Yintoni iLithium eChargeable?

ILithium ephinda itshajwe ibhekisa kwiibhetri ezisebenzisa ubuchwepheshe be-lithium-iteknoloji ye-ion ukugcina nokukhulula amandla ombane ngokuphindaphinda ukutshaja kunye nokukhupha imijikelo. Ezi bhetri zihambisa ii-ion ze-lithium phakathi kwee-electrodes ezimbini-ngokwesiqhelo i-graphite anode kunye ne-metal oxide cathode{3}}ezivumela ukuba zitshajwe ngamakhulu ukuya kumawaka amaxesha.

Igama elithi "ibhetri ye-lithium" eneneni libandakanya iindidi ezimbini ezihlukeneyo ezinamandla ahlukeneyo. Ibhetri ye-lithium esisiseko yenye -esebenzisa imithombo yamandla eyilelwe izixhobo ezifuna ixesha elide{2}}, ukukhutshwa kwamandla okuzinzileyo. Uya kuzifumana ezi zinto kwizixhobo zokubona umsi, kwizincedisi-ntliziyo kunye nolawulo oluthile olukude. Emva kokuba ziphelile, kufuneka zilahlwe kwaye zitshintshwe.

Ibhetri ye-lithium etshajekayo, ebizwa ngokufanelekileyo ngokuthi i-lithium-iion okanye i-Li{1}}ibhetri ye-ion, imele iteknoloji eyahlukileyo ngokupheleleyo. Umahluko ophambili ulele ekubuyiseleni ukuguqulwa kweekhemikhali zabo. Xa uplaga ifowuni yakho okanye ilaptop ukuze uhlawule, i-lithium ion ifuduka isuka kwicathode ibuyele kwi-anode, igcina amandla ukuze isetyenziswe kamva. Oku kuhamba kwe-ion ye-bidirectional ukwahlula iteknoloji ye-lithium etshajwayo kwakhona kubalingani bayo abalahlayo.

Ayizizo zonke izixhobo ezisebenzisa amandla e-lithium ezinokwamkela iibhetri ezinokutshajwa kwakhona. Iimpawu zombane ziyohluka phakathi kweentlobo ezimbini{1}}iiseli ze-lithium eziphambili zidla ngokunikezela nge-3.0V, ngelixa iiseli ze-lithium ezitshajwayo kwakhona{3}}zibonelela nge-3.6-3.7V. Lo mahluko wombane uthetha ukuba awungekhe utshintshe uhlobo olunye uye kolunye ngaphandle kokujonga ukuhambelana kwesixhobo.

Lithium Rechargeable

Ngaphakathi kwebhetri ye-lithium etshajwayo kwakhona kuhlala inkqubo yobunjineli ngocoselelo yamacandelo amane abalulekileyo asebenza kwikonsathi. I-anode, ngokuqhelekileyo eyakhiwe kwigraphite, isebenza njenge-electrode engalunganga. I-cathode{2}}i-electrode e-positive{3}}isebenzisa izinto ezifana ne-lithium cobalt oxide (LCO), i-lithium iron phosphate (LFP), okanye i-lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC). Phakathi kwezi electrode zihamba i-electrolyte engamanzi equlethe iityuwa ze-lithium, kunye ne-porous separator ithintela ukudibanisa ngokuthe ngqo phakathi kwe-anode kunye ne-cathode ngelixa ivumela i-ion passage.

Ngexesha lokukhutshwa, i-lithium ion ishiya i-anode kwaye ihambe nge-electrolyte ukuya kwi-cathode. Ngaxeshanye, ii-electron zihamba kwisekethe yesixhobo sakho, zihambisa amandla ombane owafunayo. Umahluli unyanzela ii-electron ukuba zithathe indlela ende ngesixhobo sakho kunokuba zenze isekethi emfutshane eyingozi.

Ukutshaja kwakhona kuyibuyisela umva yonke le nkqubo. Xa udibanisa itshaja, umbane okhoyo utyhala i-lithium ion ukusuka kwi-cathode ubuyela kwi-anode. Iiyoni zibuyela kwindawo yazo yokuqala, zilungele umjikelo olandelayo wokukhupha. Olu lungelelwaniso lubuyiselwa umva{3}}ixesha lobuchule leeyoni ezizifakela ngokwazo phakathi kweeleya ze-electrode{4}}ivumela ukutshajwa kwakhona okuchaza ezi bhetri.

Isixokelelwano soLawulo lwebhetri (BMS) sisebenza njengengqondo yebhetri ngexesha lale nkqubo. Le yunithi yokulawula i-elektroniki isoloko ibeka iliso kumbane weeseli, ubushushu, kunye nokuhamba kwangoku. Ikhusela ukutshaja ngokuqhawula isekethe yokutshaja xa iiseli zifikelela kwi-4.2V (umgangatho ophezulu wobuninzi be-lithium{3}}ikhemistri ye-ion). Ikwakhusela ekukhutshweni okungaphezulu{5}, okunokuthi konakalise ngokusisigxina ibhetri ngokubangela ukunyibilika kobhedu kubaqokeleli bangoku.

Itekhnoloji yelithium etshajwayo ayiyo monolithic-iikhemistri ezininzi ezahlukileyo zibonelela ngezicelo ezahlukeneyo ngokusekelwe kwiimpawu zazo zokusebenza ezithile.

ILithium Cobalt oxide (LCO)Iibhetri zilawula i-elektroniki ephathekayo kwaye isenamandla amaninzi e-smartphones kunye neelaptops. Banikezela ngoxinaniso lwamandla olufikelela kuma-200-260 Wh/kg, nto leyo ebenza balunge kakhulu kwizicelo ezingevani nobunzima. Nangona kunjalo, azinzanga kangako ngokwe-thermal kunezinye iindlela kwaye ngokuqhelekileyo zihambisa i-500-1000 yeemjikelezo zentlawulo.

ILithium Iron Phosphate (LFP)iibhetri zincama ubuninzi bamandla (100-180 Wh/kg) kukhuseleko olumangalisayo kunye nobomi obude. Isakhiwo sabo se-crystal esizinzile sichasa ukubaleka kwe-thermal, kwaye bahlala befezekisa imijikelezo ye-2000-5000 ngaphambi kokuthotywa kwe-80% umthamo. Izithuthi zombane kunye nogcino lwamandla omileyo luya luthandeka ngakumbi le khemistri nangona amandla ayo ombane asezantsi (3.2V ngokwegama xa ithelekiswa ne-3.7V yeLCO).

Lithium Polymer (LiPo)iibhetri zisebenzisa ijeli{0}}efana okanye eqinileyo ye-electrolyte yepolymer endaweni yolwelo. Oku kuvumela ukupakishwa okubhetyebhetye kwizingxobo ezicekethekileyo ezihambelana neemilo zesixhobo. Uza kuzifumana kwii-smartphones ezincinci, iitafile, kunye nerediyo{3}izithuthi ezilawulwayo apho ubunzima bubaluleke kakhulu. Ngokuqhelekileyo banikezela nge-1000-2000 imijikelezo.

I-Nickel Manganese Cobalt (NMC)iibhetri ibhalansi ubunzima bamandla (150-220 Wh/kg), amandla amandla, kunye nobomi (1000-2000 imijikelo). Oku kuguquguquka kubenza badume kwizithuthi zombane, apho abavelisi banokutshintsha umlinganiselo we-nickel-manganese-cobalt ukubeka phambili nokuba ngumthamo wamandla okanye ukukhutshwa kwamandla ngokusekelwe kwiimfuno zoyilo lwesithuthi.

Ukuqonda ukuba yintoni emisela ibhetri ye-lithium etshajwayo kwakhona kufuna ukujonga ngaphaya kokubala komjikelo kwindlela iibhetri ezisetyenziswa ngayo.

Umjikelo wentlawulo wenziwa xa usebenzisa i-100% yomthamo webhetri, nangona kunganyanzelekanga ukuba uphume ngokuqhubekayo. Ukusebenzisa i-50% ngosuku olunye kwaye i-50% elandelayo ibalwa njengomjikelo opheleleyo omnye. -umgangatho ophezulu weebhetri zecylindrical cell{6}}uhlobo olufana neebhetri zeAA kodwa ezinkulu{7}}zinokuzisa 3000{12}}5000 imijikelo phambi kokuba umthamo wehle ukuya kwi-80% yeyoqobo. Iiseli zePrismatic (i-flat, i-rectangular) zilawula imijikelo ye-1000-2000, ngelixa i-pouch-style lithium polymer iibhetri zihlala zifutshane.

La manani athatha iindlela ezifanelekileyo zokubiza. Inxalenye yebhayisikile{1}}ukutshaja kwakhona phambi kokuphela kokuphela{2}}eneneni kwandisa ubomi bebhetri xa kuthelekiswa nokukhutshwa okuphindaphindiweyo. Iibhetri zale mihla ze-lithium azikhathazwa "yimpembelelo yememori" ebethe i-nickel endala{4}}ibhetri ye-cadmium, ngoko ke unokutshaja kwakhona nangaliphi na ixesha ngaphandle kwesohlwayo sokusebenza.

Ubushushu buchaphazela kakhulu ukusebenza kwangoku kunye nempilo-yexesha elide. Ukusebenza kwi-40℃(104℃F) endaweni ye-20℃(68℃F) kunokunciphisa ubomi bubonke ngama-40%. Amaqondo obushushu abandayo awenzi monakalo osisigxina kodwa anciphisa okwethutyana umthamo okhoyo-ibhetri enika amandla apheleleyo kuma-20℃inokubonelela kuphela nge-70% kwi- -10℃(14℃F).

Iimeko zokugcina zibalulekile. Ibhetri egcweleyo egcinwe kubushushu obuphezulu beminyaka ngokukhawuleza. Ukugcina{2}ixesha elide, abavelisi bacebisa ukutshaja ukuya kwi-40-50% umthamo kunye nokugcina iibhetri kwindawo ezipholileyo. Ibhetri egcinwe kwi-25℃(77℃F) kwi-40% yentlawulo inokugcina umthamo we-96% emva konyaka, ngelixa enye egcinwe ngokupheleleyo kwi-40℃(104℃F) inokulahlekelwa yi-35% ngexesha elifanayo.

Iibhetri ze-lithium ezinokutshajwa kwakhona zinika amandla uluhlu olungaqhelekanga lwetekhnoloji yanamhlanje, isicelo ngasinye sisebenzisa iimpawu ezithile zobugcisa.

I-Electronics yabathengi{{0}Ii-smartphone, iilaptops, iitafile, kunye nee-earbud ezingenazingcingo zonke zixhomekeke kuxinano lwamandla olubonelelwa bubuchwephesha be-lithium. Ibhetri ye-smartphone yanamhlanje ipakisha i-10-15 Wh kwindawo encinci kunekhadi letyala, into engenakwenzeka ngeekhemistri ezindala zebhetri. Ezi zixhobo zikholisa ukusebenzisa i-LCO okanye i-NMC chemistry ngexesha lokuqhuba kakhulu kwindawo encinci.

Izithuthi zoMbane-Ushishino lweemoto lwamkele iibhetri ze-lithium, kunye nemfuno yebhetri ye-EV yehlabathi engaphezulu kweyure e-1 yeterawatt-ngonyaka ukususela ngo-2024. Uninzi lwee-EVs zisebenzisa nokuba yi-NMC okanye ibhetri ye-LFP. I-NMC ibonelela ngamandla oxinaniso lwamandla kuluhlu olude, ngelixa i-LFP ibonelela ngemida yokhuseleko engcono kunye nobomi bekhalenda obude. Iipakethi zebhetri zeemoto zombane ziqulethe amawaka eeseli ezisebenza kunye ukugcina i-50-100 kWh yamandla.

Izixhobo zamandla-Izinto zokuqhuba ezingenazintambo, iisarha, kunye nezinye izixhobo zombane zitshintshelwe kwinickel{1}}icadmium ukuya kwiteknoloji yelithium kule minyaka ili-15 idlulileyo. Amandla ombane aphezulu (iinkqubo ze-18V okanye i-20V vs. 12i-V ye-NiCd) kunye noxinano lwamandla zenza ukuba{7}}umsebenzi wobuchwephesha usebenze ngaphandle kwentambo. Ezi bhetri zinoxinzelelo oluphezulu lwangoku, ngoko ke abavelisi basebenzisa i-NMC okanye-ukukhupha ikhemistri ye-LFP.

IiNkqubo zokuGcina amandla-Ufakelo lwelanga kunye negridi{1}}isikali sogcino luxhomekeke ngakumbi kwibhetri ye-lithium ukugudisa indalo yamandla ahlaziyekayo. Iinkqubo zokuhlala zihlala zisebenzisa i-LFP chemistry, ibeka phambili ukhuseleko kunye nokuphila ixesha elide ngaphezu kobuninzi bamandla. Ukusukela ngo-2023, iibhetri ze-lithium -zibalelwe ngaphezulu kwe-80% ye{7}} yegigawatt{8}}yeeyure zogcino lwebhetri olusasazwe kwihlabathi jikelele.

Izixhobo zonyango-Izixhobo ezifakelwayo ezifana ne-pacemaker kunye neepompo ze-insulin zifuna iibhetri ezithembekileyo nezinde{1}}. Abanye basebenzisa iiseli ze-lithium eziphambili ezilinganiswe 10+ iminyaka, ngelixa izixhobo eziphathwayo zangaphandle zisanda zisebenzisa i-lithium etshajwayo ukulungiselela isigulana kunye neenzuzo zokusingqongileyo.

Lithium Rechargeable

Ukutshaja ngokufanelekileyo iibhetri ze-lithium ezitshajwayo kufuna ukuqonda i-voltage ethile kunye neemfuno zangoku, ezahluke kakhulu kwezinye iindidi zebhetri.

I-lithium esemgangathweni{0}}ikhemistri ye-ion ifuna ukutshaja ukuya kwi-4.2V ngeseli nganye enolawulo lwamandla ombane oluchanekileyo. Inkqubo yesiqhelo yokutshaja ilandela-indlela yokutshaja:{4}}yangoku (CC) yokutshaja izisa umsinga ozinzileyo de iiseli zifike ku-4.2V, emva koko ukutshaja okungaguqukiyo-kwevoltage (CV) kugcina loo mbane ngelixa ikhoyo isihla kancinci. Ukutshaja kugqiba xa ibhetri isihla ukuya kutsho kwi-3-5% yomthamo webhetri.

Awunakuzisebenzisa ngokupheleleyo iitshaja ezenzelwe ezinye iindidi zebhetri. Itshaja ezikhokelayo{{1} zeasidi zisebenzisa amandla ombane aphezulu angatshabalalisa iibhetri ze-lithium. Ngokufanayo, i-nickel-i-cadmium okanye i-nickel{4}}itshaja ze-metal hydride zisebenzisa iiprofayile zombane ezingahambelaniyo nekhemistri ye-lithium. Soloko usebenzisa itshaja eyenzelwe ngokukodwa iibhetri ze-lithium-zeion, ehambelana nekhemistri yebhetri yakho.

Ukutshaja ngokukhawuleza amandla aphucuke kakhulu. Ngelixa iibhetri ze-lithium zakwangoko zifuna iiyure ezi-3{8}}4 ukutshaja, iiseli zangoku ezinoyilo oluphuculweyo lwe-electrode zinokwamkela amaxabiso ukuya kuthi ga kwi-1C (ixesha elinye umthamo ngeyure) nangaphezulu. Ezinye iibhetri zemoto zombane ngoku zixhasa ukutshaja okukhawulezayo kwe-350kW DC, zongeza 100+ iimayile zoluhlu kwimizuzu eyi-10. Nangona kunjalo, ukutshaja okukhawulezayo rhoqo kukhawulezisa ukuthotywa xa kuthelekiswa nokutshaja okucothayo, nto leyo eyenza kube lula- ngokuchasene nobomi obude.

I-BMS idlala indima ebalulekileyo ngexesha lokutshaja ngokubeka esweni amandla ombane eseli nganye kwiipakethi zeeseli ezininzi-. Kuba iinguqu zokuvelisa zithetha ukuba iiseli azize ziziphathe ngokufanayo, i-BMS iqinisekisa ukuba zonke iiseli zihlawulisa ngokulinganayo ngenkqubo ebizwa ngokuba yi-cell balancing. Oku kuthintela nayiphi na iseli ekubeni itshajiswe ngaphezulu okanye ngaphezulu{3}}, nto leyo enokunciphisa umthamo wepakethi kwaye idale imiba yokhuseleko.

Ngelixa iibhetri ze-lithium eziphinda zitshajwe zikhuselekile xa ziyilwe ngokufanelekileyo kwaye zisetyenziswa, ukuxinana kwazo okuphezulu kuthetha ukuba ukusilela kunokuba kukhulu.

I-Thermal runaway imele inkxalabo yokhuseleko oluphambili. Ukuba amaqondo obushushu angaphakathi anyuka ngaphezu kwama-80{2}}90 idigri ngenxa yeesekethe ezimfutshane zangaphakathi, iziphene zokwenziwa, okanye umonakalo wangaphandle, ukuzomeleza{5}}ukusabela kunokuqalisa. Ubushushu bubangela ukubola kwe-electrolyte, ukuvelisa ubushushu obuninzi kunye negesi, okunokukhokelela kumlilo okanye ukugqabhuka. Iibhetri zangoku zibandakanya iimpawu zokhuseleko ezininzi-iindawo zokukhulula uxinzelelo, iifusi ze-thermal, kunye nokhuseleko lwe-BMS oluphucukileyo-ukuthintela le meko.

Ukulimala ngokomzimba kwiibhetri ze-lithium kudala ingozi enkulu. Ukubhoboza iseli kunokubangela isiphaluka esifutshane sangaphakathi kunye nokubaleka kwe-thermal kwangoko. Ukutyumza okanye ukugoba iiseli zesingxobo zonakalisa isahluli, okunokuvumela uqhagamshelwano oluthe ngqo lwe-electrode. Ungaze usebenzise iibhetri ezibonakalayo ezonakeleyo, kwaye uzilahle ngokufanelekileyo kwiindawo ezichongiweyo zokurisayikilisha.

Ukutshaja ngaphezulu nangaphezulu{0}}ukukhupha zombini iibhetri ezinobungozi nokudala iingozi. Ukutshaja ngaphezu kwe-4.2V (okanye i-4.35V kwezinye iikhemistri ezitsha) kunokuphazamisa izixhobo ze-electrode kwaye kubangele i-lithium plating kwi-anode, idala i-dendrites enokuthi igqobhoze isahluli. Ukukhupha ngaphantsi malunga ne-2.5V ngeseli nganye kunokunyibilikisa ubhedu kubaqokeleli bangoku, ukunciphisa ngokusisigxina umthamo kunye nokudala iingozi zesekethe ezimfutshane zangaphakathi.

Gcina iibhetri kwiindawo ezipholileyo, ezomileyo kude nezinto ezinokutsha. Ungaze uzibeke esichengeni sobushushu obungaphaya kwe-60℃(140 degrees F), kwaye uphephe ukushiya iibhetri kwiimoto ezishushu ngexesha lasehlotyeni. Ezothutho, imimiselo ihlela iibhetri ze-lithium - njengempahla eyingozi efuna ukupakishwa okukhethekileyo kunye nokuleyibheli ukuze kuthunyelwe ngenqwelomoya ngaphezu kwemithamo ethile.

Hayi, udinga itshaja eyenzelwe ngokukodwa i-lithium-ikhemistri ye-ion. Ezi tshaja zilawula i-voltage ngokuchanekileyo ukuya kwi-4.2V ngeseli nganye kwaye zitshintshe ukusuka kwimeko yangoku ukuya kwi-voltage etshaja ngokuzenzekelayo. Ukusebenzisa iitshaja ezenzelwe ilothe{{4}iasidi okanye i-nickel{5}esekelwe kwiibhetri ziyakonakalisa iibhetri ze-lithium kwaye zingadala iingozi zokhuseleko.

Umgangatho weebhetri ze-lithium{0}}zidla ngokunikezela nge-1000-5000 imijikelo yentlawulo epheleleyo ngokuxhomekeke kwikhemistri kunye neemeko zokusetyenziswa. Ngokwekhalenda, lindela iminyaka eyi-3-10 yobomi benkonzo. I-chemistry ye-LiFePO4 inikezela ubomi obude kakhulu kwimijikelezo ye-3000-5000, ngelixa i-lithium cobalt oxide eqhelekileyo inika i-500-1000 imijikelezo ngaphambi kokulahlekelwa kwamandla amakhulu.

Zonke iibhetri ze-lithium ziguga kwikhalenda ngenxa yokusabela kweekhemikhali ezingafunekiyo ezenzeka naxa ziphumle. Ukugcina iibhetri kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu okanye intlawulo epheleleyo ikhawulezisa oku kuthotywa. Ukufumana iziphumo ezilungileyo ngexesha lokugcinwa, hlawula kwi-40-50% kwaye ugcine kwindawo epholileyo. Ibhetri egcinwe kakuhle inokugcina umthamo ongaphezulu kwe-95% emva konyaka.

Lo mahluko udida abantu abaninzi.Yintoni ibhetri ye-lithiumiqhele ukubhekisa kwezokuqala ({0}}ezitshajwayo kwakhona) iiseli ezisebenzisa i-metallic lithium. I-Lithium -ibhetri ze-ion ziyatshajwa kwaye aziqulathanga i-metallic lithium{3}i-lithium nje ekwimo ye-ionic egcinwe ngaphakathi kwemathiriyeli ye-electrode. Ezi ntlobo zimbini azitshintshi ngenxa yombane ohlukeneyo kunye nekhemistri yangaphakathi.

Lithium Rechargeable

Itekhnoloji yebhetri ye-lithium etshajwayo iyaqhubeka ihambela phambili ngokukhawuleza. Uphando kwii-electrolytes zelizwe-eziqinileyo zithembisa ukuxinana kwamandla aphezulu kunye nokhuseleko oluphuculweyo ngokususa i-electrolyte yolwelo olunokutsha. I-Silicon anode inokunyusa umthamo nge-30-40% ngaphezulu kwegraphite yesintu. Ikhemistri yeLithium-sulphur inokuthi ekugqibeleni inike amandla oxinaniso angaphezulu kwe-500 Wh/kg, phantse iteknoloji yangoku kabini.

Ezi bhetri ziyitshintshile indlela esiwagcina ngayo kwaye siwasebenzisa ngayo amandla ombane. Ukusuka epokothweni-ubungakanani beefowuni ukuya kwigridi{2}}kufakelo lwesikali, itekhnoloji yelithium etshajwayo yenza ukuba iselfowuni yale mihla kunye neendlela zokuphila ezivuselelwayo{3}ezinamandla. Indibaniselwano yetekhnoloji yoxinaniso lwamandla aphezulu, iindleko ezifanelekileyo, kunye nokutshajwa kwakhona kwenze ukuba ibe sisisombululo esiphezulu sogcino lwamandla kuzo zonke izicelo ezingenakubalwa. Njengoko izikali zemveliso ziqhubeka nokukhula kwaye kuvela iikhemistri ezintsha, iibhetri ze-lithium ezinokutshajwa kwakhona ziya kuthi zisebenzise izixhobo zethu kunye nezithuthi kumashumi eminyaka ezayo.