Yintoni iiSekethe eziMfutshane?
Isiphaluka esifutshane sisiphoso sombane apho ikhoyo ngoku ihamba ngendlela engalindelekanga kunye nokuchasana okuphantsi kakhulu, ukudlula umzila wesiphaluka oqhelekileyo. Oku kubangela ukuhamba okugqithisileyo okukhoyo okunokufikelela kumakhulu okanye amawaka amaxesha kumgangatho oqhelekileyo wokusebenza, ukuvelisa ubushushu obunobungozi kunye nokubangela imililo, umonakalo wezixhobo, okanye ukuqhuma.
Isenzeko senzeka xa amanqaku amabini kwisekethe ekufuneka ahlale kuma-voltage ahlukeneyo enza unxibelelwano oluthe ngqo. Kwimeko yemihla ngemihla, umbane usoloko ufuna eyona ndlela ilula ukusuka phezulu ukuya kwesakhono esiphantsi-xa ukwahlukanisa kungaphumeleli okanye iiconductors zibambe ngempazamo, ngoku ubaleka ngale "ndlela imfutshane" endaweni yokunika amandla izixhobo zakho ngokufanelekileyo.
Indlela iiSekethe eziMfutshane eziFom ngayo kwiiNkqubo zoMbane
Ukuqonda oomatshini emva kweesekethe ezimfutshane kufuna ukuvavanya okwenzekayo kwinqanaba leemolekyuli xa ii-electron zidibana nokuncitshiswa kokuchasana.
IFiziksi yokuHamba kwangoku
Phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo, iisekethe zombane zigcina ukuxhathisa okulawulwayo kusetyenziswa amacandelo afana nezichasi, iimotor, okanye izinto zokufudumeza. Olu xhathiso lunciphisa ngoku ngokuhambelana noMthetho ka-Ohm (V=IR), ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza ngokukhuselekileyo. Xa isiphaluka esifutshane sikhula, ukuxhathisa kuyehla kakhulu-ngamanye amaxesha ukuya kufutshane{4}}amanqanaba anothi.
Ukuwohloka koxhathiso ngesiquphe kubangela utyando olubonakalayo lwangoku. Ngaphakathi kwee-milliseconds, okwangoku kunokutshibilika ukusuka kwi-amperes ezimbalwa ukuya kumawaka aliqela e-ampere. Uphononongo luka-2024 olwenziwa yi-Siemens lufumanise ukuba imijikelezo emifutshane yeshishini inokuhambisa imisinga ephosakeleyo efikelela kwi-50,000 amperes okanye ngaphezulu, ivelisa amaqondo obushushu angaphezu kwe-35,000 F-eshushu ngokwaneleyo ukufunxa abaqhubi bobhedu.
Oku kuhamba ngokugqithisileyo kwangoku kudala iingozi ezininzi ngaxeshanye. Okokuqala, iiconductors zitshisa kakhulu ngokukhawuleza ngenxa yokufudumeza kwe-I²R, apho namaxabiso amancinane okuxhathisa avelisa ubushushu obukhulu xa amaxabiso angoku aphindwe kabini ewaphindaphinda. Okwesibini, amandla emagnethi phakathi kwee-conductor aqina ngokulinganayo kwisikweri sangoku, oko kunokubangela ukwahlukana ngokomzimba okanye ukugqabhuka kwesixhobo. Okwesithathu, ii-arcs zombane zenza{3}}iitshaneli ze-ionized plasma ezithi gqolo nasemva kokuba iiconductors zakuqala zimka ngumphunga.
Ngaphakathi vs iSekethe ezimfutshane zaNgaphandle
Iisekethe ezimfutshane zibonakala ngeendlela ezimbini ezahlukeneyo, nganye ineeprofayili zomngcipheko ezahlukeneyo.
Iisekethe ezimfutshane zangaphandlekwenzeka xa iitheminali zesekethe ziqhagamshela ngomqhubi wangaphandle. Imizekelo eqhelekileyo iquka ukuwisa izinto zentsimbi kwiitheminali zebhetri, iintambo zombane ezonakeleyo ezichukumisa umphezulu wentsimbi, okanye izixhobo ezidibanisa izinto eziphilayo ngengozi. Ezi zifutshane zidla ngokubangela izixhobo zokukhusela ngokukhawuleza kuba i-spike yangoku ngequbuliso ibonakala kwaye kwangoko.
Iisekethe ezimfutshane zangaphakathiphuhlisa ngaphakathi kumacandelo atywiniweyo afana neebhetri okanye iinjini. Kwiibhetri ze-lithium, iibhulukhwe ezimfutshane zangaphakathi ziyingozi kakhulu kuba zifihlakele ekujongeni de kuqalwe ukubaleka kwe-thermal. Uphando olupapashwe kwiIileta ze-ACS zamandla(2024) ibonisa ukuba iibhetri zesinyithi ze-lithium ezifumana iibhulukhwe ezimfutshane zangaphakathi zinokuvutha ngaphakathi kwe-1 -}imizuzwana emi-3, kunye namazinga okusilela ukunyuka xa i-dendrites -inaliti{4}}njenge-lithium idiphozithi-igqobhoze izahluli zebhetri ngexesha lemijikelo yokutshaja.
Iziphumo zohluka kakhulu. Iibhulukhwe ezimfutshane zangaphandle zidla ngokuvuthela iifuse okanye iziqhekezi zokuhamba phambi kokusilela okuyintlekele. Iibhulukhwe ezimfutshane zangaphakathi, ngakumbi kwiinkqubo zebhetri ye-lithium, zingaqhubela phambili ngokuthe cwaka kwizigaba ezithathu: ukuhla kwamandla ombane okuqala (amaxesha amaninzi angabonakali), ukunyuka kobushushu phakathi-nenqanaba lokugqibela lokubaleka kwe-thermal apho amaqondo obushushu angaphezulu kwama-300 kunye nokugqabhuka komlilo. Uphononongo luka-2020 lokulandela iimodyuli zebhetri ye-lithium -zifumanise ukuba iisekethe ezimfutshane zangaphandle zanciphisa ubomi bebhetri ngaphezulu kwe-50%, kunye nomthamo wehla ukuya kuma-80% kwimijikelo emalunga ne-100 endaweni yemijikelo yesiqhelo engama-350.
Oonobangela abaqhelekileyo emva kweMinyhadala yeSekethe emifutshane
Iisekethe ezimfutshane azenzeki ngokungenamkhethe{0}zivela kwiindlela ezithile zokusilela ebezinokuthintelwa rhoqo.
Ukuqhekeka kweInsulation
Ukugquma kweengcingo kuyehla ngeendlela ezininzi. Uxinzelelo lwe-Thermal olusuka kumthwalo oqhubekayo luthambisa iipholima de abaqhubi babambe. Umonakalo womatshini ovela kwizikhonkwane, izikrufu, okanye umsebenzi wempuku uveza ucingo olungenanto. Ukuba sesichengeni ngamachiza{3}}ingakumbi kwimizi-mveliso{4}}kunyibilikisa imathiriyeli yokugquma. Ubudala -ubuqhophololo obunxulumeneyo bubangela ukugquma kunye nokuqhekeka.
Ingxaki idibana kwindawo eziphezulu-zongcangcazelo. Uphononongo lubonisa ukuba ukungcangcazela okuqhubekayo kukhawulezisa ukudinwa kwe-insulation, kudala iintanda ezincinci -ezinwebekayo de kwenzeke ngokupheleleyo ukuvezwa kwe-conductor. Kwizicelo zeemoto, oku kuchaza ukuba kutheni amava ezithuthi ezindala zonyusa amazinga esekethe ezimfutshane nangona zibonakala zingenangxaki ngaphandle.
Iintsilelo zoQhagamshelwano
Ukudityaniswa kombane okuyekeleleyo okanye okungafanelekanga kudala{0}}indawo ezitshisayo ezixhathisayo eziya ziba mandundu. Ingcambu ka-2024-uhlalutyo lwesizathu lufumanise ukuba iilugi zocingo ezingenatorque kakhulu kunye{4}}nezidibaniselwano zentambo ezingengomgangatho ziqalisa iisekethe ezimfutshane rhoqo kakhulu kunokuphelisa ngokufanelekileyo. Nokuba i-0.1Ω yokuchasana noqhagamshelwano kwi-100 amperes ichitha i-watts ezili-1,000 njengobushushu{10}}okwaneleyo ukufunxa ubhedu, ukuthambisa ukugquma okusecaleni, kwaye ekugqibeleni i-arc kwizigaba.
Imiba yoqhagamshelo ihamba ngokukhawuleza. Ukufudumeza kokuqala kubangela ukwanda kwe-thermal, okukhulula ukudibanisa ngakumbi. Ukuxhathisa okwandisiweyo kuvelisa ubushushu obuninzi, ukukhawuleza umjikelo wokungaphumeleli. Ekugqibeleni, i-arcing iqala{3}}apho umdibaniso luba yisekethi emfutshane njengoko iplasma ene-ionized ibonelela ngendlela yokuqhuba.
Imiba yokusingqongileyo
Uluhlu lwamanzi phakathi kwezona zinto zixhaphakileyo ezibangela isiphaluka esifutshane. Ngelixa amanzi acocekileyo eneneni engumqhubi ombi, amanzi endalo aneeminerali ezinyibilikileyo ezenza ionic conductivity.-Iimeko zokufuma eziphezulu zenza iileya ezincinci-zecondensation kwiibhodi zeesekethe kunye neengcingo, ukuseka iibhulorho zokuqhuba phakathi komkhondo okanye iitheminali.
Uphononongo oluvavanya impompo-izixhobo zegumbi ezichongiweyo ukufuma okuhambelanayo zenza i-100% yeemeko ze-RH ekuhlaleni, iqalisa iibhulukhwe ezimfutshane zebhodi yesekethe. Ingxaki iba ngamandla xa idityaniswe nothuli okanye amasuntswana esinyithi{3}}nothuli{4}olungekhoyo luba yingxaki xa ukufuma kudala udaka oluqhubayo kumphezulu welungu.
Ukwenziwa kweZiphene kunye noYilo
Kwiinkqubo zebhetri ye-lithium, ukungahambi kakuhle kwemveliso kubangela ingozi enkulu kakhulu. I-electrode misalignment, ukuhluka komgangatho we-separator, okanye iimpazamo zokuqulunqwa kwe-electrolyte kunokudala iziphene ezifihlakeleyo ezibonakala njengeemfutshane zangaphakathi iinyanga okanye iminyaka emva kokuveliswa. Ezi ziphene zinokusinda kuvavanyo lwesiqhelo lomgangatho kuphela ukuba zisilele phantsi kobushushu obuthile, imeko yentlawulo, okanye indibaniselwano yoxinzelelo koomatshini.
Ukukhula kweDendritic kumele imeko ekhethekileyo-ibhetri yelithium iphuhlisa inaliti{1}}efana neediphozithi zetsimbi ngexesha lokutshaja okuqhelekileyo, ngakumbi phantsi kobushushu obubandayo okanye iiprothokholi zokutshaja ngokukhawuleza. Ezi dendrites zanda ngokuthe ngcembe ngokusebenzisa ii-pores zokwahlula kude kube yilapho i-electrode echanekileyo kunye ne-negative idibanisa, ibangela iifutshane zangaphakathi. Uphando lubonisa ukuba iindawo zokushisa zendawo zikhawuleza ukubunjwa kwe-dendrite, ukudala i-loop impendulo apho iifutshane ezimfutshane zivelisa ubushushu obukhuthaza ukukhula ngokukhawuleza kwe-dendrite.
Iindidi zeeSekethe eziMfutshane kunye neempawu zazo
Ayizizo zonke iisekethe ezimfutshane eziziphatha ngokufanayo-ulungelelwaniso olwahlukileyo luvelisa inkangeleko yengozi eyahlukileyo.
Umgca-ukuya{1}}umgca (iSigaba-ukuya{3}}iSigaba) Iisekethi ezimfutshane
Olona hlobo lumangalisayo lwenzeka xa ii-conductors zamandla ezimbini ezinokubakho ezahlukeneyo zidibana ngokuthe ngqo. Kwiindawo zokuhlala, oku kuthetha ucingo olushushu oluchukumisa olunye ucingo olushushu (kwiisekethe ze-240V) okanye ucingo olushushu oluthinta ukungathathi hlangothi. Isiphumo sinikezela ngobuninzi obunokwenzeka ngoku ngendledlana yempazamo.
Umgca-ukuya{1}}kumgca weemfutshane ezimfutshane zivelisa eyona misinga iphezulu ngenxa yokuba umahluko wombane unyusiwe. Kwisekethe ye-120V, ukudibanisa kushushu ukuya kungathathi hlangothi kudala amandla ombane omnye omfutshane; kwiinkqubo ze-240V, inqanaba-ukuya{6}}iimpazamo zesigaba zibandakanya okuphindiweyo okunokwenzeka. Imisinga egqithisileyo ivelisa amandla anamandla emagnethi anokuguqula ngokwasemzimbeni iibhasi, ii-conductor ezinyibilikayo, kunye neprojekthi yesinyithi esinyibilikisiweyo ngeenyawo ezininzi.
Ezi zimfutshane zikholisa ukwenza izixhobo zokhuseleko kwangoko-ukuba ubukhulu obufanelekileyo. Nangona kunjalo, kwiisekethe ezinemilinganiselo engafanelekanga ye-breaker, i-fault current ingadlula amandla okuphazamisa i-breaker, ukukhusela ukuhlukaniswa kweesekethe okuphumelelayo kunye nokuvumela ukuba okufutshane kuqhubeke kuze kube yilapho ukutshatyalaliswa komzimba kwenzeka.
Umgca-ukuya{1}}uMgangatho (Impazamo ephantsi) kwiiSekethe ezimfutshane
Iziphene ezisemhlabeni zenzeka xa{0}}iikhondaktha eziphetheyo zinxibelelana nomphezulu wentsimbi esekelwe phantsi, iconduits, okanye imidibaniso yomhlaba. Ngelixa kaninzi kuyingozi kakhulu kunomgca-ukuya{3}}kumgca weebhulukhwe ezimfutshane, iziphene zasemhlabeni zibonakalisa iingozi ezimandundu zombane kuba zinokwenza iifreyimu zesixhobo okanye imibhobho yentsimbi zibe namandla.
Ubungakanani bangoku buxhomekeke kuxhathiso lwenkqubo esezantsi{0}}kakuhle{1}}iinkqubo ezisekelwe phantsi zibonelela ngeendlela eziphantsi{2}}zokumelana ezithi ziqalise ukhuseleko ngokukhawuleza, ngelixa ufakelo oluphantsi olungekho semgangathweni lunokuphuhlisa "iziphoso zomhlaba ezizingileyo" ezingatsaliyo ngokwaneleyo ngoku ukuba zibhubhise izaphuli kodwa zisesengozini yokothuka.
I-Ground Fault Circuit Interrupters (GFCIs) ibona ngokukodwa iimpazamo ezisemhlabeni ngokubeka iliso ukungalingani kwangoku phakathi kwabaqhubi abashushu nabangathathi hlangothi. Nawuphi na umahluko ubonisa ukuvuza kwangoku emhlabeni, kubangela ukuqhawuka konxibelelwano ngaphakathi kwee-milliseconds ukuthintela umbane.
IiShorts ezingaphelelanga kunye neziNgaphakathi
Ayizizo zonke iibhulukhwe ezimfutshane ezibandakanya ukuxhathisa{0}}okungaphelelanga kweemfutshane ezimfutshane ziphuhla xa ukugqunyelelwa okonakeleyo kuvumela ukuvuza kwangoku ngaphandle kokwenza umdibaniso othe ngqo opheleleyo. Ezi "shorts zithambileyo" azinakukhubaza iziqhekezi kodwa zibangele ukufudumeza kwe-insulation, ukuhla kancinci, kunye nokusilela okunzima ekugqibeleni.
Iibhulukhwe ezimfutshane ezingapheliyo zimele iimpazamo ezinengxaki kuba zivela kwaye zinyamalale ngokusekelwe kubushushu, ukungcangcazela, okanye utshintsho lwendawo. Ucingo olonakeleyo ngaphakathi kumngxuma wodonga lunokuba mfutshane kuphela xa ubushushu besakhiwo bubangela ukwanda, kudala impazamo yexeshana ekunzima kakhulu ukuyifumana. Ezi meko zibangela iihambo ze-breaker ezingachazwanga ezibeka ngokutsha ngempumelelo, zilahlekisa abahlali malunga neengxaki ezisisiseko.
Iziphumo ezikhawulezileyo zeeSekethe eziMfutshane
Xa iisekethe ezimfutshane zisenzeka, iziphumo ezinobungozi ezininzi zibonakala ngaxeshanye.
Iingozi zeThermal kunye noMngcipheko woMlilo
Ubushushu obugqithisileyo bubangela ingozi ephambili. Amasebe omlilo ase-US aphendula malunga ne-24,000 yomlilo wombane wokuhlala ngonyaka, kunye namanani ahlaziyiweyo e-2025 abonisa ukufa kwe-295, ukulimala kwe-900, kunye ne-1.2 yeebhiliyoni zeerandi kwilahleko yepropathi ngonyaka. Inxalenye ebalulekileyo ilandelela ngokuthe ngqo kwiisekethe ezimfutshane.
Ubushushu bukhula ngokukhawuleza kangangokuba neebhulukhwe ezimfutshane (ii-milliseconds ezihlala ixesha elide phambi kokusebenza kwe-breaker) zinokutshisa izinto ezitsha ezikufutshane. Iiplastiki ze-insulation zinyibilika kwi-150-300 degree, ikhupha imisi eyityhefu. Ukhuni olufakelweyo ngasemva kweendonga zamatye ekutyhilekeni okuzinzileyo kwama-200 degrees. Nje ukuba kutshiswe, umlilo unwenwela ngokukhawuleza kwimingxuma eludongeni-izithuba ezenzelwe ukuhamba komoya ezithi ngokungazi zenze imijelo eyilwayo.
Kusetyenziso lwebhetri ye-lithium, iisekethe ezimfutshane zibangela ukubaleka kwe-thermal{0}}ukuzigcina{1}}ukusabela kwe-exothermic apho ubushushu bubangela ukuchaphazeleka kweekhemikhali ezongezelelweyo ezivelisa ubushushu obuninzi. Nje ukuba iqalisiwe, ukubaleka kwe-thermal akunakumiswa ngaphandle. Amaqondo obushushu ebhetri anyuka adlule kwi-1,000 yedigri njengoko i-electrolytes iyatsha, iioksidi zesinyithi zibola, kunye nezixhobo zokwahlula zibe ngumphunga. Umlilo obangelwayo uvutha kakhulu kwaye unzima kakhulu ukucima ngenxa yokuba iibhetri zesinyithi ze-lithium zinokuvelisa i-oksijini yazo ngexesha lokutsha.
Iziganeko zeArc Flash
Xa iisekethe ezimfutshane ziphuhla kwiisetingi zemizi-mveliso okanye{0}iinkqubo zamandla aphezulu, ii-arcs zombane zenza njengoko utsiba lwangoku kwizikhewu zomoya. Ezi arcs zenza imijelo ye-plasma kunye namaqondo obushushu agqitha phezu kwelanga{2}} malunga ne-35,000℃F. Ubushushu obukhulu bukhupha iintsimbi ezikufutshane, buvelise i-shrapnel{6}}njengamathontsi entsimbi kunye namaza oxinzelelo oluqhushumba.
Ukulimala kwe-Arc flash kubandakanya ukutshisa okukhulu, umonakalo wombono, kunye nokulahlekelwa kwindlebe. Uxinzelelo lwamaza lulodwa lunokuphosa abasebenzi kumagumbi. Uhlalutyo luka-2024 Siemens lufumanise ukuba ixesha lokuphumla elingacwangciswanga ukusuka kwimisitho ye-arc flash ixabisa abavelisi abakhulu malunga ne-11% yengeniso yonyaka{4}}malunga ne-1.4 yezigidi zezigidi zezigidi zezigidi zezigidi zezigidi zezigidi zezigidi kwihlabathi jikelele kubakhiqizi abakhulu behlabathi abangama-500, kunye nezinye izityalo zilahlekelwe yi-2.3 yezigidi zeedola ngeyure ngexesha lokuvalwa kwe-arc-okuhlobene.
Ukonakaliswa kweZixhobo kunye nokuFayiswa kweNkqubo
Ngaphandle kwengozi yomlilo kunye nokulimala kwangoko, iisekethe ezimfutshane zitshabalalisa izixhobo ezibiza kakhulu ngeendlela ezininzi. Imisinga ephezulu iyanyibilika okanye i-weld relay abafowunelwa, ikhusela ukusebenza kwexesha elizayo. Ubushushu obugqithileyo buthoba isigubungelo sokugquma isiguquli, sinciphisa ubomi bokusebenza nokuba akwenzeki ukusilela kwangoko. Amandla e-electromagnetic ngexesha leebhulukhwe ezimfutshane zonakalisa ngokwasemzimbeni ukupheliswa komqhubi kunye nezakhiwo zenkxaso.
Kwiibhetri lithiumiinkqubo, nkqu ezimfutshane ezimfutshane zangaphandle ukuba isekethe yokhuseleko yebhetri iphazamise ngempumelelo kubangela ilahleko umthamo esisigxina. Ukukhutshwa kwe-lithium ephezulu - kwenza "i-lithium efileyo" -engeyiyo{3}}idiphozithi ze-lithium ezisebenzayo ezingasathatha nxaxheba kwi-electrochemical reactions. Uphononongo lubonisa ukuba isiganeko esinye sesiphaluka esifutshane sangaphandle sinokunciphisa umthamo webhetri ye-lithium nge-15-30%, kunye neziganeko ezininzi ezibangela ukukhawuleza ukuthotywa.
IiSekethe ezimfutshane zeBatri yeLithium: Iingqwalasela ezikhethekileyo
Iibhetri zeLithium zibonakalisa imingeni ekhethekileyo yesekethe emfutshane ngenxa yobuninzi bamandla kunye nekhemistri.
Kutheni iibhetri zeLithium zisesichengeni
I-Lithium-iion kunye neebhetri zesinyithi ze-lithium zigcina amandla amakhulu kwiindawo ezixineneyo{1}}iiseli zanamhlanje zifikelela kuxinano lwamandla olungaphaya kwe-250 Wh/kg. Olu gxininiso luthetha ukuba iisekethe ezimfutshane zikhupha izixa eziyingozi zamandla ngokukhawuleza. Ukubunjwa kweekhemikhali kuncedisa imingcipheko eyongezelelweyo: i-electrolyte yezinto eziphilayo ezinokutsha, isinyithi se-lithium esebenzayo (kwi-design ye-LMB), kunye nezixhobo zokwahlula ezinciphisa kumaqondo okushisa aphakamileyo.
Umahluli -inwebu ebhityileyo enombhobho egcina i-electrode elungileyo kunye nenegative ngaphandle{1}}imele icandelo elibalulekileyo lokhuseleko. Iziphene zokuvelisa, uxinzelelo lomatshini, ukungena kwe-dendrite, okanye ukucutha kwe-thermal kunokuphazamisa abahluli, ukuvumela uqhagamshelwano oluthe ngqo lwe-electrode. Nje ukuba uqhagamshelwano lwenzekile, ingxinano yangoku yendawo iyenyuka, ivelisa ubushushu obusasaza ngeeseli ezimeleneyo kwiipakethi{4}}zeseli ezininzi.
Uphuhliso lweSekethe emifutshane yangaphakathi
Iifutshane zangaphakathi kwiibhetri ze-lithium ziqhubela phambili ngezigaba ezibonakalayo. Ekuqaleni, iziphene ezincinci okanye ukubunjwa kwe-dendrite kwangethuba kudala iindlela ezincinci zokuqhuba kunye nokumelana okuphezulu. Oku kuvelisa{2}}ukuzikhupha okuncinci kunye nokuphakama okuncinci kobushushu{3}}utshintsho oluhlala lucashile kwiinkqubo zolawulo lwebhetri ukubonwa.
Inqanaba eliphakathi libona iindlela zokuqhuba njengoko ubushushu bukhawulezisa ukuthotywa kwezinto. Ukubola kwe-Electrolyte kuqala, ukuvelisa iigesi ezandisa uxinzelelo lwangaphakathi. Ukuhla kwamandla ebhetri kuyabonakala, nangona kunokufana nokuguga okuqhelekileyo. Iqondo lobushushu liyenyuka kakhulu, kodwa iinkqubo zokupholisa zisenokubulawula ubushushu.
Inqanaba lokugqibela libandakanya ukungaphumeleli kokwahlula ngokupheleleyo, uqhagamshelo oluthe ngqo lwe-electrode, kunye neempendulo zokubaleka. I-Voltge yehla ukuya kwi-zero njengoko iphakamileyo yesekethe emfutshane yangaphakathi. Ubushushu bebhetri buboleka ngaphezulu kwe-150℃phakathi kwemizuzwana, bubangela ukubola kwe-electrolyte exothermic. Ukuveliswa kwegesi kuyaqhuma, okunokuthi kugqabhuke i-cell casing kunye nomphunga ovuthayo we-electrolyte. Le nkqubela inokuthatha iiveki okanye iinyanga{5}okanye yenzeke ngaphantsi kwemizuzwana emi-3 ngokuxhomekeke kubume bomfutshane wangaphakathi.
Ukuxhatshazwa koomatshini kunye neemeko zokuNwabeka
Umonakalo obonakalayo ovela kumathontsi, iimpembelelo, okanye ukuphazamiseka kunokudala ngokukhawuleza iifutshane zangaphakathi ngokutyumza i-electrode kunye okanye ukuqhawula abahluli. Uphando lwe-NASA kunye ne-DOE luphuhlise izixhobo zovavanyo ezikhethekileyo ezizisa iziphene ezifihlakeleyo kwiibhetri, ezivumela abaphandi ukuba bafunde ukuqhubela phambili kwesekethe emfutshane kunye nokusasazwa kwe-thermal.
Uvavanyo lwengozi yemoto lubonisa ukuba iibhetri eziyilwe kakuhle ziyakwazi ukumelana nokuxhatshazwa koomatshini ngaphandle kokusilela kwangoko-kodwa umonakalo ofihlakeleyo osuka kwiimpembelelo unokuvela njengokulibaziseka koshoti bangaphakathi. Ipakethi yebhetri ebonakala ingonakali inokuphuhlisa iiyure ezimfutshane okanye iintsuku emva kwengozi njengoko izahluli ezonakeleyo zisilela kancinci kancinci okanye ungcoliseko lwesinyithi olusuka kumalungu atyumkileyo ludala iindlela eziqhubayo.
Ukusetyenziswa kakubi koMbane: UkuTshaja kakhulu kunye nokuTshaja ngokukhawuleza
Ukugqithiswa kweebhetri ze-lithium kunyanzelisa ukubekwa kwe-lithium kwi-electrode engalunganga. Esikhundleni sokudibanisa ngokufanelekileyo kwisakhiwo segraphite, iipleyiti ze-lithium njengeediphozithi zetsimbi. Ezi diphozithi zenza i-dendrites ekhula ngokusebenzisa iipores zokwahlula ukuya kwi-electrode efanelekileyo. Inkqubo ayibonakali kwaye iyongezeleka{3}}isiqendu ngasinye sentlawulo egqithisiweyo idipozitha isinyithi se-lithium de i-dendrites ekugqibeleni ivale isithuba sesahluli.
Ukutshaja ngokukhawuleza, ngakumbi kumaqondo obushushu aphantsi, kuvelisa iziphumo ezifanayo. Ii-ion zelithium zifika kwi-electrode engalunganga ngokukhawuleza kunokuba zinokuhlangana, ibangela ukucaba komphezulu kunokufunxwa ngokufanelekileyo. Abavelisi bebhetri bachaza awona mazinga aphezulu okutshaja ngokuyinxenye ukunqanda ukwakheka kwe-dendrite, kodwa abasebenzisi bahlala bengayinanzi le mida bejonge isantya sokutshaja.
Uphononongo luka-2024 oluvavanya iisekethe ezimfutshane zangaphandle kwi-lithium{1}}iimodyuli zebhetri zeion kumaqondo obushushu ahlukeneyo ambient (30 degree, 40 degree, 50 degree) kunye ne charge state (80%, 90%, 100% SOC) yafumanisa ukuba amaqondo obushushu aphezulu kunye neemodyuli zentlawulo zivelisa iimpendulo ezibukhali zobushushu. Kwi-100% ye-SOC kunye ne-50 yeqondo lobushushu be-ambient, amaqondo obushushu aphezulu ngexesha likashoti wangaphandle adlule kwi-180℃-yanele ukuqalisa ukubaleka kwe-thermal kwiiseli ezingabamelwane.
Iindlela zokuFunyaniswa kunye nokuxilongwa
Ukuchonga iisekethe ezimfutshane ngaphambi kokusilela kwintlekele kufuna iindlela ezininzi ezongezelelweyo.
IiNdlela zokuHlola eziBonakalayo
Uvavanyo lomzimba lutyhila iisekethe ezininzi ezimfutshane ezizayo. Amanqaku atshise kwiindawo zokuthengisa, iintambo ezijike umbala, ukugquma okunyibilikayo, iziqhekeza zesekethe ezitshileyo, kunye neentambo zombane ezonakeleyo zonke zibonisa iindlela zangoku ezidlula imilinganiselo yoyilo. Ivumba elahlukileyo lokugquma kombane obushushu obugqithisileyo{2}}umsi weplastiki emuncu{3}}inika isilumkiso esivumbayo.
Iikhamera ze-Thermal imaging zibona iindawo ezishushu ezingabonakaliyo ngeso lenyama. Kwanangaphambi kokuba iisekethe ezimfutshane ziphuhlise ngokupheleleyo, ukwanda kokuchasana kwiindawo zokudityaniswa okanye iibhulukhwe ezimfutshane zivelisa utyikityo olubonakalayo lobushushu. Ukuhlolwa kombane kobuchwephesha kusebenzisa ukuskena okushushu ukuze kuchongwe iingxaki ngaphambi kokuba kwenzeke ukusilela, njengoko amaqondo obushushu angaphantsi kwe-10 ukuya kuma-20 anokuqikelela iibhulukhwe ezimfutshane zexesha elizayo.
IiNkqubo zoVavanyo loMbane
Ii-multimeters zilinganisa ukuxhathisa phakathi kweendawo zesekethe, zichonga iindlela zokuxhathisa ezingalindelekanga-ezisezantsi. Kwisekethe esebenza ngokufanelekileyo, ukuchasana okungapheliyo kufuneka kubonakale phakathi kwabaqhubi xa amandla ecinyiwe. Nakuphi na ukuchasana okunokulinganiswa (ngaphaya kweenxalenye zesekethe eziqhelekileyo) kubonisa iindlela ezinokuthi zibe khona.
Uvavanyo oluqhubekayo lusebenzisa abavavanyi abazinikeleyo abakhupha imiqondiso evakalayo xa ukuxhathisa kusihla ngaphantsi kwexabiso lomqobo{0}}ngokwesiqhelo ii-ohms ezimbalwa. Oku kuvumela ukujonga ngokukhawuleza ingqibelelo yentambo kwaye inceda ukulandelela iindawo ezimfutshane kwiinkqubo zocingo eziyinkimbinkimbi.
Uvavanyo lokumelana ne-insulation lusebenzisa amandla ombane aphezulu (ngokuqhelekileyo i-500-1000V) phakathi kwee-conductor kunye nomhlaba, ukulinganisa ukuvuza kwangoku. I-insulation ethotyiweyo ibonisa ukuhamba kwangoku okunokumetwa, iqikelela iisekethe ezimfutshane zexesha elizayo naxa iisekethe zisebenza ngokuqhelekileyo ngoku. Imigangatho yobuchwephesha ichaza amaxabiso amancinane okumelana nokugquma; ukufundwa ngezantsi kwale miqobo kufuna ukulungiswa kwangoko.
IiNkqubo zokuJonga eziPhezulu
IiNkqubo zeBattery zangoku (i-BMS) kwi-lithium yebhetri yosetyenziso ngokuqhubekayo ibeka iliso kwi-voltage, yangoku, kunye nobushushu kwiiseli nganye. I-algorithms entsonkothileyo ibona izinto ezingaqhelekanga ezibonisa ukuphuhla kooshoti bangaphakathi{1}}ukunxaxha kwe-voltage, ukukhupha okungalindelekanga{2}}amazinga okukhupha, kunye nokwahluka kobushushu phakathi kweeseli.
Iindlela zokufunda ngoomatshini eziqeqeshelwe ukuziphatha kwebhetri okuqhelekileyo ziyakwazi ukuchonga iipateni ezifihlakeleyo ezinxulunyaniswa-nomfutshane wangaphakathi wenqanaba. Uphononongo luka-2020 olupapashwe kwiIiNgxelo zeNzululwaziubonise iindlela zokufunda ezigadiweyo zokubona iibhulukhwe zebhetri ze-ion zangaphakathi ngokuchaneka okuphezulu ngokuhlalutya amandla ombane kunye neesignesha zangoku ngexesha lokutshaja/lokukhupha.
Ii-Arc Fault Circuit Interrupters (AFCIs) zikhusela kwii-arcing shorts{0}}iibhulukhwe ezimfutshane eziyingozi ezingazobiyo zangoku zaneleyo ukuwisa izaphuli zesiqhelo. AFCIs zihlalutya isimilo sombane, ukubona umahluko ophezulu{2}}umsayino wefrikhwensi eveliswa yi-arcing. Xa utyikityo lwe-arc luvela, ii-AFCIs ziphazamisa amandla ngaphakathi kwee-microseconds, zithintela ukuvutha komlilo.
IziCwangciso zoThintelo kunye neMilinganiselo yoKhuseleko
Uninzi lweesekethe ezimfutshane ziyathintelwa ngokusetyenziswa kwamanyathelo asebenzayo kunye noyilo olufanelekileyo.
IiNdlela zokuFakelo ezisemgangathweni
Ukufakelwa kombane okufanelekileyo kwenza isiseko sokuthintela isiphaluka esifutshane. Oku kubandakanya ukusebenzisa iikondaktara ezilinganayo ngokufanelekileyo kwimithwalo elindelekileyo, ukugcina ubude obuchanekileyo bokuqhawula ucingo (ukuphepha ukubonakaliswa kwe-conductor engenanto ngokugqithiseleyo), ukusebenzisa i-torque efanelekileyo kuzo zonke iziphelo (ngokuqhelekileyo i-30-50% yamandla okuvelisa i-fastener), kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuba zonke iidibansi zisebenzisa iintsimbi ezihambelanayo ukuthintela ukubola kwegalvanic.
Imiba yendlela yocingo ibaluleke kakhulu-ukuphepha ukugoba okubukhali okugquma uxinezeleko, ukugcina isithuba esifanelekileyo phakathi kweeconductors ngesakhono esahlukileyo, ukugcina iingcingo kude nemithombo yobushushu, kunye nokukhusela iintambo ekonakalisweni ngomatshini okanye ngeetreyi zentambo. IKhowudi yoMbane yeSizwe ka-2020 (NEC) ichaza ezi mfuno, kodwa nofakelo olutsha ngamanye amaxesha lunqumla iinkqubo ezifanelekileyo phantsi kwexesha okanye uxinzelelo lohlahlo lwabiwo-mali.
Izixhobo zoKhuseleko zangoku
Ii-Circuit breakers kunye ne-fuses zibonelela ngokhuseleko oluphambili lwesiphaluka esifutshane ngokuqhawula amandla xa umbane udlula amanqanaba akhuselekileyo. Ukukhetha kufuna ulungelelwaniso olunenyameko{1}}izaphuli kufuneka zilinganiswe ukuphatha imisinga yomthwalo oqhelekileyo ngaphandle kokukhubeka kwenkathazo ngelixa ngokuthembekileyo ukuphazamisa imisinga yempazamo ngokukhawuleza ngokwaneleyo ukunqanda umonakalo.
Inkcazo ebalulekileyo "yi-interrupting rating" okanye "AIC" (i-amperes interrupting capacity) -owona mzuzu uphezulu wesekethe yangoku i-breaker inokuqhawula ngokukhuselekileyo. Iziqhekezi ezikumlinganiselo onganelanga zinokusilela ngentlekele xa zizama ukuphazamisa imisinga engaphaya kwemida yazo yoyilo, zidale iingozi ezidubulayo endaweni yokubonelela ngokhuseleko.
Iifuse ziphendula ngokukhawuleza kunezinye iziqhekeza kodwa zifuna ukutshintshwa emva kokusebenza. Kwizicelo apho ulungiso olukhawulezayo lwempazamo lubalulekile-njengokukhusela izinto zombane ezibuthathaka{2}}iifusi zihlala zibonelela ngokhuseleko oluphezulu ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka kokusebenza.
Ukukhuselwa kweFault Fault
I-GFCIs (i-Ground Fault Circuit Interrupters) ibona ukungalingani kwangoku ebonisa iimpazamo zomhlaba, ukukhupha amandla ngaphakathi kwe-25 -30 milliseconds-ngokukhawuleza ngokwaneleyo ukukhusela uninzi lwe-electrocutions. Ukhuseleko lwe-GFCI ngoku lugunyaziswe ngeekhowudi zombane kwiindawo ezimanzi (amagumbi okuhlambela, ekhitshini, ngaphandle) kwaye kuye kwanciphisa kakhulu ukufa kombane ukusukela oko kwaqala ukwamkelwa ngoo-1970.
Kwiimeko zoshishino, ukuhanjiswa kwempazamo yomhlaba kunika ukhuseleko olufanayo kwiisekethe ezinkulu, kunye novakalelo olulungelelanisiweyo kunye nokulibaziseka kwexesha ukulungelelanisa kunye nezicwangciso zokukhusela jikelele.
UkuJonga i-Insulation kunye noLondolozo
Ukuhlolwa rhoqo kunye nokugcinwa kokubambisa okuthoba isidima ngaphambi kokuba kwenzeke ukusilela. Ukuhlolwa kombane oqeqeshiweyo kufuneka kwenzeke ngonyaka kwizakhiwo zorhwebo kunye ne-3-5 iminyaka kwiindawo zokuhlala. Olu hlolo lubandakanya uvavanyo olubonakalayo, ukuskena kwe-thermal, kunye novavanyo lokumelana nobushushu.
Ukhuseleko lwendalo esingqongileyo kwandisa ubomi bokugquma{0}}ukugcina ubushushu obufanelekileyo kunye namaqondo okufuma, ukuthintela ukungena kwamanzi, ukulawula izitshabalalisi, kunye nokufaka iingubo ezikhuselayo kwimekobume yemichiza. Kwizicelo zebhetri ye-lithium, ulawulo olufanelekileyo lwe-thermal luvimbela ukubola kwe-electrolyte kunye nokuchithwa kwe-separator ekhokelela kwiifutshane zangaphakathi.
IiNkqubo zokuKhusela iBattery yeLithium
Iipakethi zebhetri ze-lithium zanamhlanje zibandakanya ukhuseleko oluninzi. INkqubo yoLawulo lweBattery (BMS) ibeka esweni amandla ombane eseli nganye, ukuqhawula ukutshaja okanye ukulayisha xa amandla ombane edlula imida ekhuselekileyo. Iinzwa zangoku zibona amazinga okukhutshwa okungaqhelekanga abonisa iifutshane, ezibangela ukunqanyulwa kokukhusela. Izinzwa zobushushu kulo lonke ipakethe zichonga iindawo ezishushu ezibonisa iingxaki zokuphuhlisa.
Ukhuseleko ngokwasemzimbeni luquka isithuba esifanelekileyo seeseli ukunqanda ukwanda kobushushu, idangatye{0}}izahluli ezirhoxayo ezimelana nokushwabana, kunye nokunciphisa uxinzelelo olukhupha iirhasi ezikhupha iirhasi phambi kokuba uqhushumbo lwakhe lube. Olunye uyilo lubandakanya izixhobo eziPositive Temperature Coefficient (PTC) ezonyusa ukuxhathisa kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu, zinciphisa ngokuzenzekela ngoku ngexesha leziganeko zobushushu.
Iseli-inqanaba lefusi libonelela ngokhuseleko-lokugqibela kwindawo{2}}ukuba iimfutshane zangaphakathi ziphuhla ngaphandle kolunye ukhuselo, iifusi zeseli ziqhawula iseli echaphazelekayo phambi kokuba i-thermal isasazeke kwiiseli ezimeleneyo. Uphando lweNASA malunga nokubaleka kobushushu{4}}kuyilo lwebetri ekwaziyo ukumelana nosetyenziso lwendawo lubonise ukuba ulwakhiwo olululo lunokuqulatha{5}}ukusilela kweseli enye, luthintele iziphumo ze-cascade ezitshabalalisa zonke iinkqubo zebhetri.
Yintoni omawuyenze xa kusenzeka iisekethe ezimfutshane
Ngaphandle kwemizamo yothintelo, iisekethe ezimfutshane ziyenzeka ngamanye amaxesha{0}impendulo eyiyo icutha iziphumo.
Izenzo zangoko
Xa ukrokrela isiphaluka esifutshane-esibonakaliswe ngamavumba avuthayo, umsi, iziqhekeza ezikhutshiweyo, intlantsi, okanye ubushushu obungaqhelekanga{1}}thatha la manyathelo ngoko nangoko:
Nqamula amandla kwindawo yokucima umbane.Sukuzama ukujongana neesekethe ezinamandla ezifumana iishoti{0}umngcipheko womlilo kunye nombane uphezulu kakhulu. Ukuba i-breaker engundoqo ayifumaneki okanye ukuba umlilo ubonakala, phuma kwaye ubize iinkonzo eziphuthumayo ngokukhawuleza.
Ungaze uphinde usete iziqhekeza ngoko nangoko.Izaphuli eziphothiweyo zibonisa umsebenzi okhuselayo-ukusetha ngokutsha ngaphandle kokuchonga impazamo kunokubangela umonakalo omkhulu okanye kuqalise imililo. Ukuba i-breaker iphinda ibuyele xa iphinda isetyenzisiwe, i-short eqhubekayo ikhona efuna ukuxilongwa kwengcali.
Kwimililo yebhetri ye-lithium, musa ukusebenzisa amanzi kwiipakethi ezinkulu.Iibhetri zesinyithi zeLithium zisabela ngobundlobongela emanzini. Ngelixa imililo yebhetri ye-ion encinci ye-lithium (efana neefowuni) inokucima ngamanzi, imililo yeebhetri ezinkulu ifuna izicima-mlilo zoDidi D okanye ugwebu olukhethekileyo. Ukutshisa iibhetri ze-lithium zinokuphinda zilawule nasemva kokuba zicinyiwe, nto leyo efuna ukujongwa okwandisiweyo.
UVavanyo lobuNgcali
Iingcali zombane ezinelayisenisi zinezixhobo kunye nobuchule bokuxilongwa kwesekethe emfutshane ekhuselekileyo. Uvavanyo lobuchwephesha lubandakanya amandla -uvavanyo lwesekethe, ukwahlulwa okucwangcisiweyo kweendawo ezineempazamo, umfanekiso oshushu wokuchonga iindawo eziyingxaki, kunye namaxwebhu okuphulwa kwekhowudi okanye iingozi zokhuseleko ezifunyenwe ngexesha lophando.
Kwiimfutshane zenkqubo yebhetri ye-lithium, amagcisa ebhetri akhethekileyo kufuneka avavanye ingqibelelo yepakethe, avavanye iiseli zomntu ngamnye, avavanye ukusebenza kwe-BMS, kwaye agqibe ukuba iipakethi zinokubuyiselwa ngokukhuselekileyo kwinkonzo okanye kufuneka zitshintshwe ngokupheleleyo. Iiseli eziye zafumana iibhulukhwe ezimfutshane, nokuba zibonakala zisebenza emva koko, ziye zanciphisa imida yokhuseleko kunye nomngcipheko wokusilela.
Lungisa iingqwalasela
Ukulungiswa kweesekethe ezimfutshane ukusuka ekutshintsheni intambo elula ukuya kwi-rewiring epheleleyo. Izinto ezibalulekileyo ziquka:
Ukuthobela ikhowudi-ulungiso kufuneka luhlangabezane neemfuno zangoku zekhowudi zombane, ezinokudlula imigangatho yofakelo yokuqala. Amakhaya amadala ngakumbi anokufuna ukuphuculwa kakhulu ukuze ahlangabezane nemigangatho yokhuseleko yale mihla.
Ukupheliswa kwengcambu-ukulungisa umonakalo obonakalayo ngaphandle kokujongana nezizathu ezisisiseko (iisekethe ezigcwele kakhulu, ukungonelanga kwemilinganiselo yocingo, ukufuma kwendalo) kuqinisekisa ukungaphumeleli okuphindaphindiweyo.
{0}}Yonke inkqubo yovavanyo-ifutshane kwisekethe enye icebisa ukuba nokwenzeka kweengxaki ezifanayo kwenye indawo, ngakumbi kwizakhiwo ezineenkqubo zombane ezagugayo.
IiSekethe eziMfutshane vs iiSekethe eziVulekileyo: Ukuqonda umahluko
Iisekethe ezimfutshane zimele ukusilela kwesekethe enye kakhulu{0}}iisekethe ezivulekileyo zimele ngokuchaseneyo.
Anisekethe evulekileyoibandakanya ukuxhathisa okungapheliyo-ikhefu kwindlela yokuqhuba ukuze kungabikho mpompozo wangoku. Imizekelo ibandakanya iingcingo eziqhawukileyo, iifizi ezivuthelweyo, okanye iiswitshi ezingalunganga. Ngelixa ukhathazayo, iisekethe ezivulekileyo zikhuselekile ngokubanzi. I-voltage ikhona ngaphaya kwendawo evulekileyo, kodwa i-zero yangoku ithetha ukuba akukho bushushu okanye ingozi yomlilo.
A intambo emfutshaneibandakanya kufuphi-nothingo lokunganyangeki{1}}umzila oqhutywayo obungacetywanga ovumela umsinga ogqithisileyo. Oku kuyingozi kuba ukuhamba kwangoku kuvelisa ubushushu, obunokubangela imililo, ii-conductor ezinyibilikayo, kunye nokudala iingozi ze-arc. Umbane onqumla komfutshane usondela ku-zero njengoko uqukuqela ngamandla ngoku.
Umahluko obalulekileyo: iisekethe ezivulekileyo zithintela ukusebenza kwesixhobo ngaphandle kokubonisa iingozi zokhuseleko, ngelixa iisekethe ezimfutshane zidala ingozi naxa izixhobo ezicetywayo zingasebenzi. Zombini zimele iimpazamo, kodwa iisekethe ezimfutshane zifuna ukulungiswa kwangoko ngelixa iisekethe ezivulekileyo zifuna nje ukulungiswa okungalunganga.
Kuyilo lokhuseleko lwesekethe, iifusi zenza ngabom iisekethe ezivulekileyo (ngokunyibilika) ukunqanda iisekethe ezimfutshane ekubeni zibangele umonakalo omkhulu-umsebenzi worhwebo wokhuseleko.
Imibuzo ebuzwa qho
Ngaba isiphaluka esifutshane singazilungisa?
Hayi. Iisekethe ezimfutshane zibandakanya ukudibana komzimba phakathi kwee-conductor okanye i-conductor{1}}ukuya{2}}kumendo ophantsi. Olu nxibelelwano luqhubeleka de lwahlulwe ngokwasemzimbeni. Nangona i-shorts intermittent ingabonakala isombulula njengoko izikhundla zitshintsha okanye amaqondo okushisa aguquka, impazamo engaphantsi ihleli kwaye iya kuphinda ibuyele. Ekuphela kwesisombululo kukuchonga kunye nokulungisa owona monakalo{6}}ukubuyisela ukugquma okungaphumeleliyo, ukulungisa imidibaniso ekhululekileyo, okanye ukuphelisa ungcoliseko okudala ukufutshane.
Ngaba abakhuseli botyando bathintela iisekethe ezimfutshane?
Izikhuseli zeSurgery zikhusela kwi-voltage spikes ukusuka kumbane okanye ukuguquguquka kweentambo zombane kodwa azithinteli iisekethe ezimfutshane ngaphakathi kwezixhobo ezikhuselweyo okanye iintambo zokwakha. Nangona kunjalo, abakhuseli bomgangatho wokunyuka babandakanya abaphuli beesekethe abahamba ngeesekethe ezimfutshane kwizixhobo ezixhunyiwe, ukubonelela ngokhuseleko olongezelelweyo. Kuthintelo lwesekethe emfutshane, udinga iizaphuli ezinobungakanani obufanelekileyo, ii-GFCIs, kunye nee-AFCIs-hayi izikhuseli zotyando.
Ingaba isiphaluka esifutshane sinokuhlala ixesha elingakanani ngaphambi kokuba senze umonakalo?
Oku kuxhomekeke ngokupheleleyo kwizinto ezikhoyo zangoku kunye neempawu zomzimba zesiphaluka. Kwimijikelezo yamandla{1}ephezulu, umonakalo wenzeka ngaphakathi kwi-milliseconds{2}}ii-conductors ziyanyibilika, ukugquma ubushushu, kunye nefom ye-arcs phambi kokuba izixhobo zokhuselo ziphendule. Kwiisekethi zamandla ezisezantsi{{4}(ezifana ne-5V elektroniki), iibhulukhwe ezimfutshane zinokuqhubeka imizuzwana phambi kokuba ukhuseleko lusebenze okanye ibhetri iphele. Eyona nto ibalulekileyo kukuveliswa kobushushu: umonakalo uqala xa ubushushu be-conductor bugqithise iindawo zokunyibilika ze-insulation (ngokuqhelekileyo i-150 -}300 degree), enokuthi yenzeke ngaphantsi kwesekhondi enye kwii-shorts-voltage.
Ngaba uyaphunga isiphaluka esifutshane?
Ewe-ukufudumeza kombane ngokugqithisileyo kuvelisa ivumba elahlukileyo le-acrid abantu abasoloko belichaza njenge "fishy" okanye njengeplastiki evuthayo. Eli vumba livela kwizinto zokugquma kwe-thermoplastic ezibola kumaqondo obushushu aphakamileyo. Ukuba ufumanisa eli vumba, ngokukhawuleza uphande umthombo, unqamule umbane kwindawo echaphazelekayo, kwaye uqhagamshelane nombane. Ivumba libonisa ukufudumeza okusebenzayo okwandulela ukuvutha komlilo ngomda omxinwa.
Ukuthatha uLawulo loKhuseleko loMbane
Iisekethe ezimfutshane zimele enye yezona ngozi ziyingozi zombane, kodwa zithintelwa kakhulu ngokufakela okufanelekileyo, ukugcinwa rhoqo, kunye nengqalelo ekhawulezileyo kwiimpawu ezilumkisayo. Ibhulukhwe ezimfutshane zefiziksi-ezigqithisele ngoku ngokuphantsi{2}}ezindleleni zokuxhathisa{3}}zidala ubushushu obunobungozi obusongela ipropati nobomi.
Iitekhnoloji zale mihla ezikhuselayo ezinjengee-AFCIs, ii-GFCIs, kunye neenkqubo zolawulo lweebhetri ezinobugocigoci zibonelela ngeemaleko ezininzi zokhuseleko, kodwa ukuqaphela komntu kuhlala kubalulekile. Ukuhlolwa kombane rhoqo kubambe ukugquma okuthoba isidima phambi kokuba kuphuhliswe iibhulukhwe ezimfutshane. Ukusetyenziswa kwesixhobo ngendlela eyiyo kuthintela ukugcwala okugqithisayo okuphazamisa imida yokhuseleko. Ukulungiswa kobuchwephesha kuqinisekisa ukuthotyelwa kwekhowudi kunye nokuphelisa oonobangela bengcambu kuneempawu ezibonakalayo.
Kwizicelo zebhetri ye-lithium, ukuhlonipha ukuchazwa kokutshaja, ukuphepha ukusetyenziswa kakubi koomatshini, kunye nokubeka iliso ekudumbeni okanye ukungahambi kakuhle kweqondo lokushisa kuthintela iifutshane zangaphakathi ezikhokelela ekubalekeni kwe-thermal. Njengoko ibhetri{1}izixhobo ezisebenza ngamandla kunye nezithuthi zisiya zixhaphaka, ukuqonda ibhetri{2}}imingcipheko ethile yesekethe emfutshane kukhula kubaluleke ngakumbi.
Ukudibana kokhuseleko lombane kunye nobomi obusebenzayo abufuni lwazi lubanzi lobuchwephesha{0}nje intlonipho yamandla ombane, ingqalelo kwiimpawu ezilumkisayo, kunye nokuzimisela ukubandakanya iingcali eziqeqeshiweyo xa kuvela iingxaki. Loo ndibaniselwano igcina izibonelelo ezinkulu zamandla ombane ngokukhuselekileyo phantsi kolawulo ngelixa unciphisa amandla entlekele yeesekethe ezimfutshane.
