Yintoni ukuthotywa kweBattery?

Ukuthotywa kwebhetri kukucutheka ngokusisigxina kumthamo webhetri ukugcina nokuhambisa amandla ekuhambeni kwexesha. Le nkqubo ibangela ukuba izixhobo zibambe umrhumo omncinci kwaye zisebenze ngokufanelekileyo, ngokuthe ngcembe ziya ziba mandundu kumjikelo ngamnye wentlawulo kunye nonyaka odlulayo.

Ngaphakathi kwebhetri etshajwayo, ukuphendula kweekhemikhali kwenza ukuba kugcinwe amandla kunye nokukhulula. Ngexesha lokutshaja kunye nokukhupha, i-ion ze-lithium zihamba phakathi kwee-electrode ezimbini ngesisombululo se-electrolyte. Ezi ntshukumo ziphindaphindwayo zibangela ukusabela okusecaleni okonakalise kancinane amalungu angaphakathi.

Umaleko oqinileyo we-electrolyte interphase (SEI) wenzeka kwi-anode ngexesha lokutshaja okokuqala kwaye uyaqhubeka nokukhula kubomi bebhetri. Ngelixa olu luhlu luqala ukukhusela i-electrode, ukwandiswa kwayo okuqhubekayo kudla i-lithium ion kwaye kuvimbele ukuhamba kwazo. Uphononongo olusuka ku-2024 luchonga ukukhula kwe-SEI njengeyona ndlela iphambili emva kokuphelelwa amandlalithium ion ibhetriiinkqubo.

Uxinzelelo lomzimba ludibanisa umonakalo wekhemikhali. Izinto ze-Electrode zandisa kwaye zikhontrakthi ngexesha lomjikelo ngamnye, zenza ii-cracks microscopic. Ezi fractures zinciphisa indawo yomphezulu we-electrode ekhoyo ukwenzela ukusabela. Ukubola kwe-Electrolyte ngaxeshanye kwandisa ukuchasana kwangaphakathi, okwenza kube nzima ukuba iiyoni zihambe. Ukudibanisa kwezi ndlela kuchaza ukuba kutheni iibhetri zilahlekelwa yi-1-3% yamandla abo ngonyaka phantsi kokusetyenziswa okuqhelekileyo.

Battery Degradation

Ubushushu bume njengeyona nto ibalulekileyo yoxinzelelo. Uphando oluvela kwiPhysical Chemistry Chemical Physics lubonisa ukuba ukutenxa ukusuka kwi-25℃kukhawulezisa amazinga okusilela. Ukushisa ngaphezu kwe-40 isantya sesantya sokuphendula kweekhemikhali esaphula amacandelo ebhetri, ngelixa ukubanda ngaphantsi kwe-0℃kuthintela ukunyakaza kwe-ion kwaye kunokubangela i-lithium plating eyingozi ngexesha lokutshaja.

Iipateni zokutshaja zichaphazela ngokuthe ngqo isantya sokuthotywa kwesidima. Ukutshaja ngokukhawuleza kuvelisa ubushushu bangaphakathi kwaye kunyanzelise i-ion ukuba ihambe ngokukhawuleza, inyusa uxinzelelo lomatshini kwii-electrode. Idatha evela ku-2024 uhlalutyo lwe-Geotab lubonisa ukuba iibhetri ze-EV zithobisa kwi-1.8% kuphela ngonyaka kunye nolawulo olufanelekileyo lwe-thermal, ukusuka kwi-2.3% ngo-2019.

Imeko yentlawulo ogcina okanye oyigcinayo iibhetri ibaluleke kakhulu. Ukugcina iibhetri kwi-100% yentlawulo kukhawulezisa i-electrode oxidation, ngelixa ukuzigcina kufutshane ne-0% kunokubangela umonakalo wesakhiwo. Ukuguga kweKhalenda kwenzeka naxa iibhetri zihleli zingasetyenziswa{4}}into eqhutywa ziikhemikhali eziqhubekayo eziqhubekayo nokuba zisetyenziswa.

Ubunzulu bokukhutshwa buchaphazela iipatheni zokugqoka. Imijikelo enzulu phakathi kwe-20-80% ibangela uxinzelelo oluncinci kunemijikelo epheleleyo ukusuka kwi-0-100%. Nangona kunjalo, impembelelo ibonakalisa encinci kuneempembelelo zeqondo lokushisa. Ibhetri ejikelezwe ngokuphakathi kwindawo epholileyo iya kudlula egcinwe igcwaliswe ngokupheleleyo kubushushu, nokuba ibhetri ayiboni kusetyenziswa.

Ukucuthwa kwexesha lokusebenza kubonakala njengolona phawu lucacileyo. I-smartphone ekhe yahlala iiyure ezili-12 inokulawula iiyure ezili-9 kuphela emva konyaka isetyenziswa. Izithuthi zombane amava eemoto zombane ziyehla, nangona ii-EV zangoku zigcina ukusebenza okuqinileyo{4}}uhlalutyo lwe-Geotab lwezithuthi ezingama-5,000 lufumanise ukuba imifuziselo{7}}eqhuba kakuhle ibonisa kuphela i-1.0% yokuthotywa ngonyaka.

Ukuchasana kwangaphakathi kuyanda njengoko ukuthotywa kuqhubeka, kubangela ukuba iibhetri zifudumale ngakumbi ngexesha lokusetyenziswa. Oku kudala iluphu yengxelo apho amaqondo obushushu aphezulu akhawulezisa ukuthotywa okungaphezulu. Unokuqaphela izixhobo zifudumala ngexesha lokutshaja okanye ukukhutshwa kunokuba zintsha.

Unikezelo lwamandla lubuthathaka kwiibhetri ezonakaliswe kakhulu. Ukusebenza okuphezulu kutsala nzima, okukhokelela kwizantya ezicothayo zokutshaja kunye nokunciphisa amandla okuphatha{1}iimfuno eziphezulu zamandla. Oku kucacisa ukuba kutheni ii-smartphones ezindala zinokuvala ngokungalindelekanga nge-20% yentlawulo{4}}ibhetri ayisakwazi ukuhambisa amandla afunekayo, ngaphandle kokubonisa umthamo oseleyo.

Ukungazinzi kwe-voltage kuvela njengenye isalathisi. Amanqanaba eentlawulo angatsiba ngokungalindelekanga, okanye ipesenti inokwehla ngokukhawuleza phantsi komthwalo kwaye iphinde ibuyele xa ingenzi nto. Ezi mpawu zibonisa ukuba i-chemistry yangaphakathi yebhetri iye yehla ngaphaya kokulahleka kwamandla.

Battery Degradation

Ukugcinwa kwentlawulo phakathi kwe-20-80% kunika ukhuseleko olusebenzayo. Olu luhlu lunciphisa uxinzelelo lwe-voltage kwi-electrode ngelixa uphepha umonakalo wesakhiwo obangelwa ukukhutshwa okunzulu. I-lithium iron phosphate (LFP) chemistry ngokukodwa, abavelisi bancoma iintlawulo ezipheleleyo ngamaxesha athile kwi-100% yokulinganisa, kodwa oku kubonisa okungafaniyo kumgaqo jikelele.

Ulawulo lobushushu lufuna ingqalelo elinganayo. Kuphephe ukubeka izixhobo kubushushu obugqithisileyo okanye kubanda. Xa upaka izithuthi zombane ehlotyeni, funa umthunzi. Ngexesha lasebusika, misela kwangaphambili imeko yebhetri ngelixa isaplagiwe kunokusebenzisa amandla ebhetri ukufudumeza. Gcina izixhobo ongazi kuzisebenzisa iiveki kumaqondo obushushu aphakathi malunga ne-20℃kunye nentlawulo eyi-50%.

Nciphisa ukutshaja okukhawulezayo kwiimeko xa ufuna ngenene isantya. Ngelixa kufanelekile, ukutshaja okukhawulezayo rhoqo kudala ubushushu obukhawulezisa ukuhla. Amazinga okutshaja asemgangathweni abonakala ethambile kwikhemistri yebhetri kwaye anokwandisa ubomi obuluncedo ngeminyaka emininzi. Uphando olusuka ku-2022 lubonise ukuba iibhetri ezitshajwa ngokukodwa ngamazinga akhawulezayo ziye zafumana ukuthotywa okungaphezulu kwe-3% kunezo zisebenzisa iindlela ezicothayo.

Iisistim zolawulo lwebhetri kwizixhobo zale mihla ziphatha ulungiselelo oluninzi ngokuzenzekelayo. Yenza iifitsha zisebenze njenge "optimized chargeging" ezifunda iipatheni zakho zokusebenzisa kunye nokunciphisa ixesha elichithwe nge-100% yentlawulo. Ezi nkqubo zinokucotha ngokuphawulekayo ukuthotywa ngaphandle kokufuna ungenelelo olwenziwa ngesandla.

Intsomi "yokukhupha ngokupheleleyo" iyaqhubeka nangona ishiywe lixesha. I-nickel endala{{1}ibhetri ezisekiweyo zixhamle ekukhutshweni okugcweleyo ngamaxesha athile ukunqanda isiphumo senkumbulo, kodwa i-lithium{2}esekwe kwichemistries isebenza ngokwahlukileyo. Ukukhutshwa okupheleleyo kuzonakalisa iibhetri ze-lithium ion ngokucinezela i-electrode kunye nokubabeka emngciphekweni -ezibangela ukukhutshwa kokhuseleko.

Ukukhenkceza iibhetri aziyi kuzigcina. Amaqondo obushushu angaphantsi -20℃abangela electrolyte crystallization kwaye unokunciphisa ngokusisigxina umthamo. Ukugcinwa kobushushu begumbi ngentlawulo eyi-50% kubonelela ngogcino olungcono kakhulu lwexesha elide.

Ukutshaja okungenacingo akuzohliseli umgangatho webhetri ngokukhawuleza kunokutshaja ngeengcingo{0}}ubushushu obuvezwayo buxhomekeke ekusetyenzisweni. -Izixokelelwano ezingasebenzi ngeengcingo eziyilwe kakuhle kunye nokupholisa okusebenzayo kubangela ukunxiba okuncinci okongezelelekileyo, ngelixa ezingaphunyezwanga kakuhle ezivumela ukunyuka kwamaqondo obushushu ziyakukhawulezisa ukuthotywa.

Uhlaziyo lwesoftware alukwazi ukubuyisela umva ukuthotywa kweekhemikhali. Ngelixa uhlaziyo lunokuphucula i-algorithms yolawulo lwebhetri okanye uhlengahlengiso lwezalathi zentlawulo, azikwazi ukubuyisela ii-ion ze-lithium ezilahlekileyo kwiimpendulo zecala okanye ukulungisa ii-electrodes eziqhekekileyo. Amabango esoftware{{2}esekwe kubuyiselo lwesakhono adla ngokubonisa izilungiso zolungelelwaniso endaweni yokubuyisela umthamo wokwenyani.

Iibhetri ezihla ngaphantsi kwe-80% umthamo zihlala ziluncedo kwizicelo ezininzi. Iibhetri ze-EV eziye zathatha umhlala-phantsi ezimotweni zihlala zigcina i-70-80% yomthamo wokuqala{5}}onganelanga kuluhlu lokuqhuba kodwa igqwesile kugcino lwamandla olumileyo. Ezi zicelo zobomi besibini zandisa ubomi bebhetri bubonke ukuya kwiminyaka eyi-15-20.

Iinkqubo zokugcina igridi zinokunyamezela ukuthotywa ngcono kunezithuthi. Iindonga zamandla kunye nezinto eziluncedo{1}}ufakelo lwesikali alufuni uxinaniso lwamandla olufunekayo kuthutho. Ibhetri ekwi-70% umthamo isabonelela ngemveliso yamandla efanayo, ixesha elifutshane nje.

Ubugcisa bokurisayikilisha buyaqhubeka nokuphucula. Iinkqubo zanamhlanje zibuyisela ngaphezulu kwe-95% yezinto ezixabisekileyo ezifana ne-lithium, i-cobalt, kunye ne-nickel kwiibhetri ezichithiweyo. Njengoko ukurisayikilishwa kunyuka, ifuthe lokuthotywa kokusingqongileyo liyancipha ngokuhamba kwezinto ezijikelezayo.

Battery Degradation

Uninzi lweebhetri ze-lithium -zinamava nge-1-3% yokulahleka kwamandla kunyaka wokuqala phantsi kokusetyenziswa okuphakathi. Ii-EVs zanamhlanje zibonisa iziphumo ezingcono nangakumbi, kunye nedatha ka-2024 ebonisa i-1.8% ye-avareji yokuthotywa konyaka. Imiba efana nokuvezwa kobushushu kunye nemikhwa yokutshaja inefuthe elikhulu kweli zinga.

Hayi, ukuwohloka kubandakanya utshintsho olusisigxina lwemichiza kunye nesakhiwo. I-lithium ion elahlekileyo, i-electrodes eqhekekileyo, kunye nokubola kwe-electrolyte ayikwazi ukuguqulwa. Nangona kunjalo, ukunyamekela okufanelekileyo kunokunciphisa ngokukhawuleza ukuthotywa kwexesha elizayo. Ukutshintshwa kwebhetri kuhlala kukuphela kwendlela yokubuyisela ukusebenza kokuqala.

Izixhobo zanamhlanje zisebenzisa iinkqubo zokutshaja ezihlakaniphile ezinciphisa umonakalo onokwenzeka. Bayeka ukutshaja okusebenzayo kwi-100% kwaye batshintshe ukugcina intlawulo ngaphandle kokuqhubeka nokuhamba ngebhayisikile ibhetri. Nangona kunjalo, ukugcina iibhetri kwi-100% yentlawulo yexesha elongeziweyo kukhawulezisa ukuguga kwekhalenda. Ukusebenzisa imida yokutshaja ukumisa kwi-80-85% xa ikhona ibonelela ngempilo engcono yexesha elide.

Amaqondo obushushu abandayo anciphisa okwethutyana umthamo okhoyo kodwa awakukhawulezisi ukuthotywa okusisigxina. Nangona kunjalo, ukutshaja kubanda kakhulu (ngaphantsi kwe-0℃) kunokubangela i-lithium plating{2}}indlela yokuthotywa okumandundu apho i-metallic lithium idipozithi kwi-anode. Esi siphumo sinokunciphisa umthamo nge-3.6% kumjikelo omnye wentlawulo kwi-0℃kunye namazinga aphezulu angoku. Fudumeza ibhetri phambi kokutshaja kwiimeko zasebusika.

Ukuthotywa kwebhetri kubonisa omnye wemingeni engundoqo kwiteknoloji yokugcina amandla, kodwa ukuqonda iindlela zayo kunika ulawulo olungcono. Ikhemikhali engaphakathi kwezi seli izakuqhubeka nokuvela, kunye{1}}nebhetri eqinileyo kunye neeelectrolyte eziphuculweyo ezithembisa ukwehla okucothayo. Itekhnoloji yelithium-yangoku ye-ion, xa ikhathalelwe ngokufanelekileyo, sele ibonelela ngobomi obude obumangalisayo{4}}iibhetri zale mihla ze-EV zihlala zidlula izithuthi ezizisebenzisayo.

Umsantsa phakathi kweendlela ezilungileyo kunye nemikhwa yokusetyenziswa eqhelekileyo uhlala ubanzi. Uhlengahlengiso oluncinci kwiindlela zokutshaja kunye nokwazisa ngeqondo lobushushu kunokwandisa ubomi bebhetri nge-30-50%, kodwa abasebenzisi abaninzi abagqibekanga ukuba basebenziseke ngakumbi. Njengoko iibhetri zisiya zisiba sembindini wothutho lwethu kunye neziseko zombane, ezi zigqibo zithwele ubunzima obukhulayo bemo engqongileyo kunye noqoqosho.