Yintoni i-Cathode Active Material?

Izinto ezisebenzayo zeCathode yikhompawundi engumgubo esetyenziswa kwi-electrode efanelekileyoiibhetri ze-lithium ionegcina kwaye ikhuphe i-lithium ion ngexesha lokuhlawuliswa kunye nokukhupha imijikelo. Ezi zixhobo, ngokwesiqhelo iioksidi zetsimbi eziqulathe i-lithium zidityaniswe neentsimbi zotshintsho ezifana nenickel, manganese, kunye ne-cobalt, zimisela ukuxinana kwamandla ebhetri, ubomi bomjikelezo, kunye neempawu zokhuseleko.

I-cathode yenza i-30-40% yexabiso lilonke le-LIB yeseli kwaye imele elona candelo libiza kakhulu. Ngexesha lokusebenza kwebhetri, i-lithium ion ifuduka phakathi kwe-cathode kunye ne-anode layers-ihamba kwi-cathode ngexesha lokukhupha ukuvelisa umbane, emva koko ibuyele kwi-anode ngexesha lokutshaja.

Izinto ezisebenzayo zeCathode zibandakanya i-lithium edityaniswe neeoksidi zetsimbi zenguqu kwizakhiwo zekristale ezivumela ukuguqulwa kwe-lithium{0}}i-ion intercalation. Iikhemistri ezintlanu eziphambili zecathode ezilawula imarike nganye zibonelela ngeeprofayili zokusebenza ezahlukileyo.

ILithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC) iquka iintsimbi ezintathu ngokwemilinganiselo eyahluka-hlukeneyo{0}}imixube eqhelekileyo iquka i-NMC 111 (amalungu alinganayo), i-NMC 622, kunye ne-NMC 811 (ephezulu{4}} nickel). I-nickel ibonelela ngoxinaniso lwamandla aphezulu, i-manganese inegalelo lozinzo kwisakhiwo, kwaye i-cobalt iphucula ukuhanjiswa kunye nokwandisa ubomi bomjikelo. I-NMC 811 inikezela nge-180-200 mAh/g umthamo kunye noxinzelelo lwamandla olufikelela kwi-260 Wh/kg, iyenza ibe lolona khetho lukhethwayo kwizithuthi zombane zomgama omde.

I-Lithium iron phosphate (LFP) isebenzisa i-iron eninzi kunye ne-phosphate endaweni ye-cobalt enqabileyo kunye ne-nickel. Ngefomula ye-LiFePO₄, le khemistri isebenza kwi-voltage ephantsi (3.2V nominal) kodwa igqwesa ukuzinza kwe-thermal kunye nokhuseleko. Iibhetri ze-LFP zimelana nemijikelo yentlawulo ye-2,000 kwaye ayikhuphi ioksijini ngexesha lokubaleka kwe-thermal, ukunciphisa kakhulu umngcipheko womlilo. Ngo-2023, i-LFP yathatha i-40% yemarike ye-cathode yehlabathi, eqhutywa kukusetyenziswa kwayo kwii-EVs zaseTshayina kunye neenkqubo zokugcina amandla.

I-Lithium cobalt oxide (LCO) yayiyeyona nto iphambili ye-lithium -yecathode ye-ion ethengiswe nguSony ngo-1991. Ngelixa inikezela ngoxinaniso lwamandla aphezulu phakathi kweentlobo ze-cathode, i-LCO inengxaki yozinzo olubi lwe-thermal kwixabiso eliphezulu kunye nobomi bomjikelo olinganiselweyo. Ukusetyenziswa kwayo kuye kwatshintshela kakhulu kubathengi be-elektroniki njengee-smartphones kunye neelaptops, apho imiqobo yendawo yodlula ukuqwalaselwa kweendleko.

I-Lithium nickel cobalt aluminium oxide (NCA) iqulethe i-80% ye-nickel, i-15% ye-cobalt, kunye ne-5% ye-aluminium. U-Tesla waba nguvulindlela wokwamkelwa kwe-NCA kwizithuthi zombane, esebenzisa amandla ayo aphezulu afana ne-NMC kodwa ngozinzo olungcono lwe-thermal kunechemistries ye-nickel ecocekileyo. Nangona kunjalo, i-NCA ibonisa ukuthotywa okukhawulezileyo kwiindawo eziphezulu zentlawulo, efuna iinkqubo zolawulo lwebhetri ngononophelo.

I-Lithium manganese oxide (LMO) yenza ubume obuthathu -bubume be-spinel ebenza ukuba kuphume amandla aphezulu kunye nokhuseleko olugqwesileyo. Ngaphandle koxinano lwamandla olusezantsi kune-nickel{2}esekelwe kwi-cathodes, uzinzo lwe-LMO's thermal kunye neendleko eziphantsi ziyenza ilungele izixhobo zombane kunye nezixhobo zonyango ezifuna amaxabiso aphezulu okukhupha.

cathode active material

Imveliso yemathiriyeli yeCathode esebenzayo ibandakanya -inqanaba eliphezulu eliphezulu{1}}lobushushu obuqinileyo{2}}inkqubo yokusabela yemeko efuna ulawulo oluchanekileyo phezu kokwakheka, ubungakanani bamasuntswana, kunye nolwakhiwo lwekristale.

Inkqubo iqala nge-precursor cathode active material (pCAM) synthesis. Kwi-NMC cathodes, iisulfate zesinyithi zenickel, manganese, kunye necobalt zinyibilikiswa kwisisombululo kwaye{1}}zinyibilike njengehydroxides zesinyithi ezixutyiweyo kwiireactor ezivuselelweyo. Ulawulo lwe-pH ngeli nyathelo lekristali lubalulekile-ukutshintsha kwe-0.1 pH kunokutshintsha ngokumangalisayo i-particle morphology kunye nokusabalalisa ubungakanani. I-hydroxide precipitate iyahluzwa, ihlanjwe, kwaye yomiswe ukuvelisa i-pCAM powder.

Le precursor ixutywe ne-lithium hydroxide okanye i-lithium carbonate ngokwemilinganiselo echanekileyo kwaye ifudunyezwe ukuya kuma-700 -iqondo le-900 kwi-oxygen{4}}i-atmospheres etyetyisiweyo kangange-12-iyure ezingama-24. Eli nyathelo lokubala likhupha ukungcola kwaye lenze iikristale ze-metal-oxide ezihambelanayo kunye nolwakhiwo oluyimfuneko kwi-lithium-ion intercalation. Ubushushu be-sintering, ukubunjwa kwe-atmosphere, kunye nobude bexesha lokufudumeza bumisela iipropathi zokugqibela ze-electrochemical kunye nokuzinza kwe-thermal.

Emva kwe-sintering, izinto ze-cathode zihamba ngokutyumza kunye nokuhlelwa ukufezekisa ukuhanjiswa kobungakanani be-particle- ngokuqhelekileyo i-5-20 micrometers. Abavelisi bavelisa ubungakanani bamasuntswana ahlukeneyo ukunyusa ubuninzi bezinto ezisebenzayo ezigqunywe kubaqokeleli bangoku becathode. Olunye ulwakhiwo lufumana i-coatings eyongezelelweyo yomphezulu okanye ii-dopants zokuphucula ukuqhuba kunye nobomi bomjikelezo.

Izinto ezintsha ezisandula ukwenziwa ziyenze yalula le nkqubo yakudala intsonkothile. I-NOVONIX iphuhlise yonke-eyomileyo, zero{2}}inkunkuma indlela yokudityaniswa esusa inyathelo langaphambili ngokupheleleyo, iguqulela ukutya kwentsimbi ekrwada ngokuthe ngqo kwiicathodes ze-NMC ezigqityiweyo. Le nkqubo yelungelo elilodwa lomenzi wechiza inciphisa iindleko zenkunzi malunga ne-30% kunye neendleko zokuyilungisa malunga ne-50% ngelixa isebenzisa i-27% yamandla angaphantsi kuneendlela eziqhelekileyo.

Isinyathelo sokugqibela sidala i-cathode slurry ngokuxuba umgubo wezinto ezisebenzayo kunye ne-conductive additives (ngokuqhelekileyo i-carbon black), i-binders (ngokuqhelekileyo i-polyvinylidene fluoride okanye i-PVDF), kunye ne-solvents (N-methyl{3}}2-pyrrolidone okanye i-NMP). Olu daka lugqunywe kwi-aluminiyam yefoil yabaqokeleli bangoku, yomiswa kwii-oveni ukususa izinyibilikisi, kwaye ifakwe kwi-calendering ngeerola ukuze kuzuzwe ubukhulu obufanayo-ngokuqhelekileyo i-70 yemicrometers equlethe i-15 mg/cm² yemathiriyeli esebenzayo.

Izinto zeCathode zimela umqhubi omnye weendleko ezinkulu kwimveliso yebhetri. Ngo-2024, i-NMC 811 cathode esebenzayo ixabisa i-$109 ngekilowatt-ngeyure, ibalelwa kwi-53% yeendleko zemathiriyeli yeseli kunye ne-30% yeendleko zebhetri ezipheleleyo. I-LFP cathodes ixabisa kakhulu ngaphantsi kwe-$ 21.90 / kWh ngo-2023, kunye ne-lithium carbonate emele i-90% yaloo manani kwi-$ 19.60 / kWh.

Imakethi yezixhobo ze-cathode ifikelele kwi-55 yeebhiliyoni zeedola ngo-2024 kunye nemfuno yonyaka engaphezulu kwe-2,800 yeekhiloni. Uqikelelo lwemarike luqikelela ukukhula ukusuka kwi-19.5 yeebhiliyoni zeedola ngo-2024 ukuya kwi-52.4 yeebhiliyoni zeedola ngo-2034, nto leyo emele isantya sokukhula sonyaka esiyi-10.7%. Olu lwando luqhutywa ikakhulu yimfuneko yebhetri yemoto yombane, engaphaya kwezigidi ezili-14 zeeyunithi ezithengiswe kwihlabathi liphela ngo-2023.

I-China iyongamela imveliso ye-cathode ngaphezu kwe-60% yomthamo wemveliso yehlabathi, ilandelwa nguMzantsi Korea kunye ne-Japan kunye nesabelo se-25%. Nangona kunjalo, ukwandiswa okukhulu kwamandla kuyaqhubeka eYurophu nakuMntla Melika. I-BASF's Schwarzheide plant eJamani yaqala-imveliso yorhwebo ephezulu{5}}yezinto zenickel cathode ngo-2023, ijolise kwi-100 kilotons ngonyaka ngo-2025. EUnited States, i-LG Chem kunye ne-General Motors' Ultium CAM i-joint venture yasungula i-30-kiloton ephindwe kabini ukuya kwi-2020 iplani ye-2020 ekuqaleni kwe-2020. iikilotons ngo-2025.

Amaxabiso ezinto ezikrwada anempembelelo enkulu kwiindleko zecathode. Amaxabiso eLithium carbonate aye aguquguquka kakhulu{1}}enyuka ukuze arekhode amaxabiso aphezulu ngo-2022 ngaphambi kokuba ehle ngo-2023-2024 njengoko ubonelelo olutsha lweza kwi-Intanethi. Amaxabiso eCobalt kunye ne-nickel nawo abonisa ukuguquguquka okuphezulu, okuqhutywa kukuphazamiseka kwekhonkco lokubonelela kunye nezinto ze-geopolitical. I-Democratic Republic of Congo ibonelela nge-70% ye-cobalt yehlabathi, ngelixa i-Indonesia iye yavela njengomvelisi omkhulu we-nickel.

Oku kuguquguquka kwexabiso kunye noxinzelelo lobonelelo lukhawulezise iindlela ezimbini eziphambili: ukutshintshela kwixabiso elisezantsi{0}}ikhemistri yeLFP kunye nophuhliso lwecobalt{1}}ezinye iindlela zasimahla. Ngo-2024, abaphandi baseGeorgia Tech baphuhlisa i-iron chloride cathode exabisa nje i-1-2% yezinto eziqhelekileyo ngelixa igcina amandla alinganayo. Nangona zisavavanywa, impumelelo enjalo inokubumba ngokutsha uqoqosho lwebhetri.

Usetyenziso olwahlukileyo lufuna iiprofayili ezahlukeneyo zecathode. Izithuthi zombane zibeka phambili uxinaniso lwamandla kuluhlu lokuqhuba, abathengi be-elektroniki baxabisa ubungakanani obubambeneyo, kunye nokugcinwa kwegridi kugxininisa ubomi bomjikelo kunye nokhuseleko.

Ubuninzi bamandla buhluka kakhulu ngekhemistri. I-NMC 811 kunye ne-NCA zihambisa i-200-270 Wh/kg kwinqanaba leseli, ivumela ii-EV ukuba zifezekise i-300{7}}400 yeemayile zoluhlu. I-LFP inikezela ngoxinano lwamandla asezantsi kwi-140-170 Wh/kg kodwa ihlawulela abavelisi abaphezulu bexesha elide abafana ne-BYD baye bazuza ii-EV ezikhuphisanayo ngoluhlu lwe-cell-to-pack integration olususa iimodyuli kunye nokwandisa ukusebenza kwe-volumetric.

Ubomi bomjikelo bumele inani lemijikelo yentlawulo-yokukhupha phambi kokuba umthamo wehliswe ukuya kwi-80% yeyoqobo. I-LFP iyagqwesa apha nge-2,000 -4,000 imijikelo, xa kuthelekiswa ne-1,000-2,000 ye-NMC kunye ne-500-1,000 ye-LCO. Obu bomi bandisiweyo benza i-LFP ilungele ukugcinwa kwamandla okumileyo, apho iibhetri zinokujikeleza yonke imihla iminyaka eyi-10-15. I-nickel ephezulu ye-NMC iyancipha ngokukhawuleza ngenxa yokungazinzi kwesakhiwo kunye nokuphendula kwecala kumbane ophezulu, okufuna ulawulo olucokisekileyo lwe-thermal.

Iimpawu zokhuseleko zivela kwi-thermal kunye nokuzinza kweekhemikhali. I-LFP ibonisa ukhuseleko olukhethekileyo{1}}oluqilima P-iibhondi ze-O zithintela ukukhutshwa kweoksijini ngexesha leziganeko ze-thermal, kwaye imathiriyeli ayiboli exothermic kude kube ngaphezulu kwe-270 degree. I-NMC kunye ne-NCA cathodes ibola kumaqondo aphantsi (200-250 degree) kwaye ikhulule i-oksijini enokuthi ikhuphe i-thermal runway. Oku kuchaza ukuba kutheni i-LFP ilawula imarike ye-EV yaseTshayina, apho ukhuseleko lwe-thermal lufumana ukujongwa okukhulu.

Ukubanakho kwamandla kuxhomekeke kwi-lithium -kumazinga okusasazwa kwe-ion kunye ne-electronic conductivity. Ubume be-LMO's -bunxantathu be-spinel buvumela uthutho lwe-ion olukhawulezayo, ukuxhasa amazinga okukhupha ukuya kuthi ga kwi-20C{4}}okuthetha ukuba ibhetri inokukhupha umthamo wayo ogcweleyo ngemizuzu emi-3 nje. I-NMC kunye ne-NCA ngokuqhelekileyo ibamba amazinga e-1-3C, ngelixa i-LFP ilawula i-1C eqhubekayo kunye nokuqhuma kwe-5C ephezulu xa yenziwe ngokufanelekileyo.

Uluhlu lweqondo lokushisa olusebenzayo luchaphazela ukusebenza kwimozulu enzima. I-LFP ibandezeleka kakhulu ekulahlekelweni kwamandla kwimozulu ebandayo ngenxa yokuncipha kwe-lithium{1}}ukushukuma kweion kumaqondo aphantsi obushushu. I-NMC kunye ne-NCA zigcina ukusebenza ngcono kwemozulu-kodwa zifuna ulawulo olusebenzayo lobushushu ukunqanda ukutshisa kakhulu kwimozulu eshushu. Abanye abavelisi ngoku basebenzisa ibhetri yangaphambili{5}}iinkqubo zokufudumeza ukwenza i-LFP isebenze kwiimarike ezisemantla.

cathode active material

Njengoko ukusasazwa kwebhetri kukhawuleza, ukuphinda kusetyenziswe izinto ze-cathode kuye kwaba yinto ebalulekileyo ekuzinzeni kwekhonkco lokubonelela kunye noxanduva lokusingqongileyo. Iindlela ezintathu eziphambili zokuhlaziya ziye zavela: i-hydrometallurgy, i-pyrometallurgy, kunye nokuvuselelwa ngokuthe ngqo.

Iinkqubo ze-Hydrometallurgical zinyibilikisa izinto ze-cathode kwizisombululo ze-asidi, emva koko zicole ngokucokisekileyo kwaye zihlambulule isinyithi ngasinye. Le ndlela ibuyisela i-lithium, i-nickel, i-cobalt, kunye ne-manganese ku-95 -}99% ukusebenza kakuhle kodwa ivelisa amanzi amdaka abalulekileyo kunye nenkunkuma yeekhemikhali. Inkqubo ye-Ascend Elements 'yelungelo elilodwa lomenzi wechiza i-Hydro{4}i-to-Cathode® inkqubo iphucula kwi-hydrometallurgy yesintu ngokususa ukuya kuthi ga kwi-15 yamanyathelo aphakathi kunye nokunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwekhabhoni ngama-49% xa kuthelekiswa nokuveliswa kwezinto ezinyulu.

I-Pyrometallurgical recycling inyibilikisa iibhetri kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu ukwenza iialloys zetsimbi, apho kutsalwa izinto ezixabisekileyo. Ngelixa ilula kwaye ikwazi ukwenza iibhetri ezipheleleyo ngaphandle{1}}kunyango olubanzi, i-pyrometallurgy isebenzisa amandla abalulekileyo kwaye iphulukene ne-lithium ukuya kwi-slag. Ukukhutshwa kwegesi ye-greenhouse kunyango lwe-pyrometallurgical malunga nokuphindwe kabini kwezo zeendlela ze-hydrometallurgical.

Uhlaziyo oluthe ngqo lumele eyona ndlela intsha -yokulungisa imathiriyeli yecathode eyonakeleyo endaweni yokuzahlula zibe yintsimbi ekhoyo. Le ndlela ibandakanya ukwahlula imathiriyeli esebenzayo kwizibopheleli kunye nabaqokeleli bangoku, emva koko ugcwalise i-lithium elahlekileyo ngokusebenzisa i-slid{2}}ye-sintering yelizwe, unyango lwe-hydrothermal, okanye ukusetyenzwa kwetyuwa etyhidiweyo. Uhlaziyo oluthe ngqo lufuna ama-60-80% amandla angaphantsi kune-extraction-based recycling kwaye akuvelisi amanzi amdaka. Uphononongo lwakutsha nje lubonisa ukuba ii-cathodes ze-NMC ezihlaziyiweyo ngokuthe ngqo zinokungqamanisa okanye zigqithise ukusebenza kwemathiriyeli enyulu.

I-Redwood Materials isebenzisa indawo yokuqala yorhwebo -yokurisayikilishwa kwecathode eMelika, ilungisa iitoni ezingama-30,000 ngonyaka kunye nomthamo wokunyuka ukuya kwiitoni ezingama-60,000 ngasekupheleni kuka-2024. Inkqubo yabo yobunikazi yokunciphisa i-calcination ixhaswa ngokupheleleyo ngamandla ashiyekileyo ekugqibeleni{7}ukusebenzisa amafutha e-fuel{6}} Eli ziko lifumana kwakhona i-95% ye-lithium kwinkunkuma yebhetri kwaye iyiguqulele kwi-{10}}inqanaba eliphezulu le-cathode precursors ezinempembelelo yokusingqongileyo esezantsi kunemigodi yokuqala.

Imithetho yeBattery Passport yeManyano yaseYurophu, esebenza ukusuka ngo-2027, iya kugunyazisa ubuncinci bomxholo osetyenzisiweyo kwiibhetri ezintsha kunye nokungafihli kulo lonke unikezelo. Lo mgaqo-nkqubo uqalise ngaphezulu kwe-4.5 yeebhiliyoni zeerandi ekusetyenzisweni ngokutsha kotyalo-mali lweziseko ezingundoqo ukusukela ngo-2022, kunye nezibonelelo ezicwangcisiweyo eJamani, eSweden, naseHungary.

Uphando luyaqhubeka lutyhala imida yokusebenza kwe-cathode ngelixa lijongana neendleko kunye nemingeni yokuzinza. Zininzi izinto ezithembisayo eziqhubela phambili kwintengiso.

I-single -i-crystal NMC amasuntswana athatha indawo yesakhiwo se-polycrystalline yangoku. Iikristale enye isusa imida yengqolowa apho iintanda ziqala khona, ziphucula ngokumangalisayo ubomi bomjikelezo kunye nokuzinza komatshini. I-CATL kunye nabanye abavelisi baqalise imveliso yokulinga enye-yekhristal cathodes egcina umthamo we-90% emva kwemijikelo engama-4,000{7}}iphindwe kabini kubomi be-NMC eqhelekileyo.

I-Lithium-i-manganese etyebileyo{1}i-cathodes esekwe (LMR-}NMC) inokuzisa ngaphezulu kwe-250 mAh/g umthamo ngokusebenzisa zombini iinguqu zesinyithi kunye ne-oxygen redox reactions. Nangona kunjalo, ukuphela kwamandla ombane ngexesha lokuhamba ngebhayisikile kunye nesantya esisezantsi sokwamkelwa korhwebo. Inkqubela phambili yakutsha nje kubuchule bokusebenzisa idoping kunye nokugquma umphezulu ilungisa le mingeni, kunye neenkampani ezininzi ezijolise ekuqalisweni kwemarike ngo-2026.

IManganese-imixube etyebileyo ijolise ekunciphiseni ukuxhomekeka kwenickel kunye necobalt ngelixa kugcinwa ukusebenza okuphezulu. I-BASF yagunyazisa iplanti yokulinga ngoMatshi ka-2024 ngokukodwa i-manganese{3}}etyebileyo yeecathodes, iqonda ukuba i-manganese ixabisa 10{6}}i-20 ephindwe ngaphantsi kwe-nickel. Iingoma eziphuculweyo ezityebileyo zifezekisa i-85-90% ye-NMC 811 yoxinaniso lwamandla ngexabiso eliphantsi kakhulu.

Iibhetri zesodium -zeionion usebenzisa iPrussian blue cathodes zibonelela ngokupheliswa ngokupheleleyo kwelithium kunye necobalt. Ngelixa uxinaniso lwamandla luhlala lusezantsi kune-lithium-ion (140-160 Wh/kg), ubuninzi besodium kunye neendleko eziphantsi ziyenza ibenomtsalane kugcino olumileyo kunye{6}}noluhlu olufutshane lwe-EVs. Umenzi waseTshayina i-CATL waqala ukuveliswa kweebhetri ze-sodium-ion ngo-2023, kunye nokuxinana kwamandla okuqikelelwa ukufikelela kwi-200 Wh / kg ngo-2027.

Ibhetri yelizwe -eqinile ithembisa ukuguqula uyilo lwecathode ngokususa i-electrolyte engamanzi ngeseramiki eziqinileyo okanye iipholima. Oku kwenza ukusetyenziswa kwemathiriyeli ye-cathode ephezulu -ye-voltage kunye ne-lithium metal anode, enokuthi ifikelele kuma-400{4}}500 Wh/kg kwinqanaba leseli{6}}phantse kabini ubuchwephesha bangoku. Nangona kunjalo, iibhetri zombuso oqinileyo zijongene nemiceli mngeni ekuveliseni ubungakanani kunye nokumelana nobuso. Iinkampani ezininzi ezibandakanya i-QuantumScape, i-Solid Power, kunye ne-Toyota zijolise kwimveliso yorhwebo phakathi kwe-2025-2030.

Ukudityaniswa kobukrelekrele bokwenziwa kunye nokufunda koomatshini ekuphuhliseni i-cathode kukhawulezisa amaxesha okufumanisa. Abaphandi ngoku basebenzisa iimodeli zokubala ukujonga amawaka ezinto ezinokubakho, beqikelela iipropathi zabo ze-electrochemical ngaphambi kokwenziwa. Le ndlela isanda kuchonga iinoveli ezininzi eziphezulu{2}}imathiriyeli ye-entropy cathode ebonisa uzinzo oluphezulu kunye nogcino lwesakhono.

cathode active material

Amaxabiso ezinto ezikrwada athatha i-70-80% yeendleko ze-cathode. I-Lithium, i-nickel, kunye ne-cobalt zezona ndleko zokuqhuba, kunye ne-cobalt yeyona ibiza kakhulu kwi-$ 25,000{7}}35,000 ngetoni nganye. Ukucutshungulwa kobunzima kuchaphazela iindleko-high-nickel cathodes kufuna ulawulo olungqongqo ngakumbi ubunyulu kunye neemeko yokuvelisa, ukwandisa iindleko imveliso. I-LFP cathodes ixabisa i-30-40% ngaphantsi kwe-NMC ikakhulu ngenxa yokusebenzisa i-iron eninzi endaweni ye-nickel enqabileyo kunye ne-cobalt.

Ukuxuba iintlobo ze-cathode ngexesha lokuphinda lisetyenziswe kunciphisa ukusebenza kakuhle kunye nomgangatho wemveliso. I-NMC, i-NCA, kunye ne-LFP zinezinto ezahlukeneyo zeekhemikhali ezifuna iiparamitha zokusetyenzwa ezahlukeneyo. Nangona kunjalo, iirecyclers ezifana ne-Redwood Materials kunye ne-Li{2}}Umjikelo uphuhlise iinkqubo eziguquguqukayo ezinokuphatha ukutya okuxubeneyo ngokuhlela iibhetri phambi kokusetyenzwa okanye ukulungisa unyango lwekhemikhali. Olunye uphando lucebisa ukudibanisa ngamabom iintlobo ezithile ze-cathode kwimilinganiselo elawulwayo kunokudala izinto ezinoveli ezineempawu eziphakathi, nangona oku kuhlala kulingo.

I-LFP cathodes ikhuselekile ngokwendalo ngenxa ye-phosphate bonding eyomeleleyo ethintela ukukhutshwa kwe-oksijini ngexesha leziganeko zokushisa. Azihambi de amaqondo obushushu adlule kuma-270 degrees . I-Nickel-i-cathodes etyebileyo (NMC 811, NCA) iqala ukubola malunga ne-200℃kwaye ikhuphe i-oxygen eyenza ukubaleka kwe-thermal. Oku kucacisa ukuxhaphaka okuphezulu kwemililo yebhetri kumandla aphezulu-amandla{8}}woxinaniso lwe-EVs kusetyenziswa i-nickel{9}}echemistries ezityebileyo. Nangona kunjalo, iisistim zolawulo lwebhetri oluphucukileyo kunye nolawulo lobushushu zenze iibhetri ze-NMC zamkelekile ukuba zikhuseleke ngokwamkelekileyo kusetyenziso oluninzi.

Iron contamination is particularly problematic-even trace amounts (>10 ppm) inokubangela iisekethe ezimfutshane zangaphakathi kunye nokuphelelwa amandla. Isulfure, i-vanadium, kunye ne-calcium nayo iyancipha ukusebenza ngokuphazamisa isakhiwo se-crystal kunye nokunyusa i-impedance. Izinto eziphezulu - ezicocekileyo ze-precursor zifikelela kwi-99.5-99.9% yococeko kunye nomxholo wentsimbi ngaphantsi kwe-5 ppm. Izinto ezenziwe ngokutsha zecathode kufuneka zihlanjululwe kakhulu ukuze kususwe ukungcola okuqokelelweyo kumjikelo webhetri wangaphambili.

Izinto ezisebenzayo zeCathode zihlala ekudibaneni kwezinto zesayensi, i-electrochemistry, kunye nobunjineli bokuvelisa. Inguqu eqhubekayo yecathode chemistries{1}}ukulinganisa ukusebenza, iindleko, kunye nozinzo{2}}iya kubumba isantya sokwamkelwa kwemoto yombane kunye nokusasazwa kogcino lwamandla ahlaziyekayo kule minyaka ilishumi izayo.