhubeleka nokuvela. Abaphandi ngo-2024 babonise ukuba igraphene encapsulation yamasuntswana e-LMO aphucule umthamo nge-15% ngelixa sandisa ubomi bomjikelo. Umaleko wegraphene oguquguqukayo uvumela utshintsho lwevolumu ngexesha lokuhamba ngebhayisikile ngelixa ubonelela ngokuqhutywa kombane kunye nokukhusela ngokuchasene nokuchithwa kwemanganese. Le ndlela imele intsingiselo ebanzi malunga nobunjineli be-nanoscale bezinto ze-cathode.

Izakhiwo zokuma kweqondo lokugxila ziye zavela njengesalathiso esithembisayo. Kunokuba zibunjwe ngendlela efanayo kwisuntswana ngalinye, ezi zixhobo ziyahluka ukusuka kumbindi ukuya phezulu. Utshintsho oluthe ngcembe luphelisa ukungafani kojongano olubangela ukuqhekeka kwizakhiwo ezilula ezigqunyiweyo. Amaqela amaninzi ophando achaze ukuzinza okuphuculweyo kumbane ophezulu usebenzisa le ndlela, nangona ukuphunyezwa kwezorhwebo kuhlala kulinganiselwe.

Ukusetyenziswa komatshini wokufunda sele kuqalisile ukwenza ngcono i-LMO synthesis kunye nokusebenza. Abaphandi basebenzise imifuziselo yokubala ukuqikelela indibaniselwano ye-dopant eyenza uzinzo kulwakhiwo, ukunciphisa ulingo-kunye{2}}novavanyo lwempazamo ngokwesiko olufunekayo kuphuhliso lwemathiriyeli. Uphononongo luka-2024 luqikelele ngempumelelo eyona aluminiyam -yenickel co{6}}imilinganiselo yedoping yokusebenza{7}}kobushushu obuphezulu, imifuniselo elandelayo eqinisekisiweyo.

Ubume bemeko yendawo ye-LMO bubonisa iingenelo kunye nemingeni. Utsalo lweManganese lufuna amandla amancinci{1}}ukusetyenzwa okunzulu kunecobalt okanye nickel, kwaye ubuninzi beelementi kunciphisa uxinzelelo kwimizimba ekrwada ebunjiweyo. Nangona kunjalo, imigodi yemanganese isavelisa impembelelo yokusingqongileyo ngokuphazamiseka komhlaba, ukusetyenziswa kwamanzi, kunye nongcoliseko olunokubakho ukuba alulawulwa kakuhle.

Uvavanyo lomjikelo wobomi ngokuthelekisa iikhemistri zebhetri ye-lithium ezahlukeneyo zibonisa ukuba i-LMO iqhuba kakuhle kwikhabhoni yonyawo ngenxa yeemfuno ezisezantsi zokusetyenzwa kunye nokupheliswa kwe-cobalt. Uphononongo olubanzi luka-2023 olubalwe iibhetri ze-LMO zivelisa malunga ne-15-20% ngaphantsi kokukhutshwa kwerhasi yegreenhouse ngexesha lokwenziwa xa kuthelekiswa nezilingana ne-NMC nge-kWh nganye.

Iziseko ezingundoqo zokurisayikilisha ze-LMO zikhona kwiinkqubo ezibanzi zokurisayikilisha ibhetri ye-lithium. Iinkqubo zeHydrometallurgical zinokuphinda zibuyise i-manganese, i-lithium, kunye namanye amacandelo ngokusebenza okuphezulu. Nangona kunjalo, ixabiso eliphantsi ngokwentelekiso yemanganese efunyenweyo xa kuthelekiswa ne-cobalt okanye i-nickel inciphisa inkuthazo yezoqoqosho yokuphinda isetyenziswe. Izigunyaziso zomgaqo-nkqubo wokurisayikilisha kweebhetri, ezifana nezo ziphunyezwayo e-Europe, ziya kuphucula amaxabiso okurisayikilishwa kwe-LMO ngaphandle koqoqosho olusulungekileyo.

Okwesibini-izicelo zobomi zinika enye indlela yozinzo. Iibhetri ze-LMO zonakaliswe ngaphaya kokusetyenziswa kweemoto zihlala zigcina umthamo owaneleyo wokugcina amandla amileyo, apho ubunzima kunye nokuxinana kwamandla kubaluleka ngaphantsi kwezithuthi. Iinkqubo ezininzi zokulinga ziphinda zisebenzise iibhetri zemoto zombane ezidla umhlala-phantsi ezinecathodes ze-LMO zokugcina amandla elanga, zandisa ubomi obuluncedo bubonke kunye nokuphucula impembelelo yokusingqongileyo iyonke.

Yintoni eyenza iibhetri ze-LMO zikhuseleke kunezinye iintlobo ze-lithium-?

Ulwakhiwo lwekristale ye-spinel ye-LMO ibonelela ngokuzinza kwe-thermal okuchasene nokubaleka kwe-thermal. I-Manganese oxide cathodes ihlala izinzile kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu kune-cobalt{1}}ezezinye ezisekelwe kwezinye, kwaye ukungabikho kwecobalt esebenza kakhulu kunciphisa umngcipheko wokubola. Uvavanyo lubonisa iibhetri ze-LMO zine-58% esezantsi yomngcipheko wokubaleka we-thermal ngokwemigangatho yokhuseleko ye-UL.

Kutheni iibhetri ze-LMO zinobomi obufutshane kuneebhetri zeLFP?

Ukunyibilika kweManganese kwi-electrolyte kubangela ukuphela komthamo oqhubekayo kwiibhetri ze-LMO. I-Mn²⁺ ion ziyazisusa kulwakhiwo lwecathode, ngakumbi kumaqondo obushushu anyukileyo, kwaye zifudukela kwi-anode apho ziphazamisana nomsebenzi we-electrode. Iibhetri ze-LFP ziyayinqanda le ndlela kuba i-iron phosphate yenza isakhiwo esizinze ngakumbi esinganyibiliki phantsi kweemeko ezifanayo.

Ngaba iibhetri ze-LMO zingasetyenziswa kumaqondo obushushu agqithisileyo?

Iibhetri ze-LMO zibamba amaqondo obushushu aphezulu ngcono kunezinye iindlela ezininzi, zisebenza ngokukhuselekileyo ukuya kuthi ga kwi-60℃(140 degrees F). Ukusebenza kobushushu obubandayo bubonakalisa umngeni ngakumbi-njengazo zonke iibhetri ze-lithium-ze-ion, i-LMO inengxaki yokucutha umthamo kunye nokwanda kokunganyangeki kwangaphakathi ngaphantsi kwe-0 degree. Uxinzelelo lombane olusuka kumaqondo obushushu abandayo luchaphazela i-LMO ngokufanayo kwezinye iikhemistri.

I-LMO ithelekisa njani ne-LFP yezithuthi zombane?

I-LMO ibonelela ngamandla ombane aphezulu (4.0V vs 3.2V) kunye nonikezelo lwamandla olungcono ukukhawulezisa, kodwa ubomi bomjikelo ophantsi kunye noxinano lwamandla asezantsi kancinane. I-LFP iyagqwesa kubomi obude kunye neendleko zezithuthi ezisemgangathweni-zoluhlu, ngelixa i-LMO{4}}i-NMC ixubene isebenza kakuhle kwintsebenzo-izithuthi ezilungelelanisiweyo ezifuna ukuhanjiswa kwamandla okukhawulezayo. Iindlela zentengiso zibonisa ukuba zombini iikhemistri zihlala kumacandelo ezithuthi ahlukeneyo kunokuba enye ithathe indawo enye.

Lithium Manganese Oxide

Uphando lweli nqaku lutsalwe kwimithombo egunyazisiweyo emininzi equka{0}}upapasho oluphononongiweyo kwiJenali yeAmerican Chemical Society, iBattery & Supercaps, kunye ne-Energy Storage Materials. Idatha yentengiso yavela kwiifemu zokuhlalutya ishishini ezibandakanya iDataIntelo kunye neFortune Business Insights. Inkcazelo yobugcisa imathiriyeli ekhankanyiweyo evela kubavelisi bebhetri kuquka NEI Corporation, Sigma-Aldrich, kunye neCATL. Idatha yokuvavanya ukhuseleko ivela kwimigangatho ye-UL kunye novavanyo lokhuseleko olupapashwe kwi-National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA).