Yintoni Uzinzo lweGridi?
Uzinzo lwegridi lubhekiselele kwisakhono sombane sokugcina ubonelelo olulungeleleneyo kunye nemfuno ngelixa ugcina amandla ombane kunye namaxesha ngaphakathi kwemida ekhuselekileyo yokusebenza. Le bhalansi iqinisekisa unikezelo lwamandla oluqhubekayo, oluthembekileyo kubathengi naxa ukuphazamiseka okungalindelekanga kwenzeka, njengokusilela kwesixhobo okanye utshintsho olukhawulezileyo lwemfuno.
Ingcinga ibalulekile kuba iigridi ezingazinzanga zikhokelela ekonakaleni kwezixhobo, ukusilela kokuphola, kunye nokucima umbane okuxhaphakileyo okuphazamisa iinkonzo ezibalulekileyo. Iigridi zale mihla zijongene nozinzo olukhulayo lomngeni njengoko zitshintsha ukusuka ekuveliseni amafutha efosili ukuya kwimithombo eguquguqukayo ehlaziyekayo efana nelanga nomoya, etshintsha ngokusisiseko indlela uthungelwano olugcina ngayo ukulingana.
Iintsika ezintathu zozinzo lweGridi
Uzinzo lwegridi luxhomekeke kwizinto ezintathu ezidityanisiweyo ezisebenza kunye ukugcina unikezelo lwamandla oluthembekileyo.
Uzinzo rhoqo
Ireyithi yokuphindaphinda imele umyinge wokutshintshana kwemijikelo yangoku{0}}okuyi-50 Hz eYurophu okanye 60 Hz eMntla Melika. Xa ukuveliswa kombane kunye nokulinganisela kokusetyenziswa ngokugqibeleleyo, i-frequency ihlala ihleli. Nakuphi na ukungalingani kubangela ukukhukuliseka rhoqo kumaxabiso ekujoliswe kuwo.
Izityalo zamandla emveli ziqulathe iiiturbines ezinkulu ezijikelezayo kunye neejenereyitha ezimelana ngokwemvelo notshintsho olwenziwa rhoqo ngenxa yokungashukumi komzimba. Ukuba imfuno ngesiquphe iyenyuka, obu bunzima bujikelezayo bucotha kancinane, ukuguqula amandla e-kinetic abe ngumbane kwaye kuthintele ukuhla kwamaza. Oku kwenzeka ngokuzenzekelayo, ukuthenga ixesha leenkqubo zokulawula ukulungelelanisa ukuphuma kwamandla.
Igridi kufuneka igcine amaza omoya phakathi kokunyamezelana okuqinileyo{0}}ngokwesiqhelo ±0.2 Hz. Unxaxha olungaphaya kwale mida lubangela ukuba izixhobo ezikhuselayo ziqhawulwe, okunokwenzeka ukuba ziphumele ekuphumeni okubanzi. Ngo-2021, iTexas yafumana ukwehla okukhulu rhoqo ngexesha lezaqhwithi zasebusika xa isizukulwana singenako ukuhambelana nemfuno, okubangele ukucima kukagesi okuchaphazela izigidi.
Ukuzinza kombane
Uzinzo lwe-voltage lubandakanya ukugcina uxinzelelo lombane olufanelekileyo kulo lonke uthungelwano kunye nokuhanjiswa kwenethiwekhi. Umbane omncinci kakhulu ubangela ukuphuma kwebrown kunye nokungasebenzi kakuhle kwezixhobo. Umbane ogqithisileyo uyonakalisa ukugquma kwaye unciphisa ubomi besixhobo.
Umceli mngeni uqina ngomgama. Njengoko umbane uhamba ngeentambo zothumelo, amandla ombane ayancipha ngokwendalo ngenxa yokuxhathisa. Abaqhubi begridi basebenzisa ii-transformers, iibhanki ze-capacitor, kunye nembuyekezo yamandla asebenzayo ukugcina amandla ombane ngaphakathi koluhlu olwamkelekileyo{2}}ngokuqhelekileyo ±5% yamaxabiso aqhelekileyo.
Imithwalo enzima ngexesha leemfuno eziphakamileyo yenza uzinzo lombane. Iinjini zemizi-mveliso, iinkqubo zokupholisa umoya, kunye namaziko amakhulu edatha asebenzisa amandla amakhulu asebenzayo, anokubangela ukuhla kwamandla ombane ukuba awalawulwa kakuhle. Abaqhubi begridi bahlala bejonga amanqanaba ombane kwiindawo ezibalulekileyo kwaye basebenzise amanyathelo okulawula ukuthintela ukuthotywa.
Uzinzo oludlulayo
Uzinzo oludlulayo lubhekisa ekukwazini kwegridi ukumelana nezothuso ngequbuliso{0}}zokubetha kombane, iisekethe ezimfutshane, ukusilela kwesixhobo, okanye umonakalo wentambo yothumelo. Ezi ziphazamiso zinokubangela ujingi lwamandla olunobundlobongela olusongela ukunkqonkqoza iijeneretha ngaphandle kongqamaniso.
Xa iijenereyitha zilahlekelwa ulungelelwaniso, ziyatsalana ngombane, zenza i-oscillations eyonakalisayo. Iinkqubo zokukhusela kufuneka zisebenze kwii-milliseconds ukuze zihlukanise iimpazamo kwaye zithintele ukungaphumeleli kwe-cascade. Ukucima koMntla-mpuma ngo-2003 kubonise indlela ukusilela kwentambo enye yothumelo kunokusasazeka ngokhuseleko olungafanelekanga, ekugqibeleni luchaphazele abantu abazizigidi ezingama-50.
Iigridi zanamhlanje zisebenzisa iileya ezininzi zokukhusela. Ugqithiso lubona iimeko ezingaqhelekanga kwaye luqhawule amacandelo achaphazelekayo. Iisistim ezizenzekelayo zihambisa amandla ngenye indlela. Oovimba bogcino bemi bekulungele ukuhlawula isizukulwana esilahlekileyo. Oku kungafuneki kungqina ukuba kubalulekile-iigridi kufuneka ziphile kwilahleko yejenereyitha yazo enye enkulu okanye intambo yothumelo ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka okubanzi.
Indlela iigridi zesiNtu zigcine uzinzo
Kangangamashumi eminyaka, oomatshini abakhulu bamandla abekwe embindini babonelela ngeenzuzo ozinzo lwendalo abanokuthi abaqhubi baxhomekeke kuzo ngongenelelo olungephi.
Amalahle, irhasi, kunye nezityalo zenyukliya zibonise izixhobo ezijikelezayo{{0}iiturbines, iijenereyitha, kunye neemotor{1}}ezijikeleza ngongqamaniso negrid frequency. Obu bunzima bujikelezayo bugcine amandla amakhulu e-kinetic, ukudala inertia yendalo eyayixhathisa utshintsho lwamaza. Isixhobo samalahle esiqhelekileyo esingama-500 MW sinokuqulatha imizuzwana emi-5-10 yogcino lwamandla e-kinetic, ngokwaneleyo ukuzinzisa amaza ngamaxesha ophazamiseko oluninzi.
Ezi jenereyitha eziqhelekileyo zikwabonelela ngamandla okuthunyelwa. Abaqhubi banokunyusa okanye behle imveliso kwimizuzu ngokuhlengahlengisa igalelo lamafutha. Oku kulawulwa kwenza unikezelo lokulinganisa kunye nemfuno ngokuthe ngqo. Ukulahla amaza egridi? Yandisa ukuhamba komphunga kwiiinjini zomoya. Ukunyuka rhoqo? Nciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwamafutha.
Ngaphaya koko, iijenereyitha ezihambelanayo zitofa ngokuzenzekelayo amandla asebenzayo ukuxhasa amandla ombane. Ukuziphatha kwabo kombane ngokwendalo kutyhalele ngasemva ngokuchasene nokuguquguquka kwamandla ombane, kubanika uzinzo-lokuzilawula. Iinjineli ziyila iigridi zicinga ukuba ezi mpawu ziya kuhlala zikhona.
Inkqubo yasebenza ngokuthembekileyo. Abathengi base-US banamava angaphantsi kweeyure ezintlanu zokucima rhoqo ngonyaka nge-avareji-99.95% yokuthembeka. Ukucima okuninzi kwenzeke kwimigca yokusasaza yendawo ukusuka kumalungu omthi okanye iingozi zemoto, hayi ukusuka ekungazinzini kwenkqubo yesambuku.
Umngeni wokuGuqulwa kwamandla aVuselelwayo
Utshintsho lwehlabathi kumandla ahlaziyekayo lutshintsha ngokusisiseko uzinzo lwegridi, luzisa imiceli mngeni kuyilo lwemveli olungazange lucingelwe.
Ingxaki ye-Inertia
Iipaneli zelanga kunye nee-injini zomoya ziqhagamshela kwiigridi ngokusebenzisa ii-inverters ze-elektroniki zamandla, kungekhona oomatshini abajikelezayo. Ezi ziguquli azinabo ubunzima bomzimba obujikelezayo kungqamaniso kunye nefrikhwensi yegridi. Xa i-spikes yemfuno, ayinakukhulula ngokuzenzekelayo amandla e-kinetic agciniweyo kuba akukho nanye.
Uphando luwuqingqa lo mba ngokuchanekileyo. Uphononongo kwiinkqubo zovavanyo lwe-IEEE lubonisa ukuba ukutshintshwa kwe-40% ye-synchronous generation kunye nezinto ezihlaziyiweyo kunokunciphisa inertia yenkqubo nge-60%. Oku kucuthwa kwenza ukuba rhoqo kuchaphazeleke ngakumbi kuphazamiso{4}}umlinganiselo wotshintsho lwefrikhwensi unokuphinda-phindwe kathathu, ukunika iinkqubo zolawulo ixesha elincinane lokuphendula.
I-California kunye ne-Texas, ezinohlaziyo oluphezulu lokungena, zifumene ukuguquguquka rhoqo -isandla kuqala. Ngexesha langokuhlwa xa imveliso yelanga isihla ngokukhawuleza, abaqhubi benkqubo bayasokola ukugcina amaxesha amaninzi njengoko izityalo eziqhelekileyo zinyuka. Iisistim zokugcinwa kwebhetri ngoku zibonelela nge-millisecond{3}}ummiselo wokuphendula rhoqo owawungafuneki kwiminyaka elishumi eyadlulayo.
Ucelomngeni lweZithuba
Ngokungafaniyo nezityalo zamalahle ezivelisa amandla azinzileyo xa sele eqalile, imveliso ehlaziyekayo iyaguquguquka ngokwemeko yemozulu. Ilifu elinye elidlulayo linokunciphisa imveliso yefama yelanga ngama-70% ngemizuzwana. Imveliso yomoya iyahluka ngeyure, yonke imihla, kunye namaxesha onyaka ngokusekwe kwiipateni zemozulu.
Lo mahluko wenza nzima unikezelo -ulungelelwaniso lwemfuno. Abaqhubi begridi kufuneka baqhubeke beqikelela imveliso ehlaziyekayo kwaye bacwangcise ukuveliswa kogcino. Iimpazamo zoqikelelo ziguqulela ngokuthe ngqo kwimingcipheko yokuzinza. Ngeentsuku apho imveliso yomoya ihla ngesiquphe ngaphantsi koqikelelo, abaqhubi kufuneka bafake ngokukhawuleza oovimba{4}}okanye bajongane neengxaki zamaza.
"Ijika ledada" laseCalifornia libonisa umngeni. Isizukulwana selanga sifikelela incopho yasemini emaqanda, size siye kutshona emva kwemini xa ilanga litshona. Imfuno ngaxeshanye iyenyuka njengoko abantu bebuyela ekhaya kwaye bavule izixhobo zombane. Abasebenzisi begridi kufuneka banyuse imveliso yesiqhelo nge-13,000 MW kwiiyure nje ezintathu{5}}umlinganiselo ocinezela amandla enkqubo nokwandisa umngcipheko wokungazinzi.
Umngeni weSizukulwana esiSasazo
Ngokwembali, umbane wawuhamba unidirectionally: ukusuka kwizityalo ezinkulu ngeentambo zothumelo ukuya kubathengi. Ilanga eluphahleni kunye nomoya osasaziweyo ubuyisela umva le paradigm, ukwenza abathengi nabo babe ngabavelisi. Amandla ngoku ahamba macala omabini kumanqanaba okusasaza angazange ayilelwe ukusebenza okunjalo.
Oku kusasazwa kwenza nzima ulawulo lombane. Xa ukuveliswa kwelanga ebumelwaneni kudlula imfuno yendawo, amandla ombane anyuka ngaphaya kwemida eyamkelekileyo. Ukuhanjiswa kweenguqu kunye namava ezixhobo zokunxiba okukhawulezileyo. Izixokelelwano zokhuseleko eziyilwe zicingela ukuhamba kwamandla ahlukeneyo zinokusilela ukubona umva{3}}iimpazamo ezihambayo.
Abaqhubi begridi baphulukana nokubonakala kwisizukulwana esisasazwayo. Ngokungafaniyo nezityalo ezisembindini ezinonxibelelwano oluthe ngqo, amawaka eenkqubo zophahla zisebenza ngokuzimeleyo. Abaqhubi abanako ukulawula ngokuthe ngqo esi sizukulwana ngexesha likaxakeka, ukunciphisa amandla abo okugcina uzinzo ngexesha elinzima.
Izisombululo zozinzo zanamhlanje
Iinjineli kunye nabaphandi baye baphuhlisa iindlela ezininzi zokugcina uzinzo lwegridi njengoko ukunyuka okuhlaziywayo kokungena, nganye ijongana nemingeni ethile yobugcisa.
IiNkqubo zokuGcina amandla ebhetri
Iibhetri zivele njengezixhobo ezinamandla zozinzo ngenxa yokusabela kwazo ngokukhawuleza okukhulu. Iinkqubo zebhetri zanamhlanje zinokufaka okanye zifunxe amandla ngaphakathi kwe-20 milliseconds-50 amaxesha ngokukhawuleza kunejenereyitha eziqhelekileyo.
IHornsdale Power Reserve ekuMazantsi eOstreliya, ene-100 MW yebhetri ye-ion yelithium{1}}, ibonise obu buchule ngokumangalisayo. Xa isityalo samalahle siphume ngokungalindelekanga ngaphandle kwe-intanethi ngo-2017, ibhetri iphendule kwi-140 millisecond, ukuzinzisa i-grid frequency ngaphambi kokuba izityalo eziqhelekileyo ziphendule. Oku kuthintele ukusilela okunokwenzeka kwe-cascade.
Amaxabiso ebhetri ehlile nge-90% ukusukela ngo-2010, nto leyo eyenza ukuba igridi{2}}ibe nokusasazwa kakuhle ngokwezoqoqosho. I-California yongeze i-8,000 MW yogcino lwebhetri phakathi kuka-2020-2024, ngoku lolona gxininiso lukhulu kwihlabathi jikelele. Ezi nkqubo zibonelela ngeenkonzo zozinzo ezininzi: ukulawulwa ngamaza, inkxaso yombane, ukutsheva okuphezulu, kunye nokubanakho ukuqala okumnyama.
Iibhetri zamandla{0}}i-lithium{1}}iinkqubo ze-ion eziyilelwe ngokukodwa usetyenziso lwegridi{2}}zahluke kwezo zikwizithuthi zombane. Babeka phambili imveliso yamandla kunye nobomi bomjikelezo ngaphezu koxinano lwamandla, elungiselelwe amawaka entlawulo yemihla ngemihla{4}}yemijikelo yokukhupha. Ikhemistri ye-LFP iya ilawula ugcino lwegridi ngenxa yokhuseleko oluphezulu kunye ne-6,000+ ubomi bomjikelo.
I-Synthetic Inertia Technologies
Ekubeni iinkqubo ezihlaziyiweyo zingenawo amandla okusebenza, iinjineli ziye zavelisa iindlela zokuyixelisa ngombane. Ii-inverters zinokucwangciswa ukubona utshintsho lwamaza kwaye ziphendule ngokulungelelanisa ukuphuma kwamandla ngokulinganayo, ukulinganisa ukuziphatha kwejeneretha ehambelanayo.
Le "virtual inertia" okanye "synthetic inertia" isebenza ngokubeka esweni ukutenxa rhoqo. Xa amaza e-frequency ehla, inkqubo yolawulo inyusa ngokukhawuleza amandla aphuma kwiibhetri okanye ikhuphe okwethutyana amandla e-kinetic ukusuka kwiirotha zeinjini yomoya. Xa i-frequency iphakama, inkqubo inciphisa imveliso. Ixesha lokuphendula libalulekile{3}}uninzi lophumezo lufikelela kwi-100-300 yempendulo ye-millisecond.
Igridi-ezenza iziguquli zimele ukuqhubela phambili ngaphaya kwe-inertia yokwenziwa esisiseko. Kunokuba ulandele i-voltage yegridi kunye ne-frequency, ezi ziguquli ziseka ngokusebenzayo iireferensi zombane, ziziphatha njengejenereyitha zemveli. Iiprojekthi ezininzi kwihlabathi jikelele zibonisa ukusebenza kwazo{3}}ibhetri ye-AGL Broken Hill yaseOstreliya isebenza ngempumelelo kwigridi{4}}indlela yokwenza, ibonelela ngeenkonzo zozinzo ebezifuna iijenereyitha ezihambelanayo ngaphambili.
Uphando oluvela kwiLebhu yeSizwe yaMandla aVuselelwayo iqinisekisa ukuba "ilanga, umoya, kunye nezityalo zamandla ezixutyiweyo zinokubonelela ngomthombo wazo wozinzo lwegridi{0}}ngokunokwenzeka ngokungafaniyo nantoni na ekhoyo ngoku kwigridi" xa zixhotyiswe ngolawulo oluphezulu kunye nokugcinwa kwamandla.
I-synchronous Condensers
Ezinye izinto eziluncedo zikhethe ukugcina oomatshini abajikelezayo ngokukodwa kwiinzuzo zabo zozinzo, nangaphandle kokuvelisa umbane. I-synchronous condensers ngokubalulekayo ziijenereyitha ngaphandle kwee-prime movers-ezinkulu ezijikelezayo ezinikezela nge-inertia kunye nenkxaso yamandla asebenzayo.
U-Elering, umqhubi wothumelo wase-Estonia, ufake ii-condensers ezintathu ze-MVAR ze-synchronous ezintathu ngo-2024 ukuzinzisa igridi yazo ngexesha lokudityaniswa okuhlaziyiweyo. Iyunithi nganye ibonelela nge-1,750 megawatt-imizuzwana ye-inertia{6}}elingana nokugcina amandla ajikelezayo ejenereyitha ekhoyo kwinkxaso yozinzo.
Ezi zixhobo zibonakala zixabisekile kakhulu kwimimandla etshintshayo ukusuka kumafutha efosili. Amanye amagunya aguqula izityalo zamalahle ezithatha umhlala-phantsi zibe zi-condensers ze-synchronous, zigcina iijeneretha zazo ngelixa zisusa iibhoyili kunye neenkqubo zamafutha. Oku kulungiswa ngokutsha kugcina uzinzo lweziseko zophuhliso ngexabiso eliphantsi kunofakelo olutsha.
Ingxaki ibandakanya iindleko kunye nokunyamekela. I-synchronous condensers ifuna ukugcinwa rhoqo kwezixhobo ezijikelezayo, iinkqubo zokupholisa, kunye nezithambiso. Iindleko zokusebenza zidlula ezo ze-elektroniki zamandla angatshintshiyo, nangona abanye abaqhubi bekwamkela oku ngenxa yeempawu zozinzo olomeleleyo olunikezelwa ngaba matshini.
IiNkqubo zoLawulo lweGridi ekwinqanaba eliphezulu
Uzinzo lwangoku luxhomekeke ngakumbi kwisoftware ephucukileyo kunye nezivamvo ezibonelela ngenene{0}}ukubonakala kwexesha kunye nolawulo kuzo zonke iinethiwekhi.
Iinkqubo ezibanzi- zokubeka iliso kwindawo zisebenzisa iiyunithi zokulinganisa i-phasor (PMUs) ukufaka iimeko zegridi kwisisombululo se-millisecond. Ezi zivamvo zibona iipateni zokungazinzi phambi kokuba zisasazeke, nto leyo eyenza ukuba inyathelo lokuqala. I-US yasasaza ngaphezulu kwe-2,000 ye-PMUs ngo-2024, idala ulwazi olungazange lubonwe ngaphambili lwemeko kubasebenzi begridi.
Ubukrelekrele bokwenziwa kunye nokufunda koomatshini kwandisa ulawulo lozinzo. Ii-algorithms ziqikelela imveliso enokuphinda ihlaziywe, imfuno yoqikelelo lwengqikelelo, kunye nokucebisa iishedyuli ezifanelekileyo zokuthumela. Okwenyani{2}}ukulungiso lwexesha lulungelelanisa amawaka ezibonelelo ezisasaziweyo{3}}iibhetri, imithwalo ebhetyebhetye, kunye nesizukulwana esilawulekayo{4}}ukugcina uzinzo ngendlela enempumelelo ngakumbi kunokuba bebenokwenza abantu ngesandla.
Iinkqubo zeempendulo zemfuno zitshintsha iipatheni zokusetyenziswa ukuxhasa uzinzo. Ngexesha leemeko eziqinileyo, iinkqubo ezizenzekelayo zinciphisa imithwalo evela kumaziko athatha inxaxheba kwimizi-mveliso, izakhiwo zorhwebo, kunye ne-thermostats ehlakaniphile. Umthamo wempendulo yemfuno yaseTexas ufikelele kwi-3,500 MW ngo-2024, ngokulingana nokuphepha ukwakhiwa kwemizi-mveliso emithathu emikhulu.
IiMetrikhi zokuZinza kweGridi kunye nokuSebenza
Ukuqonda ukusebenza kwegridi kufuna iimetriki ezinokulinganiseka ezijongwa ngabaqhubi rhoqo.
Iigridi zanamhlanje zifezekisa ukuthembeka okumangalisayo nangona ukwanda kobunzima. Umndilili wamava omthengi wase-US uvalelwa ngaphantsi kwesibini sokungabikho ngonyaka, siphelele ngaphantsi kweeyure ezintlanu{3}}ukugcina i-99.95% yokufumaneka. Phantse zonke izinto ezicimayo zivela kwimiba yokusasazwa kwendawo efana nomonakalo wesiphango, hayi ukungazinzi kwenkqubo yesixa.
Iimethrikhi zokuzinza rhoqo zigxininise kwiiparamitha ezimbini: i-frequency nadir (indawo ephantsi emva kokuphazamiseka) kunye nesantya sokutshintsha kwe-frequency (RoCoF). Iikhowudi zegridi ngokuqhelekileyo zifuna ukuba rhoqo rhoqo kuhlale ngaphezulu kwe-59.5 Hz ngexesha lemeko enzima kakhulu. Imida ye-RoCoF ikhusela izixhobo ezikhuselayo ekukhubekeni kwinkathazo{3}}inkoliso yeenkqubo inyamezela i-0.5-1.0 Hz ngomzuzwana.
Iimetriki zokuzinza kwamandla ombane zigxininisa ukugcinwa kwamandla ombane ngaphakathi kwe-±5% yamaxabiso aqhelekileyo phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo kunye ne-±10% ngexesha leengozi. Imilinganiselo yomgangatho wamandla ilandelela i-harmonics, iflicker, kunye ne-transients ezohlisa ukusebenza kwesixhobo nokuba amandla ombane ahlala amkelekile ngegama.
Amandla enkqubo-amandla okugcina uzinzo lwamaza ombane{1} avele njenge-metric ebalulekileyo. Ilinganisa{3}}umthamo omfutshane wesekethe kwiindawo zoqhagamshelwano lwegridi. Imimandla enokungena okuphezulu okuhlaziyiweyo ngamanye amaxesha ijongene namandla angonelanga enkqubo, efuna iziseko zozinzo olongezelelweyo ngaphambi kokudibanisa izinto ezihlaziyiweyo.
I-California ibonise ulawulo oluphumelelayo lozinzo ngexesha lehlobo lika-2024. Ngaphandle kokushisa kwerekhodi kunye ne-18 GW yesizukulwana selanga (i-21% yemfuno ephezulu), igridi igcine ukuthembeka ngaphandle kokukhupha izilumkiso eziguquguqukayo. Ugcino lwebhetri olukhupha ama-8,000 MW ngamaxesha orhatyazo lubonakale lubalulekile kule mpumelelo.
Iimpembelelo zezoQoqosho nezeNtlalo
Uzinzo lwegridi luchaphazela ngaphezu kokuthembeka kobugcisa{0}}kuphembelela uqoqosho, ulingano, kunye nentlalontle yoluntu{1}}.
Ukungazinzi kudla uqoqosho lwase-US malunga ne-150 yeebhiliyoni zeerandi ngonyaka ngenxa yokungabikho kunye nemiba yobulunga bamandla. Amaziko edatha, amaziko okuvelisa, kunye nezibhedlele zijongene neziphumo ezibi ngenxa yokuphazamiseka okomzuzwana. I-voltage sag enye inokonakalisa iinkqubo zamashishini, ukuchitha iiyure zokuvelisa kunye nokumosha izinto.
Ezi ndleko zibathwalisa nzima ngokulinganayo abantu abasesichengeni. Uluntu{1}} olunemivuzo ephantsi kunye neendawo zasemaphandleni zihlala zihlala ixesha elide ngenxa yeziseko ezingundoqo kunye nokulibaziseka kokubuyiselwa. Ngexesha lesaqhwithi sasebusika sase-Texas sika-2021, ukuphuma kwahamba kwaya kutsho kwiintsuku kwezinye iindawo ezikufutshane ngelixa abanye babenamandla abuyiselwe kwiiyure nje ezimbalwa.
Ukugcina uzinzo ngelixa utshintshela kwizinto ezihlaziyiweyo kufuna utyalo-mali olukhulu. ISebe lezaMandla lase-US labele i-30 yeebhiliyoni zeedola kuphuculo lothumelo kunye nokuphuculwa kwegridi phakathi kowama-2022-2024. Utyalo-mali olongezelelweyo luqukuqela kwindawo yokugcina ibhetri, ii-inverters eziphambili, kunye neenkqubo zokubeka iliso. Ezi ndleko ekugqibeleni zinempembelelo kumazinga ombane, nangona iinzuzo ezisuka kusetyenziso olucuthiweyo lwamafutha aphantsi komhlaba kunye nothintelo lomonakalo wemozulu zidla ngokuba ngaphaya kweendleko zenguqu.
Iinguqu zengqesho zikhapha inguqu yozinzo. Izikhundla zabasebenzisi bemizi-mveliso yamandla emveli ziyehla njengoko amaziko ethatha umhlala-phantsi, ngelixa imfuno ikhula kwiingcali zenkqubo yebhetri, iinjineli zombane wombane, kunye nabaphuhlisi besoftware yegridi. Iinkqubo zoqeqesho ngokutsha lwabasebenzi zinceda abasebenzi abagxothiweyo ukuba batshintshele kwiindima ezisakhulayo kuthungelwano oluphuculweyo.
Iiyantlukwano zeNgingqi kunye ne-Case Studies
Imimandla eyahlukeneyo ijongene nemingeni yozinzo ekhethekileyo esekwe kumxube wabo wezixhobo, ijografi, kunye nezakhiwo zolawulo.
Ibhetri yaseCalifornia{0}}Uzinzo olunamandla
ICalifornia ikhokelela ekugcinweni kwebhetri, eqhutywa ziithagethi ezinohlaziyo ezinobundlobongela kunye neemfuno zozinzo. Urhulumente wongeze ngaphezulu kwe-5,000 MW yomthamo webhetri phakathi kowama-2021-2024, ngoku ebonelela ngeenkonzo zozinzo ezibalulekileyo ebezifudula zifuna amaziko egesi.
Okthobha 2024 ubonakalise obu buchule. Iinkqubo zebhetri zikhuphe i-8,000 MW ngexesha lemfuno ephezulu yangokuhlwa, ukugudisa ukwehla kokuveliswa kwelanga kunye nokugcina uzinzo kwigridi. Okokuqala, urhulumente ufezekise i-100% yokusebenza kwamandla acocekileyo kwi-60% yeentsuku, ebonisa ukuba izinto ezihlaziyiweyo kunye nozinzo zikho kunye neziseko ezingundoqo ezifanelekileyo.
Udibaniso oluVuselelwa eTexas
I-Texas isebenzisa igridi ekwanti (ERCOT) enoqhagamshelo olulinganiselweyo kwimimandla engabamelwane, iqinisa imingeni yozinzo. Urhulumente wongeze ngokukhawuleza umoya kunye nelanga{1}ngoku ngama-40% omthamo wokuvelisa{3}}ngelixa ugcina uzinzo ngamaza omoya ngokuyila iindlela zentengiso.
I-ERCOT ithenge inertia yokwenziwa kunye nokuphendula okukhawulezileyo okuvela kwiibhetri kunye neefama zomoya ngokusebenzisa iimarike zenkonzo ezincedisayo. Ngo-2024, izixhobo ezingezizo{2}}zemveli zibonelele nge-35% yolawulo lwamaza, ukunciphisa ukuxhomekeka kwiijenereyitha eziqhelekileyo. Nangona kunjalo, uqhwithela lwasebusika luka-2021 luveze ubuthathaka{6}}imozulu egqithileyo ngaxeshanye yanciphisa isizukulwana kunye nemfuno emandla engaphaya kwemida yozinzo.
Igridi yaseOstreliya{0}}Ukwenza izisombululo
ISouth Australia ifumene i-70% yokungena ngokutsha ngo-2024, efuna iindlela ezintsha zokuzinza. Ukwandiswa kwe-Hornsdale Power Reserve ukuya kwi-150 MW kuquke igridi{4}}indlela yokwenza, ivumela ukusebenza kwebhetri ngaphandle kweejenereyitha ezihambelanayo ezikufutshane.
I-Australian Energy Market Operator iphuhlise iimarike ezitsha zokuzinza, ukuhlawula izibonelelo ze-inertia kunye neenkonzo zamandla enkqubo. Esi sikhokelo soqoqosho sikhawulezise ukusasazwa kozinzo{1}}oluphucula ubugcisa ngelixa kurhoxa amaziko amalahle. Ngo-2024, uMzantsi Ostreliya wagcina ukuthembeka nangona isizukulwana esincinci esilungelelanisiweyo ngexesha eliphezulu elinokuhlaziywa.
Izalathiso kunye neeTekhnoloji ezisakhulayo
Izisombululo zozinzo lwegridi ziyaqhubeka zivela njengoko ukungena okunokuhlaziywa kusanda kwaye nobuchwepheshe obutsha bukhula.
Ugcino lwamandla e-Hydrogen lunikezela{0}}inkxaso yozinzo lwexesha elide ngaphaya kwamandla ebhetri. Ii-electrolyzers ziguqula umbane ohlaziyekayo ogqithileyo ube yi-hydrogen ngamaxesha obuninzi. Iiseli ze-fuel okanye ii-hydrogen turbines ziphinda zivelise umbane ngexesha lokunqongophala, ukubonelela ngokugcinwa kwexesha elithile ukuba iibhetri zingenako ukubonelela ngoqoqosho. Iinkonzo ezininzi zaseYurophu zicwangcisa ukudityaniswa kokugcinwa kwe-hydrogen ngo-2026-2028.
Isithuthi-ukuya{1}}kwigridi (V2G) ubuchwepheshe busebenzisa ibhetri yemoto yombane ukuzinza kwegridi. Ngeenkuthazo ezifanelekileyo, izigidi zee-EV ezipakiweyo zinokuhlangana ngokudibeneyo ukubonelela ngolawulo olukhulu lwamaza kunye nomthamo wenkxaso yombane. Ukudibana kweIbhetri yaMandlaukuqhubela phambili kobuchwephesha -eyayiphuhliselwe izithuthi zombane ekuqaleni{1}kunye negridi yokugcina izicelo yenza izinto ezimbini{2}}ezinokwenzeka zokusetyenziswa apho iibhetri ze-EV zinokubonelela ngezothutho kunye neemfuno zokuzinzisa igridi. Iinkqubo ezilingwayo zibonisa ukuba nokwenzeka kobugcisa{4}}umceli mngeni ubandakanya uphuhliso lweemarike kunye nemithetho yomthetho ebuyekeza ngokufanelekileyo abanini-zithuthi ngelixa ikhusela impilo yebhetri.
Izixokelelwano zogcino lwamandla kazibuthe eSuperconducting (SMES) zibonelela nge-ultra-inaliti yamandla ekhawulezayo yozinzo oludlulayo. Ezi zixhobo zigcina amandla kwiinkalo zamagnetic, zikhupha kwii-millisecond ngexesha lokuphazamiseka. Ngelixa zibiza kakhulu, i-SMES ingqina ukuba ixabisekile kwiindawo ezibalulekileyo zoqhagamshelo lwegridi apho imida yozinzo ibhityile.
Izinto eziphezulu ziphucula ukusebenza kwe-elektroniki yamandla. I-Silicon carbide kunye ne-gallium nitride semiconductors yenza ukuba ii-inverters zisebenze ngokufanelekileyo, isantya sokutshintsha ngokukhawuleza, kunye nolawulo olungcono lwe-thermal. Ezi mpawu zonyusa amandla okulawula uzinzo ngelixa zinciphisa ubungakanani besixhobo kunye neendleko.
Usetyenziso lwekhompuyutha yeQuantum lunokuguqula ukwenziwa kwegridi. Ukudityaniswa kobunzima bokwandisa amawaka ezibonelelo ezisasaziweyo ngexesha lokwenyani{1}}kugqithise ubuchule bekhompyuter obuqhelekileyo. Ii-algorithms ze-Quantum zinokusombulula ezi ngxaki zi-odolo zobukhulu ngokukhawuleza, okwenza ukuba ulawulo lozinzo oluphucukileyo njengoko iigridi zikhula zintsonkotha.
Imibuzo ebuzwa qho
Kwenzeka ntoni xa uzinzo lwegridi lusilela?
Ukungaphumeleli kozinzo kwigridi kubonakala njengokuphambuka rhoqo okanye ukuphambukiswa kwamandla ombane ngaphaya kwemida ekhuselekileyo, okunokubanga ukonakala kwesixhobo kunye nokuphuma kombane. Iinkqubo zokukhusela zikhupha ngokuzenzekelayo iindawo ezichaphazelekayo ukukhusela umonakalo obanzi, obangela ukucima umbane. Ukubuyisela kunokuthatha iiyure okanye iintsuku ngokuxhomekeke kubunzima bokusilela, njengoko abaqhubi kufuneka bavuselele ngononophelo{2}}amacandelo ngelixa begcina uzinzo. Ukucima koMntla-mpuma ngo-2003 kubonise indlela ukungabikho kozinzo olwenzeka ngayo{5}}ukusilela kwentambo yosasazo okwandiswa ngolawulo olungonelanga, ekugqibeleni kuchaphazele abantu abazizigidi ezingama-50 kumazwe asibhozo ase-US naseKhanada.
Ngaba iigridi zamandla ahlaziyekayo zinokufikelela uzinzo olufanayo njengegridi zamafutha efosili?
Ewe, iigridi zamandla ahlaziyekayo zinokungqamana okanye zigqithise uzinzo kwigridi yefosili xa zixhotyiswe ngobugcisa obufanelekileyo. Ukugcinwa kwebhetri, iinkqubo ze-inertia zokwenziwa, kunye nolawulo lwegridi ephucukileyo lubonelela ngeenkonzo zozinzo ngokwesiko ezibonelelwa ziijenereyitha ezijikelezayo. I-California ibonise obu buchule ngo-2024, isebenza nge-100% yamandla acocekileyo kwi-60% yeentsuku ngelixa igcina ukuthembeka. Isitshixo sibandakanya ukubekwa kozinzo olwaneleyo{6}}iibhetri, igridi{7}}ezenza ii-inverters, kunye neenkqubo zolawulo{8}}kunye nokuveliswa okuvuselelekayo. Uphononongo oluvela kwiLebhu yeSizwe yaMandla aVuselelekayo aqinisekisa ukuba izinto ezihlaziyiweyo zinokubonelela ngeenkonzo zozinzo "ezingafaniyo nayo nantoni na ekhoyo ngoku kwigridi" xa iyilwe ngokufanelekileyo.
Iinkqubo zokugcina amandla ebhetri ziluphucula njani uzinzo lwegridi?
Iinkqubo zokugcina amandla ebhetri zomeleza uzinzo ngeendlela ezininzi ezisebenza ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo. Ukuzinza rhoqo, iibhetri ziphendula ngaphakathi kwe-20-100 millisecond ukutofa okanye ukufunxa amandla, ngokukhawuleza kakhulu kunejenereyitha eziqhelekileyo ezifuna i-5{6}}10 imizuzwana. Ukuzinza kwamandla ombane, iibhetri zibonelela ngenkxaso yamandla asebenzayo, ukugcina amanqanaba ombane afanelekileyo kwinethiwekhi. Kulawulo lwamandla, iibhetri zigcina ukuveliswa okwenziwa ngokutsha okugqithisileyo ngexesha eliphantsi{9}ixesha lemfuno kunye nokukhutshwa ngexesha leencopho, ukugudisa ukungalingani kwemfuno yobonelelo. I-Hornsdale Power Reserve e-Australia ibonise ezi zakhono, ukuzinzisa i-grid frequency ngaphakathi kwe-140 millisecond ngexesha lokusilela kwesityalo samalahle-ukuthintela ukucima okunokwenzeka okuchaphazela amawaka abathengi.
Kutheni le nto ukunciphisa inertia umba uzinzo kwigridi?
I-inertia imele amandla ajikelezayo agciniweyo kwiijeneretha ezijikelezayo ezichasa ngokuzenzekelayo utshintsho lwamaza. Xa ijenereyitha ihamba ngaphandle kweintanethi, inertia icothisa ukuhla rhoqo, inika ixesha leenkqubo zokulawula ukuba zisebenze oovimba. -Iigridi ze-inertia eziphantsi zifumana utshintsho olukhawulezayo lwefrikhwensi-enokuthi yehle ukusuka ku-60 Hz ukuya ku-59.5 Hz ngaphantsi kwesekhondi enye kune-5{12}}imizuzwana eyi-10. Olu tshintsho olukhawulezayo lucela umngeni kwizixhobo zokukhusela kunye neenkqubo zokulawula ezenzelwe iimpendulo ezicothayo. Uphando lubonisa ukutshintsha i-40% ye-synchronous generation kunye ne-renewables inokunciphisa inertia nge-60%, iphinda kathathu isantya sokutshintsha rhoqo ngexesha lokuphazamiseka. Iisistim ze-Synthetic inertia ziyawuthoba lo mba ngokulinganisa ngombane ukuzinza kobunzima bomzimba obujikelezayo.
Indlela eya Phambili
Uzinzo lwegridi lumele omnye weyona mingeni ibalulekileyo yobugcisa kutshintsho lwamandla ehlabathi. Ukugcina ngempumelelo amandla athembekileyo ngelixa utshintshela kwimithombo ehlaziyekayo kufuna iinzame ezilungelelanisiweyo kulo lonke uphuhliso lwetekhnoloji, uyilo lwemarike, kunye nezikhokelo zolawulo.
Izisombululo zobugcisa zikhona kwaye ziyaqhubeka nokuphucula. Iibhetri, inertia yokwenziwa, igridi{1}}ezenza ii-inverters, kunye nolawulo oluphambili lubonelela ngeenkonzo zozinzo olulingana okanye olungcono kuneendlela zemveli. Iindleko ziyehla njengoko izikali zokuthumela{3}}amaxabiso ebhetri ehle nge-90% kule minyaka ilishumi idlulileyo, iguqula ukusebenza koqoqosho.
Izakhiwo zemarike kufuneka ziguquke ukuze zixabise ngokufanelekileyo iinkonzo zozinzo. Amandla emveli{1} kuphela iimarike azibuyiseli ngokwaneleyo izixhobo zokubonelela ngolawulo lwamaza, inkxaso yombane, kunye ne-inetia. I-California, i-Texas, kunye ne-Australia iphuhlise iimveliso zemarike ezintsha ezihlawulela ngokucacileyo iminikelo yozinzo, ikhuthaza ukuthunyelwa kobuchwepheshe obufanelekileyo.
Izikhokelo zolawulo zifuna uhlaziyo ukuze kulungiselelwe iiparadigms ezintsha uzinzo. Iikhowudi zegridi ezibhalelwe iijenereyitha ezihambelanayo zifuna uhlaziyo ukuze zikhankanye iimfuno zokusebenza kwi-inverter{1}esekelwe kwimithombo. Iinkqubo zoqhagamshelo kufuneka zivavanye amandla enkqubo kunye neempembelelo zozinzo, hayi nje umthamo wokuvelisa.
Utshintsho lufuna utyalo-mali olukhulu kodwa luzisa iinzuzo ezibalulekileyo ngaphaya kozinzo. Ukusetyenziswa kwe-fossil okucuthiweyo kunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwegesi ye-greenhouse, ukujongana nabaqhubi benguqu yemozulu. Ukugcinwa okuphuculweyo kunye nokuguquguquka kwenza ukuba kungene okuphezulu okuvuselelekayo, ukukhawulezisa i-decarbonization. Ukubek'esweni okuphuculweyo kunye nolawulo lwenza iigridi ezomelela ngakumbi ezixhotyiswe ngcono ukumelana neziganeko zemozulu ezigqithileyo.
Uzinzo lwegridi kwixesha elivuselelekayo lohluka ngokwesiseko kwiindlela zemveli, kodwa luhlala lufikeleleka ngocwangciso olufanelekileyo, utyalo-mali, kunye nokusasazwa kwetekhnoloji. Ubungqina obuvela kwimimandla ehamba phambili bubonisa ukuba amandla acocekileyo kunye namandla athembekileyo azichasananga iinjongo -zinjongo ezihambelanayo ezifuna indibaniselwano ecingisisiweyo.
