Yintoni i-Organic Solvents?

Izinyibilikisi ze-Organic ziikhompawundi zolwelo ezisekelwe kwikhabhoni-ezikwazi ukunyibilikisa okanye ukusasaza ezinye izinto ngaphandle kokuziguqula ngokwekhemikhali. Ezi khompawundi ziqulathe iiathom zekhabhoni ezidityaniswe kwezinye izinto ezifana ne-hydrogen, ioksijini, okanye iihalojeni, ezahlula kwizinyibilikisi ezingaphiliyo ezifana namanzi. Zingaphezulu kwama-200 izinyibilikisi ezahlukeneyo ze-organic ezikhoyo kwiintsapho ezahlukeneyo zeekhemikhali, nganye isebenzela ushishino oluthile kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezorhwebo ngokusekwe kubume bemolekyuli kunye neempawu ezibonakalayo.

Uphawu oluchazayo lwezinyibilikisi zendalo lukwindlela yolwakhiwo lweemolekyuli. Zonke izinyibilikisi zendalo ziqulathe ikharbhon-ikhabhoni okanye ikharbhon{2}ibhondi ze-hydrogen njengomqolo wazo wolwakhiwo. Le khabhoni{{4}esekwe kwindalo ibanika isakhono esisodwa sokunyibilika, ngakumbi kwizinto ezingeyiyo{5}}ezingeyiyo indawo epholileyo kunye nezinto ezibuthathaka eziphola apho amanzi angenako ukunyibilika ngokufanelekileyo.

Izinyibilikisi ze-Organic zibonisa iipropathi ezininzi eziqhelekileyo zomzimba ezibenza baxabiseke kwimizi-mveliso. Uninzi lulwelo oluguquguqukayo kwiqondo lobushushu begumbi, okuthetha ukuba luba ngumphunga ngokukhawuleza. Amanqaku abo abilayo aqala ukusuka ngaphantsi kwe-100 ukuya kwi-250℃degree, kunye namanqaku asezantsi abilayo ahambelana nokuguquguquka okuphezulu. I-dielectric constant{5}}umlinganiselo wokukwazi kwesinyibilikisi ukunciphisa amandla phakathi kwamasuntswana ahlawuliweyo{6}}yahluka kakhulu phakathi kwezinyibilikisi eziphilayo, ezichaphazela ngokuthe ngqo ukukwazi kwazo ukunyibilikisa iikhompawundi ze-ionic njengeetyuwa ze-lithium.

I-Viscosity imele enye ipropati ebalulekileyo. -Izinyibilikisi ze-viscosity ezisezantsi zivumela i-ion kunye ne-athomu ukuba zihambe ngokukhululekileyo kwisisombululo, esiba yimfuneko kwizicelo ezifana ne-lithium yebhetri ye-electrolyte apho i-ionic conductivity imisela ukusebenza. Ukudibanisa phakathi kwe-dielectric constant kunye ne-viscosity kaninzi kufuna ukuxuba izinyibilikisi kunye neempawu ezihambelanayo ukufezekisa iziphumo ezilungileyo.

Izinyibilikisi zeHydrocarbon zibandakanya kuphela iiathom zekhabhoni kunye nehydrogen. Ezi zinyibiliki{1}zingezopolar zigqwesa ekunyibilikiseni ioli, iwax, amafutha, kunye negrisi.

Aliphatic hydrocarbonsbonisa imixokelelwane yekhabhoni ethe tye okanye enamasebe ngaphandle kwamakhonkco anuka kamnandi. Imizekelo eqhelekileyo ibandakanya i-hexane, i-heptane, kunye ne-petroleum ether. Ezi zinyibilikisi zine-polarity ephantsi kakhulu, ukuguquguquka okuphezulu, kwaye zizinzile ngokwekhemikhali kodwa zinokutsha kakhulu. Imizi-mveliso iwasebenzisela ukutsalwa kweoli, ukwenza amayeza, ukwenza ipeyinti, kunye nokuvelisa izinto zokuncamathelisa.

Iihydrocarbons ezinuka kamnandiziqulethe amakhonkco e-benzene kwisakhiwo sazo, zinika iimpawu ezahlukileyo. Ibenzene, itoluene, kunye nexylene zimele ezona zinyibilikisi ziqhelekileyo zinuka kamnandi. Ezi khompawundi zine-polarity ephakathi, amandla aphezulu e-solvency kune-aliphatic hydrocarbons, kunye nevumba elibonakalayo. Usetyenziso lwabo lusebenzisa i-solvent kwimizi-mveliso kwiipeyinti, izinto zokuncamathelisa, ii-inki zokuprinta, kunye nemisebenzi yokususa amafutha. Nangona kunjalo, iihydrocarbon ezininzi ezinevumba elimnandi zithwala imingcipheko ebalulekileyo yempilo{4}ibenzene yicarcinogen eyaziwayo, eyenza imida yokuvezwa ilawuleke ngokungqongqo.

I-solvents ene-oksijini idibanisa i-athomu ye-oksijini kwisakhiwo sabo se-molecular, ukudala iimpawu ze-polar ezandisa amandla abo okunyibilika.

Utywalaziqulathe ihydroxyl ({0}}OH) amaqela adityaniswe kumatyathanga ekhabhoni. I-Methanol, i-ethanol, i-isopropanol, kunye ne-butanol zisetyenziswa ngokubanzi kuwo wonke amashishini. Utywala bunokunyibilikisa zombini izinto ezimhlophe kunye nezinye ezingezizo{3}}zinyibilikisa izinto ezininzi. I-Ethanol isebenza njengesithako esiphambili kumayeza, izithambiso, iziqholo, kunye nezicoci. Izicelo zemizi-mveliso ziquka ukusetyenziswa njenge-arhente yokucoca kunye ne-chemical synthesis.

IiketonesIbonisa iqela lekhabhoni (C{0}}O) edityaniswe kwiiathom zekhabhoni ezimbini. I-acetone kunye ne-methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) ikhokela olu didi. Ii-ketones ziphezulu kwi-polar, zine-solvency egqwesileyo, kwaye ziphuma ngumphunga ngokukhawuleza. I-acetone ibonakala kwizisusi ze-nail polish, izithambiso zepeyinti, kunye ne-solvent yokucoca kwimveliso yombane. Kwiilabhoratri, ii-ketones zisebenza njengezinyibilikisi eziqhelekileyo zokusabela.

Estersukwenza ngokusabela phakathi kweeasidi kunye neealkoholi. I-Ethyl acetate kunye ne-methyl acetate zisetyenziswa rhoqo ii-esters. Ezi zinyibilikisi zinevumba elimnandi leziqhamo, ukunyibilika kakuhle kweresin kunye neepolymers, kunye ne-moderate polarity. Ishishini lokugquma lisebenzisa ii-esters kakhulu kwiipeyinti kunye neevanishi. Imizi-mveliso yokutya isebenzisa ii-ester ezithile njengee-agent zokunambitha. I-Ethyl acetate ibonakala kwi-nail polish removers kwaye njengesicoci sebhodi yesekethe.

Ethersziqulathe iathom yeoksijini edityaniswe kumatyathanga ekhabhoni amabini. I-Diethyl ether kunye ne-tetrahydrofuran (THF) imele i-ethers ebalulekileyo kwi-laboratory kunye nezicwangciso zoshishino. I-Ethers idla ngokuba ne-polarity ephantsi kunye nokuguquguquka okuphezulu. Ngoxa i-diethyl ether yayikhe yasebenza njengeyeza lokuthomalalisa iintlungu, ukutsha kwayo okugqithisileyo kwanciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwayo. I-THF ihlala idumile kwimveliso yepolymer kwaye njenge-solvent reaction labhoratri.

I-solvents ene-halogenated idibanisa i-athomu ye-halogen (i-chlorine, i-fluorine, i-bromine, okanye i-iodine) kwisakhiwo sabo. Ezi zinyibilikisi zinamandla akhethekileyo okunyibilika kwimathiriyeli ekwaziyo ukumelana nezinye izinyibilikisi.

Izinyibilikisi ezinekloriniziquka i-dichloromethane (i-methylene chloride), i-chloroform, i-carbon tetrachloride, kunye ne-trichlorethylene. Ezi khompawundi azikwazi ukutsha-inzuzo ebalulekileyo yokhuseleko{3}}kwaye zinamandla okusolveka okuphezulu. Imisebenzi yokunciphisa isinyithi, ukuhluthwa kwepeyinti, kunye nokucoca okomileyo ngokwesithethe kwakuxhomekeke kakhulu kwizinyibilikisi ezineklorini. Nangona kunjalo, ezininzi izinyibilikisi eziklorini zinetyhefu, kwaye ezinye zihlelwa njenge-carcinogens okanye iingozi zokuzala. Ikhabhon tetrachloride kunye ne-trichlorethylene zijongene nezithintelo ezingqongqo zolawulo ngenxa yeengozi zempilo kunye neenkxalabo zokuncipha kwe-ozone.

Izinyibilikisi ezinefluorinatedzifumene ingqalelo kutshanje, ngakumbi kwizicelo ezizodwa. Ezi khompawundi zibonelela ngetyhefu esezantsi kunezinye iindlela ezineklorini kwiimeko ezininzi kwaye zibonisa uzinzo olubalaseleyo lwamachiza. Ishishini lebhetri libonise umdla okhethekileyo kwiikhabhonathi ezine-fluorinated kusetyenziso lwebhetri ye-lithium ephezulu{2} yevoltage ngenxa yozinzo oluphezulu lwe-oxidation.

Izinyibilikisi zekhabhoni zithatha indawo ekhethekileyo ngenxa yendima yazo ebalulekileyo ekugcinweni kwamandla kule mihla. Ezi khompawundi zineqela lecarbonate (−O−CO−O−) kubume bazo.

IiCyclic carbonatesnjenge-ethylene carbonate (EC) kunye nepropylene carbonate (i-PC) ine-dielectric constants ephezulu kodwa kunye ne-viscosity ephezulu. I-ethylene carbonate, eqinileyo kubushushu begumbi, iba lulwelo xa ixutywe nezinye izinyibilikisi. Ezi zixhobo zenza iifilimu ezizinzile zokukhusela kwi-electrode surfaces.

Iikhabhonethi ezinomgcaezifana ne-dimethyl carbonate (DMC), i-diethyl carbonate (DEC), kunye ne-ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC) zine-viscosity ephantsi kodwa kunye ne-dielectric constants ephantsi. Ukudibanisa kwe-cyclic kunye ne-linear carbonates kudala izisombululo ze-electrolyte ezineempawu ezilinganayo.

Ukuqondayintoni ibhetri ye-lithiumiteknoloji ifuna ukuqaphela umsebenzi obalulekileyo wezinyibilikisi eziphilayo kwezi zixhobo zokugcina amandla. Iibhetri zeLithium ziguqula amandla ekhemikhali abe ngamandla ombane ngokusebenzisa intshukumo ye-lithium ion phakathi kwee-electrode. Izinyibilikisi ze-Organic zenza isiseko se-electrolyte engamanzi eyenza olu thutho lwe-ion.

Kwi-electrolyte yebhetri ye-lithium, izinyibilikisi zezinto eziphilayo kufuneka zanelise iimfuno ezininzi ezifunwa ngaxeshanye. Bafuna i-dielectric constants ephezulu yokunyibilikisa iityuwa ze-lithium njenge-lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF₆), kodwa i-viscosity ephantsi ukuvumela ukunyakaza kwe-ion ngokukhawuleza. Kufuneka zihlale zizinzile ngokomkhemikhali kuluhlu lwamandla ombane osebenzayo webhetri, zingaboli kuzo zombini ii-electrode, kwaye zisebenze ngokufanelekileyo kuluhlu olubanzi lobushushu.

I-electrolyte yebhetri ye-lithium eqhelekileyo inezinyibilikisi ezixubeneyo zendalo. Ukuqulunqwa okuqhelekileyo kudibanisa i-ethylene carbonate kunye ne-dimethyl carbonate okanye i-diethyl carbonate kwimilinganiselo ethile. I-ethylene carbonate ephezulu ye-dielectric eqhubekayo inyibilikisa iityuwa ze-lithium ngokufanelekileyo kwaye yenza umaleko okhuselekileyo we-electrolyte interphase (SEI) kwi-graphite anode. Lo maleko we-SEI ukhusela ukubola okunyibilikayo ngakumbi ngelixa uvumela ukudlula kwe-lithium ion. Nangona kunjalo, indawo ephezulu yokunyibilika yeEC (36 degree) ifuna ukuxutywa nezinyibilikisi ezingamanzi njenge-DMC okanye iDEC.

Ipropylene carbonate ekuqaleni yabonakala ithembisa kodwa ibangela ukukhutshwa kwegraphite kwiibhetri zeion zelithium-. Abaphandi bayigcinele iibhetri zisebenzisa ezinye izinto ze-anode. Umgca wekhabhonathi njenge-DMC kunye ne-DEC zehlisa i-electrolyte viscosity, iphucula ukuhanjiswa kwe-ionic kunye nokusebenza okuphantsi{3}} kobushushu.

Uphuhliso lwebhetri ye-lithium ephucukileyo iqhuba ukusungulwa kwe-organic solvent. High-izixhobo ze-voltage cathode zifuna izinyibilikisi ezinokumelana ne-oxidation ephezulu. I-fluorinated organic solvents iye yavela njengabaviwa, inika uzinzo kwizinto ezinokuthi zibe ngaphezu kwe-4.5V ngokuchasene ne-lithium. Ezi zinyibilikisi zikhethekileyo zenza isizukulwana esilandelayo{5}}ibhetri ezinoxinano olukhulu lwamandla.

Iimfuno zomgangatho webhetri{0}}zenqanaba lezinyibilikisi zendalo zingqongqo kakhulu. Ubunyulu kufuneka budlule kwi-99.9%, kunye nomxholo wokufuma ongaphantsi kweengxenye ezili-10 kwisigidi ngasinye. Ukungcoliswa kwamanzi kubangela i-lithium ityuwa ye-hydrolysis, ivelisa i-hydrofluoric acid ehlazisa amacandelo ebhetri kunye nokunciphisa ukusebenza. Ukungcola kunciphisa amandla e-oxidation kunye nokukhusela ukhuseleko.

Ukurisayikilisha ibhetri kuzisa imingeni eyongezelelweyo kulawulo lwezinyibilikisi zendalo. Iibhetri ze-lithium ezichithiweyo ziqulethe i-electrolyte endala kunye neemveliso zokubola. Ukutsalwa okukhuselekileyo kunye nokuba kuhlaziywa ngokutsha okanye ukulahlwa ngokufanelekileyo kwezi zinyibilikisi eziphilayo kuthintela ukungcoliseka kwendalo kwaye kubuyise imathiriyeli enexabiso.

Izinyibilikisi ze-Organic zivela phantse kuwo onke amacandelo oshishino, kunye nosetyenziso lonyaka lwehlabathi olungaphezu kwe-28 yezigidi zeetoni. Ukukwazi kwabo ukunyibilikisa, ukunqumamisa, ukukhupha, okanye ukungcungcuthekisa ezinye izinto ngaphandle kokubangela utshintsho lweekhemikhali kubenza bangabinako ukubuyiselwa kwiinkqubo ezininzi.

Ishishini leengubo kunye nepeyinti limele umthengi omkhulu wezinyibilikisi eziphilayo. Izinyibilikisi zinyibilikisa iiresin kunye ne-pigments, zilawula i-viscosity ukuze zisetyenziswe ngokufanelekileyo, kwaye zibe ngumphunga ukushiya iingubo ezifanayo. I-Toluene, i-xylene, i-acetone, kunye neentlobo ezahlukeneyo zotywala zisebenza njengezinto zokuthambisa ipeyinti kunye neearhente zokucoca izixhobo zokupeyinta.

Ukwenziwa kwamachiza kuxhomekeke kakhulu kwizinyibilikisi eziphilayo kulo lonke uphuhliso nokuveliswa kwamachiza. Izinyibilikisi zisebenza njengemithombo yeendaba yokusabela kwi-chemical synthesis, ii-agent ezikhuphayo zokwahlula iikhompawundi ezisebenzayo kwimithombo yendalo, imidiya yokucoca kwiinkqubo zecrystallization, kunye nabathwali kwimiqulu. I-Ethanol, i-methanol, i-acetone, kunye ne-dichloromethane zezinye zezona zinyibilikisi zisetyenziswa rhoqo kumayeza.

Icandelo le-adhesives kunye ne-sealants lisebenzisa i-solvents eziphilayo ukulawula ukuhambelana kunye nokwenza isicelo. Emva kokusetyenziswa, i-solvent evaporation ivumela ukuba i-adhesive isete. Izinto ezincamathelayo kwimizi-mveliso, izitywini zokwakha, kunye neeglu zasekhaya zonke zibandakanya izinyibilikisi zendalo kwimixube yazo.

Ii-inki zokuprinta zifuna izinyibilikisi ukugcina ukuguquguquka okufanelekileyo kunye nokuqinisekisa ngokulinganayo ukuhanjiswa kwimigangatho yoshicilelo. Iindlela ezahlukeneyo zoshicilelo{1}}i-offset, i-flexographic, i-gravure{2}}sebenzisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokunyibilikisa ezilungiselelwe iimfuno zazo ezithile. Iihydrocarbons ezinevumba elimnandi kunye nee-ester ziqhele ukuvela kwimiqulu ye-inki yoshicilelo.

Imisebenzi yokwenziwa kweekhemikhali kuzo zonke izikali zisebenzisa izinyibilikisi zendalo njengemidiya yokusabela. Izinyibilikisi ziququzelela ukuxutywa kwe-react, zilawula ubushushu bokusabela ngomthamo wazo wobushushu, kwaye zinefuthe kumazinga okusabela kunye nokukhetha. Abaphandi beLebhu kunye nezityalo zemichiza yoshishino zombini zixhomekeke ekukhetheni izinyibilikisi ezifanelekileyo zokuguqulwa kweekhemikhali eziyimpumelelo.

Ishishini le-elektroniki lisebenzisa izinyibilikisi ze-organic ukucoca iibhodi zeesekethe, ukususa iintsalela ze-flux, kunye namacandelo okunciphisa. Ukucocwa ngokuchanekileyo kufuna izinyibilikisi eziphuma ngumphunga ngokupheleleyo ngaphandle kokushiya iintsalela. I-Isopropanol kunye nezinyibilikisi ezikhethekileyo ezine-fluorinated zikhonza ezi zicelo.

Ukunyamekela komntu kunye nezithambiso zibandakanya i-solvents ye-organic kwi-perfume, i-nail polish, i-nail removers, kunye neenkqubo ezahlukeneyo zokuqulunqa. I-Ethanol kunye ne-ethyl acetate ibonakala rhoqo kule mveliso yabathengi.

Imisebenzi yokucoca okomileyo ngokwesiko yayixhomekeke kwi-solvents eziphilayo, ngakumbi i-perchlorethylene (tetrachlorethylene), ukucoca amalaphu athambileyo ngaphandle kwamanzi. Iinkxalabo zokusingqongileyo kunye nempilo ziqhube uphuhliso lwezinye izinyibilikisi zesi sicelo.

Organic Solvents

Izinyibilikisi ze-Organic zibeka imingcipheko yempilo emininzi ngokuxhomekeke kukwakheka kweekhemikhali, ukugxila, ixesha lokuvezwa, kunye nendlela yokuvezwa. Izigidi zabasebenzi emhlabeni wonke zijongene nokuvezwa kwenyibiliki enokubakho kwiindawo abasebenza kuzo.

Iziphumo ezibukhali zokuvezwaikakhulu ibandakanya ukudakumba kwenkqubo yemithambo-luvo. Ukuba sesichengeni -kwexeshana eliphezulu{2}}kubangela iimpawu ukusuka kwintloko ebuhlungu, isiyezi, kunye nokubhideka, ukungakwazi ukusebenzisana, ukungabikho zingqondweni, ukuxhuzula, kunye nokufa okunokwenzeka. Ukucaphuka kwamehlo, impumlo, kunye nomqala kudla ngokubakho ngokutyhileka komphunga onyibilikayo. Ezi ziphumo zikhawulezayo zisombululeka ngokukhawuleza nje ukuba sesichengeni siphelile, kodwa zidala iingozi zokhuseleko ngokukhawuleza ngokonakalisa isigwebo kunye nexesha lokuphendula.

Ukuba sesichengeni okungapheliyokwizinyibilikisi eziphilayo kwiinyanga okanye iminyaka kukhokelela kwiziphumo ezibi kakhulu zempilo. Ukuvezwa ixesha elide konakalisa iinkqubo zamalungu amaninzi:

Inkqubo yemithambo-luvo ibonisa ukuba sesichengeni. I-neurotoxicity ye-solvent engapheliyo ibonakalisa ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo, iingxaki zememori, utshintsho lobuntu, kunye nokunciphisa ulungelelwaniso. Izinyibilikisi ezithile -n{3}}ihexane, itoluene, kunye nestyrene{4}}zii-neurotoxins eziqinisekisiweyo. Imeko inokujika ngokuyinxenye ngokuyeka ukuvezwa, kodwa iimeko ezinzima zidanga umonakalo osisigxina.

Ziliqela izinyibilikisi eziphilayo eziqinisekisiweyo ze-carcinogens zabantu. I-Benzene ibangela i-leukemia kunye nokuphazamiseka kwegazi. I-formaldehyde yonyusa umngcipheko womhlaza we-nasopharyngeal kunye ne-leukemia. I-Trichlorethylene kunye ne-carbon tetrachloride nazo zithwala ukuhlelwa kwe-carcinogenic.

Iziphumo zempilo yokuzala zibhalwe kwizinyibilikisi ezininzi. 2-ze-ethoxyethanol kunye ne-2-methoxyethanol ziyonakalisa ukuchuma kumadoda nabasetyhini. Abasetyhini abakhulelweyo abachatshazelwe kumanqanaba aphezulu okunyibilikisa bajongana nemingcipheko yokuphunyelwa sisisu, ukuzalwa beneziphene, kunye nabantwana abazalwa benesisindo esiphantsi.

Ukonakala kwesibindi nezintso kubangelwa kukungakhuseleki okungapheliyo kwizinyibilikisi ezininzi. La malungu agaya izinyibilikisi, azenze zibe sesichengeni sokunyibilika{1}}okubangelwa yityhefu. Izinyibilikisi ezine-chlorine zichaphazela kakhulu ukusebenza kwesibindi.

Iziphumo zedermatological zenzeka rhoqo phakathi kwabasebenzi abaphatha izinyibilikisi. I-solvents isusa i-oyile yendalo esikhumbeni, ibangela ukoma, ukuqhekeka, kunye ne-dermatitis. Ezinye izinyibilikisi zigqobhoza eluswini kwaye zingene egazini, nto leyo edala indlela yokuvezwa ngaphaya kokuphefumla.

Iindlela zokuvezwamisela ubukhali kunye nohlobo lweziphumo zempilo. Ukuphefumla imela indlela engundoqo yokuvezwa kwizinyibilikisi eziphilayo eziguquguqukayo. Imiphunga enyibilikayo ingena emiphungeni kwaye isasazeke ngokukhawuleza emzimbeni wonke ngegazi. Ukufunxwa kwedermal kwenzeka xa izinyibilikisi zolwelo zidibana nesikhumba okanye xa abasebenzi bentywilisela izandla zabo kwiibhafu ezinyibilikayo. Ukuginya, ngelixa kungaxhaphakanga kangako, kwenzeka ngezandla ezingcolisekileyo ezibamba ukutya okanye izikhongozeli zokusela.

Iingozi zomlilo kunye nokudubulazisa iingozi zangoku. Uninzi lwezinyibilikisi zendalo zinokutsha kakhulu kunye neeflashpoints ezisezantsi. Umphunga -imixube yomoya ngaphakathi koluhlu olunokutsha inokuvutha kumbane ongatshintshiyo, iintlantsi, amadangatye avulekileyo, okanye iindawo ezishushu. Ugcino olululo lufuna izikhongozeli ezisezantsi ukuthintela ukukhutshwa okumileyo. Izixhobo zombane kwiindawo ezisetyenziswa kakhulu kwi-solvent kufuneka zikhuseleke ngaphakathi. Iimvume zokusebenza kunye nokungena komoya ngokucokisekileyo kunyanzelekile phambi kokuba nawuphi na "umsebenzi oshushu" kwiindawo zokusetyenziswa kwe-solvent{6}}.

Imida yolawulo lokuvezwaukunceda ukukhusela abasebenzi. I-Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) iseka iMida eVunyiweyo yokuVezwa (PELs) kwiintlobo ezininzi ze-solvents. Iziko leSizwe loKhuseleko lwezeMisebenzi kunye neMpilo (NIOSH) lipapasha iMida eCetyisiweyo yokuVeza (RELs). INkomfa yaseMelika yee-Hygienists zikaRhulumente (ACGIH) iphuhlisa iThreshold Limit Values (TLVs). Le mida ikhankanya ugxininiso oluphezulu emoyeni oluphakathi kweeshifti ezisibhozo{4}}zeeyure zomsebenzi.

Amanyathelo okukhuselakufuneka iphunyezwe naphi na apho kusetyenziswa izinyibilikisi zendalo:

Ulawulo lobunjineli lubonelela ngomgca wokuqala wokukhusela. Ukungena komoya okwaneleyo kususa umphunga onyibilikayo kwindawo yawo. Iinkqubo zokukhupha umoya zasekuhlaleni, iifume hoods, kunye neendawo zokugcina umoya ezikhupha umoya zinciphisa ukugxila emoyeni. Iinkqubo ezivaliweyo zinciphisa ukukhululwa kwe-solvent.

Isixhobo sokuzikhusela (PPE) siquka iiglavu ezikwaziyo ukumelana neekhemikhali-ezikhethelwe izinyibilikisi ezithile, iiglasi zokhuseleko okanye iiglasi, iziphefumli xa umoya ubonisa ukungonelanga, kunye nempahla ekhuselayo. Ukukhetha iiglavu kufuna uqwalaselo{2}}iintsapho ezohlukeneyo zesinyibilikisi zigqobhoza imathiriyeli yeglavu eyahlukileyo.

Ulawulo lolawulo lubandakanya iindlela zokusebenza ezifanelekileyo. Abasebenzi kufuneka basebenzise umlinganiselo omncinci wokunyibilikisa, bagcine izikhongozeli zigqunyiwe xa zingasetyenziswa, bakuphephe ukuhlamba izandla ngezinyibilikisi, batshintshe ngokukhawuleza isinyibilikisi{1}}impahla engcolisekileyo, kwaye bafumane uqeqesho rhoqo malunga neenkqubo zokuphatha ngokukhuselekileyo.

I-petroleum yesintu{0}esekelwe kwizinyibilikisi zendalo inegalelo elikhulu kwiingxaki zokusingqongileyo. Ukuguquguquka kwazo okuphezulu kukhokelela kukukhutshwa okukhulu kwe-atmospheric. Iikhompawundi eziguquguqukayo eziphilayo (VOCs) ezikhutshwe kwizinyibilikisi zithatha inxaxheba ekubunjweni komsi wefotochemical kwaye zibe negalelo kungcoliseko lwe-ozone yomhlaba. Ngo-2017, i-solvents ye-organic ibekwe phakathi kweyona michiza iphezulu yokukhutshwa emoyeni elandelwa yi-Arhente yoKhuseleko lweNdalo yase-US.

Ukuchithwa okungafanelekanga kungcolisa umhlaba kunye namanzi aphantsi komhlaba. Izinyibilikisi ezininzi zendalo ziyamelana nokonakaliswa kwendalo, zihlala kwindawo engqongileyo ixesha elide. I-ecosystem yasemanzini ifumana ingozi ethile xa isinyibiliki{2}}samanzi angcolisekileyo singena kwimisinga, emilanjeni, okanye emachibini. Ipetroleum{{4}esekelwe kwimvelaphi yezinyibilikisi eziqhelekileyo ikwadala iinkxalabo zozinzo xa kunikwa izibonelelo zamafutha efosili.

Uxinzelelo lolawulo luye lwaqina kwiminyaka yakutshanje. Umyalelo we-VOC weManyano yaseYurophu umisela umda ukukhutshwa kwe-atmospheric. I-Arhente yoKhuseleko lweNdalo yase-US ibeka imigangatho engqongqo yokusetyenziswa kwe-solvent, ukugcinwa, kunye nokulahla. Imimandla emininzi iyavalwa okanye ithintele kakhulu izinyibilikisi ezinobungozi ezifana nekhabhoni tetrachloride kunye nemixube ethile enekhlorin.

Imigaqo yekhemistri eluhlaza iqhube uphuhliso lwezinye izinyibilikisi ezineempembelelo ezincitshisiweyo zokusingqongileyo kunye nempilo. I-Bio-izinyibilikisi ezisekwe kwi-Bio ezisuka kwi-feedstocks ezivuselelekayo zinika umkhombandlela omnye othembisayo.

I-Ethanolukusuka kumbona, ummoba, okanye ezinye izityalo ezibonisa eyona nto isetyenziswa kakhulu{0}esekwe kwisinyibilikisi. Iziseko zayo ezikhoyo, ukuqhelana, kunye neprofayile engalunganga yenza ukuba ibe nomtsalane kwizicelo ezininzi. I-Bio-i-ethanol ngokwekhemikhali iyafana ne-petroleum-ephuma kwi-ethanol kodwa ivela kwimithombo ehlaziyekayo.

I-Ethyl lactate, eveliswe kwi-corn processing, isebenza njengenye indlela ekhuselekileyo kwi-ethyl acetate kunye ne-acetone. Le bio{{1}esekiweyo ester isebenza ngokukuko ekucoceni isinyithi, ukuhlutywa kwepeyinti, kunye nanjengesinyibilikisi sokutyabeka. Ukubola kwayo kunye netyhefu ephantsi iyayifanela kwizicelo apho ukuzingisa kokusingqongileyo kubangela iinkxalabo.

I-2-Methyltetrahydrofuran (2-MeTHF), ephuma kwi-corncobs kunye ne-sugar bagasse, inika enye indlela eluhlaza kwi-dichloromethane kunye ne-tetrahydrofuran eqhelekileyo. Le ether ye-cyclic ifumene izicelo kwi-pharmaceutical synthesis kunye nemveliso ye-polymer.

Cyrene (dihydrolevoglucosenone)imele inguqulelo yamva nje kwizinyibilikisi eziluhlaza. Idityaniswe kwinkunkuma ye-cellulose ngenkqubo ephantse ibe namandla-engathathi hlangothi, i-Cyrene inikezela ngetyhefu ephantsi kwaye ingathatha indawo ye-dimethylformamide (DMF) kunye ne-N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) kwizicelo ezininzi. Ibonakalise ukusebenza ngempumelelo kwimveliso yegraphene kunye neempendulo ze-carbon cross-coupling. I-Cyrene ifumene ukuvunywa ngamabhaso amaninzi ngokusungula izinto ezintsha kunye neziqinisekiso zokuzinza.

Izinyibilikisi zendalo ezinzulu ze-Eutectic (NADESs)zenza udidi olukhulayo lwezinyibilikisi eziluhlaza ezenziwe ngokudibanisa iikhompawundi zendalo ezifana ne-choline chloride, urea, glycerol, kunye ne-organic acids. Le mixube ye-eutectic ihlala imanzi kwiqondo lobushushu begumbi nangona izakhi zayo eziqinileyo. IiNADES zibonelela ngetyhefu ephantsi, ukubola kwezinto eziphilayo, kunye nokukwazi ukunyibilikisa izinto ezahlukeneyo. Ukusetyenziswa kwabo kubandakanya ukutsalwa kweekhompawundi ze-bioactive kwizityalo, ukuhlanganiswa kwamachiza, kunye nekhemikhali yohlalutyo.

Ibhayoloji{{0}imarike yezinyibilikisi ezisekelwe kwibhayoloji ikhule kakhulu, kunye noqikelelo olubonisa ukwanda okuqhubekayo. UPhando lweMarike eManyeneyo luqikelela ukuba imarike yezinyibilikisi eziluhlaza kunye nebhayoloji ziya kubhalisa izinga lokukhula lonyaka elihlanganisiweyo le-4.3% phakathi kuka-2014 no-2020.

Nangona kunjalo, izinyibilikisi eziluhlaza zijongene nemingeni. Abanakukwazi ukuthatha indawo ye-solvents eqhelekileyo kuzo zonke izicelo ngenxa yokunciphisa ukusebenza okanye iindleko eziphezulu. Ezinye i-bio{2}esekelwe kwi-feedstocks zikhuphisana nemveliso yokutya, iphakamisa imibuzo yozinzo. Uvavanyo{4}lomjikelo wobomi bezinyibilikisi eziluhlaza kufuneka luthathele ingqalelo isixokelelwano sabo semveliso siphela, kuquka amagalelo ezolimo, amandla okusebenza, kunye nothutho.

Akukho sinyibilikisi "luhlaza" ngokugqibeleleyo kuzo zonke iimeko. Nganye kufuneka ivavanywe ngokwesicelo sayo esithile, kuqwalaselwe iindlela zokuvelisa, izinto ezinokwenzeka zokurisayikilishwa, isiphelo-so{2}}sokulahlwa kobomi, kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwenkqubo. Injongo ayisiso isinyibilikisi esinye esiluhlaza kodwa yizixhobo ezahlukeneyo zezixhobo ezizezinye ezikhuselekileyo ezihambelana nezicelo ezahlukeneyo.

Ukukhetha i-solvent ye-organic echanekileyo kwisicelo esithile kufuna ukulungelelanisa izinto ezininzi. Izikhokelo zokukhetha i-solvent ziye zaphuhliswa ukunceda iikhemisti kunye neenjineli ukwenza izigqibo ezizizo.

Iiparamitha zokunyibilikaqikelela ukuba i-solvent iyakunyibilikisa into ethile. Umthetho-siseko othi "njengezinyibilikisa njenge" ubonelela ngesiqalo-izinyibilikisi zepolar zinyibilikisa izinyibiliki zepolar, ngelixa izinyibiliki{2}}ezingezizo ezinyibilikisa{3}}izinto ezingepolar. Iiparamitha ze-Hansen zokunyibilika zibonelela ngobuchwephesha obuthe kratya{5}}indlela yobume be-dimensional, ukwaphula i-polarity ibe ngamandla osasazo, unxibelelwano lwe-polar, kunye nezixhobo ze-hydrogen bonding.

Iingqwalasela zokusabelakwi-chemical synthesis ibandakanya iziphumo ze-solvent kwireyithi yokusabela, ukukhetha, kunye nesivuno. I-solvent polarity inefuthe kwiindlela zokusabela. Izinyibilikisi zeProtic (ezo zinamandla okudibanisa i-hydrogen) ziziphatha ngendlela eyahlukileyo kunezinyibilikisi ze-aprotic (ezo zingenayo) kwiimpendulo ezininzi. Iimfuno zamaqondo obushushu zisenokuyalela ukukhetha kwesinyibilikisi{3}}iziphumo kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu zifuna izinyibilikisi eziphezulu{4}}ezibilayo, ngelixa intshukumo zobushushu obuphantsi{5}}zifuna izinyibilikisi ezihlala zingamanzi kuloo bushushu.

Ukuqhubela phambili komsingaichaphazela ukhetho lwesinyibilikisi. Ukuba imveliso kufuneka ibe yodwa kwi-solvent, ukukhululeka kwemicimbi yokwahlula. Izinyibilikisi eziguquguqukayo zivumela ukuvela nje komphunga. Izinyibilikisi ezingachanekanga zenza ulwelo{3}} lutsalwe elulwelo. Ezinye iinkqubo ziphinda zisetyenziselwe kwaye ziphinde zisebenzise izinyibilikisi, zenza uzinzo kunye nokucocwa lula kubalulekile.

Iprofayili yokusingqongileyo, impilo kunye nokhuseleko (EHS).inobunzima kukhetho lwangoku lokunyibilikisa. Izixhobo ezifana ne-CHEM21 isikhokelo sokukhetha isinyibilikisi sinceda ekuchongeni ezinye iindlela ezikhuselekileyo. Ezi zikhokelo zibeka izinyibilikisi kwiindidi ezininzi: ukhuseleko (ukutsha, ukuphinda usebenze), impilo (ityhefu ebukhali, iziphumo ezingapheliyo), indawo (ukunyamezela, ubutyhefu basemanzini), kunye nobunzima bonyango lwenkunkuma.

Imiba yezoqoqoshoziquka iindleko zokunyibilikisa, ezihluka ngokubanzi, kunye neemfuno zeziseko zophuhliso. Izinyibilikisi ezikhethekileyo zinokufuna izixhobo ezibiza kakhulu ukuze zigcinwe okanye zibuyiselwe. Iindleko zokuthobela ummiselo{2}}imvume, ukujonga, ukunika ingxelo{3}}zongeza kwindleko iyonke yokusebenzisa izinyibilikisi ezithile.

Iinkqubo ezixubeneyo zokunyibilikisazihlala zibonelela ngokusebenza ngcono kunezinyibilikisi esinye. Imixube yeBinary okanye i-ternary inokudibanisa izibonelelo ze-solvents ezahlukeneyo ngelixa unciphisa ukungonakali. I-electrolyte yebhetri ye-lithium ngumzekelo wale ndlela, ukuxuba i-solvents ukuphumeza zombini i-dielectric rhoqo kunye ne-viscosity ephantsi.

Itekhnoloji yesinyibilikisi se-Organic iyaqhubeka nokuvela ekuphenduleni iimfuno zobuchwepheshe kunye nezinyanzeliso zozinzo.

I-Sombulula{0}iinkqubo zasimahlaukumela injongo efanelekileyo kwi-chemistry eluhlaza. Apho kunokwenzeka, ukuphelisa izinyibilikisi kuyisusa ngokupheleleyo imingcipheko kunye neendleko ezinxulumene nazo. Ukuphendula okuqinileyo -kumbuso, ukusabela okucocekileyo (izinto ezixubeneyo ngaphandle kwesinyibilikisi), kunye neenkqubo ze-mechanochemical ziqhubela phambili le njongo. Nangona kunjalo, izicelo ezininzi zisafuna izinyibilikisi ukuze ziphunyezwe ngokubonakalayo.

Ulwelo oluphezulu, ngakumbi i-supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO₂), inikezela ngenye indlela kwi-solvents yesiqhelo ye-organic. Ngaphezulu kweqondo lobushushu elibalulekileyo kunye noxinzelelo, i-CO₂ iba lulwelo olunolwelo{1}olufana noxinaniso kodwa irhasi{2}}efana nodiffusivity. I-ScCO₂ inyibilikisa izinto ezininzi ezingeyiyo{4}}yendalo emhlophe, ayivelisi zintsalela ezinetyhefu, kwaye yahlulwa ngokulula ngokunciphisa uxinzelelo. Imboni yekofu isebenzisa i-scCO₂ ye-decaffeination. Ukutsalwa kwamayeza kunye nokusetyenzwa kwepolymer nako kusebenzisa ulwelo oluphezulu. {8}Iimfuno zezixhobo zoxinzelelo oluphezulu kunye nepolarity enyiniweyo inqanda ukwamkelwa okubanzi.

Ulwelo lwe-Ionicziquka iiyoni ezihlala zingamanzi kwiqondo lobushushu begumbi. Ezi zinyibilikisi ziyili zingalungiselelwa usetyenziso oluthile ngokukhetha indawo efanelekileyo-iindibaniselwano zeanion. Uxinzelelo lwazo lomphunga olungenamsebenzi luthintela ukukhutshwa kwe-atmospheric. Nangona kunjalo, ulwelo oluninzi lwe-ionic lune-toxicology engaziwayo, i-synthesis yabo inokubiza, kwaye ukuphinda kusetyenziswe kwakhona kufuna uphononongo lwemeko nganye.

Ukuhlolwa kwe-solvent yokubalaikhawulezisa ukhetho lwe-solvent ngokusebenzisa imodeli ye-molekyuli kunye nokufunda koomatshini. Ukuqikelela iipropati zokunyibilikisa, iziphumo zokusabela, kunye neempembelelo zokusingqongileyo kunciphisa uvavanyo lovavanyo{1}}kunye{2}}nempazamo. Ezi zixhobo zinceda ukuchonga abaviwa abathembisayo abavela kwiindawo ezinkulu zeekhemikhali.

Izinyibilikisi eziFluorinated zeebhetri eziphucukileyofumana ingqalelo yophando olunzulu. Okulandelayo{1}}isizukulwana seebhetri ze-lithium ezinombane ophezulu kunye noxinzelelo lwamandla zifuna izinyibilikisi ezizinzileyo ngaphezulu kwe-4.8V. Inxalenye yekhabhonethi enefluorinated kunye ne-ethers zibonisa isithembiso. I-Trifluoroethyl methyl carbonate kunye nezinye iikhompawundi ezine-fluorinated zenza ukuba -i-voltage ye-lithium{6}}ityebe i-cathodes kunye ne-lithium metal anode.

I-solvent recycling kunye nokubuyiselaubugcisa buphucula uzinzo. I-distillation yahlula izinyibilikisi ezixubeneyo ngokusekelwe kumahluko wamanqaku abilayo. Ukwahlulwa kwe-Membrane, i-adsorption, kunye neenkqubo ze-oxidation eziphucukileyo zibuyisela kwaye zicoce izinyibilikisi ezichithiweyo. Izixokelelwano ezivaliweyo{3}}zeluphu zicutha ukusetyenziswa kwesinyibilikisi esitsha kunye nokuveliswa kwenkunkuma.

Ishishini le-organic solvent lijongene noxinzelelo oluqhubekayo phakathi kweemfuno zokusebenza kunye neenjongo zozinzo. Ezinye izicelo zisenokungaze zifumane iindlela ezizezinye ezaneleyo eziluhlaza, ezifuna ukuqhubeka nokusetyenziswa kwezinyibilikisi zemveli phantsi kolawulo olungqongqo. Ezinye izicelo ziyakutshintshela kwibhayoloji{2}esekwe, ingenabungozi kangako, okanye isonjululwe ngokupheleleyo{3}iindlela zasimahla. Umkhondo ukhomba kwiintlobo ngeentlobo, isicelo{5}}sezixhobo ezikhethekileyo zokunyibilikisa ezibeka phambili ukhuseleko noxanduva lokusingqongileyo.

Uphando kulwakhiwo-kubudlelwane bepropathi luyaqhubeka nokuveza indlela ubume bemolekyuli bumisela iimpawu zokunyibilika. Olu lwazi lwenza uyilo olunengqiqo lwezinyibilikisi ezitsha ezilungiselelwe iinjongo ezithile. Ukudityaniswa kwemigaqo yekhemistri eluhlaza, ubuchule obuphambili bokulinganiswa, kunye nezixhobo zokubala zilungisa itekhnoloji ye-organic solvent yenkulungwane yama-21.

Organic Solvents

I-solvent ye-organic iqulethe iiathom zekhabhoni njengenxalenye yesakhiwo sayo semolekyuli, ngokuqhelekileyo idityaniswe kwi-hydrogen, i-oksijini, i-nitrogen, okanye i-athomu ye-halogen. Oku kwahlula izinyibilikisi zendalo kwizinyibilikisi ezingaphiliyo njengamanzi (H₂O) okanye i-ammonia elulwelo engenakhabhoni. Ulwakhiwo olusekwe kwikhabhoni - lunika izinyibilikisi zendalo ukukwazi kwazo ukunyibilikisa ezinye iikhompawundi eziphilayo.

Ayizizo zonke izinyibilikisi eziphilayo ezinomgangatho ofanayo wetyhefu. Ubuthi buhluka ngokuphawulekayo ngokusekelwe kwisakhiwo sekhemikhali. I-Ethanol ibonisa ubutyhefu obuphantsi kwaye ibonakala kwiziselo namayeza. Ngokwahlukileyo, i-benzene inetyhefu kakhulu kwaye i-carcinogenic. Ikhabhon tetrachloride ibangela umonakalo omkhulu wesibindi. I-solvent nganye ifuna ukuvavanywa komntu ngamnye kwimingcipheko yempilo yayo ngokusebenzisa amaphepha edatha yokhuseleko kunye nezikhokelo zokulawula.

Ewe, ezininzi izinyibilikisi zendalo zinokuphinda zisetyenziswe ngokusebenzisa i-distillation, eyahlula amacandelo asekelwe kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zokubilisa. Amashishini amachiza ahlala efumana kwakhona kwaye aphinde asebenzise izinyibilikisi ukunciphisa iindleko kunye neempembelelo zokusingqongileyo. Ukuba nokwenzeka kokurisayikilishwa kuxhomekeke kuhlobo lwesinyibilikisi, iimfuno zococeko, kunye nenqanaba longcoliseko. Ezinye izicelo zifuna izinyibilikisi ezinyulu ngelixa ezinye zisamkela imathiriyeli ehlaziyiweyo.

Iibhetri ze-lithium zifuna i-solvents eziphilayo ngenxa yokuba i-lithium iphendula ngamandla ngamanzi, okwenza i-electrolyte yamanzi ingenakwenzeka. Izinyibilikisi ze-carbonate ze-Organic zinyibilikisa iityuwa ze-lithium ngelixa zihleli zizinzile ngokwe-electrochemically kuluhlu lwamandla ombane webhetri. Kwakhona zenza iifilimu ezikhusela ubuso kwii-electrode ezithintela ukubola ngakumbi. Ukudibanisa okuthe ngqo kwe-ethylene carbonate kunye ne-carbonates ye-linear inika ibhalansi efanelekileyo ye-ionic conductivity kunye nokukhuselwa kwe-electrode.

Izinyibilikisi ze-Organic lulwelo olusekwe kwikhabhoni -lulwelo oluyimfuneko kuwo wonke amashishini ukusuka kumachiza ukuya kwi-electronics, ngaphezu kwama-200 eekhompawundi ezahlukeneyo ezinikezela ngeenkonzo ezizodwa.

Imingcipheko yempilo kunye nokhuseleko iyahluka kakhulu phakathi kwezinyibilikisi eziphilayo, ukusuka kwi-ethanol enobungozi ukuya kwi-carcinogenic benzene, efuna ulawulo olungqongqo lokuvezwa kunye nezixhobo ezifanelekileyo zokukhusela.

Itekhnoloji yebhetri yeLithium ixhomekeke kakhulu kwizinyibilikisi zecarbonate eziphilayo ezinyibilikisa iityuwa ze-lithium, ziqhube ii-ion phakathi kwee-electrode, kwaye zenze iifilimu ezikhuselayo ezivumela ubomi bebhetri obude.

Iindlela ezizezinye eziluhlaza eziquka -izinyibilikisi ezisekwe kwindalo, izinyibilikisi zendalo ezinzulu ze-eutectic, kunye nekhompawundi zefluorinated ngokuqhubekayo zithatha indawo ye-petroleum eyingozi{1}}evela kwizinyibilikisi.

Ukukhetha isinyibilikisi kufuna ukulungelelanisa izinto ezininzi eziquka ukunyibilika kwamandla, inkangeleko yokhuseleko, ifuthe lokusingqongileyo, ixabiso, kunye nesicelo{0}}iimfuno zokusebenza ezithile.