Yintoni iFrequency Regulation?

Ulawulo lwamaza ombane lugcina ulungelelwaniso phakathi kokuveliswa kombane kunye nemfuno ngokuhlengahlengisa ukukhutshwa kwamandla ngexesha lokwenyani ukugcina igridi yombane izinzile. Iigridi zamandla zisebenza kwi-frequency standard ye-50 Hz eYurophu nase-Asia okanye i-60 Hz eMntla Melika, kwaye ukulawulwa kwamafrikhwensi kuqinisekisa ukuba oku kuhlala kuphakathi kokunyamezelana okuqinileyo ukukhusela izixhobo zokusebenza kunye nokusilela kwenkqubo.

Xa imfuno yombane idlula unikezelo, i-frequency grid yehla ngaphantsi kwexabiso layo eliqhelekileyo. Ngokuchasene noko, xa isizukulwana sidlula ukusetyenziswa, ukuphindaphinda kuyenyuka. Oku kunxaxha kuxhokonxa iindlela zolawulo oluzenzekelayo ezilungelelanisa ukuphuma kwamandla kwiiyunithi ezininzi zokuvelisa ngaphakathi kwemizuzwana ukuya kwimizuzu.

Inkqubo ixhomekeke ekubekweni esweni rhoqo kwegridi yamatyeli kwiindawo ezininzi zokulinganisa. Xa amaza e-frequency etenxa kwinto ekujoliswe kuyo, iisistim zolawulo zizibonakalisa ngokuzenzekelayo iijenereyitha, iinkqubo zokugcina amandla, okanye imithwalo elawulekayo ukutofwa okanye ukufunxa amandla. Oku kwenzeka ngeeleya zolawulo olululo olusebenza ngezantya ezahlukeneyo kwaye lusebenze ngeenjongo ezahlukileyo.

Abasebenzisi begridi bakala ibhalansi phakathi konikezelo kunye nemfuno ngokuphindaphinda rhoqo{0}}isebenza njengenyani{1}}isalathisi sexesha lempilo yenkqubo. I-frequency ezinzileyo ibonisa ulungelelwaniso olululo, ngelixa unxaxhi oluqhubekayo lubonisa iingxaki ezinokuhla ziye kucime umbane ukuba kuyekwa kungaqwalaselwa.

Ulawulo lokuphindaphinda lusebenza ngokwamanqanaba amathathu olawulo lwemigangatho, ngalinye lijongana namaxesha ahlukeneyo kunye neenjongo.

Ulawulo lwamaza eprayimariivula ngokuzenzekelayo kwimizuzwana yokuphazamiseka. Iirhuluneli zejenereyitha zibona ukutenxa rhoqo kwaye zilungelelanise ukuphuma kwamandla eijini ngokulinganayo ngeempawu zolawulo lwe-droop. Le mpendulo yangoko ibamba ukuhla okanye ukunyuka rhoqo kodwa ayikwazi ukuyibuyisela ngokupheleleyo kumaxabiso aqhelekileyo. Isixokelelwano izinzile kwimo entsha{3}}emitsha rhoqo kufutshane, kodwa hayi ncam, ixabiso ekujoliswe kulo. Ulawulo oluphambili kufuneka lusebenze ngaphakathi kwemizuzwana ye-30 kwaye lugcine impendulo ubuncinane imizuzu eyi-15 ngokwemigangatho yegridi yaseYurophu.

Ulawulo lwamaza esibiniithatha indawo emva kokuba ulawulo oluphambili luzinzisile ukuphindaphindeka, ngokuqhelekileyo lusebenza phakathi kwemizuzwana engama-30 ukuya kwimizuzu emininzi. Iinkqubo zokuLawula ukuVeliswa ngokuzenzekela kwindawo esembindini zilungelelanisa iijenereyitha ezininzi ukubuyisela amaxesha ngamaxesha ngokuchanekileyo kwixabiso lawo eliqhelekileyo kunye nokulungisa utshintshiselwano lwamandla olucwangcisiweyo phakathi kweendawo zolawulo. Lo maleko ususa impazamo-ezinzileyo eshiywe lulawulo oluphambili kwaye ikhuphe oovimba abaphambili babuyele kumthamo wabo wokuqala. Inkqubo igqiba kwimizuzu eli-15 kwiinkqubo ezininzi zegridi.

Ulawulo lwamaza enqanaba eliphezuluisebenza ngexesha elide, ukusuka kwimizuzu ukuya kwiiyure, kugxininise ekuphuculeni uqoqosho kunye nokubuyiselwa kogcino. Abaqhubi begridi ngesandla okanye ngokuzenzekelayo baphinde bathumele izixhobo zokuvelisa ukuze bathathe indawo yogcino olusetyenziswa ngexesha lolawulo oluphambili nolwesibini. Oku kuvumela inkqubo ukuba ibuyele kolona lungiselelo lwayo lokusebenza lunoqoqosho ngelixa iqinisekisa ukuba oovimba abaneleyo bahlala bekho ukwenzela ukuphazamiseka kwexesha elizayo.

Amaleko amathathu asebenza kunye ngaphandle komthungo. Xa ijenereyitha enkulu ihamba ngaphandle kweintanethi, ulawulo oluphambili lubamba ngokukhawuleza ukuhla kwamaza kwimizuzwana. Ulawulo lwesibini emva koko lubuyisela ngokuthe ngcembe ukuphindaphinda ukuya ngqo kwi-50 okanye 60 Hz kwimizuzu emininzi elandelayo. Okokugqibela, ulawulo lwemfundo ephakamileyo luhlengahlengisa ishedyuli yesizukulwana ukulungiselela inkqubo yokuphazamiseka okunokwenzeka okulandelayo.

Frequency Regulation

Iisistim zogcino lwamandla ebhetri ziye zavela njengezixhobo ezisebenzayo zolawulo lwamaza ngenxa yesakhono sazo sokuphendula ngokukhawuleza kunye nokuhamba kwamandla okumacala amabini. Ngokungafaniyo neejeneretha zemveli ezifuna ixesha lokuqalisa kunye nohlengahlengiso lomatshini, iibhetri zinokufaka okanye zifunxe amandla ngaphakathi kwe-100-500 milliseconds.

Ekupheleni kuka-2020, i-885 MW yomthamo wogcino lwebhetri e-United States ikhankanye ukuphendulwa rhoqo njengeyona meko iphambili yokusetyenziswa, emele i-59% yokusetyenziswa{3}} komthamo webhetri uwonke. Oku kubonisa ukufaneleka kobugcisa obuqinileyo phakathi kweempawu zebhetri kunye neemfuno zolawulo lwamaza.

Ibhetri yaMandlaIinkqubo zigqwesa kulawulo lwamaza ngenxa yokuba zinokutshintsha ngokungenamthungo phakathi kweendlela zokutshaja kunye nokukhupha ngaphandle koxinzelelo lwe-thermal okanye ukunxitywa koomatshini okuchaphazela iijenereyitha eziqhelekileyo. Oku kukwazi ukuphendula ngokukhawuleza kubenza balungele ukujongana-noguquguquko lwamaza olwenziwa yimithombo yamandla ahlaziyekayo.

Iisistim zebhetri zinokuphendula kuphambuko lwamaza egridi ngaphakathi kwe-100-500 milliseconds, ngokukhawuleza kakhulu kunezixhobo zokuvelisa eziqhelekileyo. Olu ncedo lwesantya lubavumela ukuba babambe ii-excursions rhoqo ngaphambi kokuba babe bukhali ngokwaneleyo ukuze baqalise ukuqhawuka kwezixhobo zokukhusela.

Ubuchule bolawulo lwebhetri{0}esekwe kulawulo rhoqo lujolise ekugcineni eyona meko iphezulu yokuhlawulwa ngelixa ucutha ukuthotywa. Ii-algorithms ezintsonkothileyo zilungelelanisa imfuno yokubonelela ngenkxaso yefrikhwensi ephendulayo ngokuchasene -nexesha elide lempilo yenkqubo yebhetri. Xa zilawulwe kakuhle, iibhetri zinokubonelela ngamawaka eentlawulo zentlawulo{4}}zemijikelo yokukhutshwa rhoqo kulawulo lwefrikhwensi kunye nomgangatho owamkelekileyo wokuthotywa.

Imakethi yehlabathi yolawulo lwamaza elizwe ifikelele kwi-5.7 yeebhiliyoni zeedola ngo-2024 kwaye kuqikelelwa ukuba iza kwanda kwi-CAGR ye-7.8% ukuya ngo-2033, ifikelele kwi-11.4 yeebhiliyoni zeedola. Oku kukhula kubonakalisa ukwanda kobunzima bokulawula iigridi ezinokungena ngamandla ahlaziyekayo.

UMntla Melika ukhokela imakethi malunga ne-USD 2.3 yeebhiliyoni ngo-2024, eqhutywa ziimarike ezincedisayo ezikhulileyo kunye notyalo-mali olubalulekileyo lwegridi. I-United States iseke izikhokelo ezomeleleyo ezivumela intatho-nxaxheba ebanzi evela kwizinto eziluncedo, abavelisi bamandla abazimeleyo, kunye nebango lokuphendula aggregators.

I-Europe imele -imarike enkulu ye-USD 1.8 yebhiliyoni ngo-2024. Amazwe afana neJamani, i-United Kingdom, kunye nezizwe zaseNordic zikhokela kulawulo lokuphindaphinda izinto ezintsha, ukuxhasa ugcino lwamandla oluphezulu kunye nobuchwepheshe bokuphendula. Ugqaliselo lweManyano yaseYurophu kwiimarike zombane ezinqamlezileyo{4}}zongeza ukulunga kweenkonzo zolawulo lwamaxesha kuzo zonke iigridi ezidityanisiweyo.

I-Asia Pacific ivele njengommandla ophezulu-wokukhula one-USD 1.2 yebhiliyoni kwixabiso lemarike ngo-2024. I-China, i-Japan, i-South Korea, kunye ne-Indiya zenza utyalo-mali olukhulu kwiziseko ezingundoqo zegridi kunye nogcino lwamandla ukuxhasa iinjongo zabo ezinqwenelekayo zamandla ahlaziyekayo.

Amathuba engeniso kubaboneleli bolawulo rhoqo avela kwintlawulo yesakhono kunye nokusebenza{0}okusekelwe kwinkuthazo. Abaqhubi begridi bahlawula izibonelelo ngokufumaneka ukubonelela ngolawulo kunye nokuvuza ngokuchaneka kunye nesantya sokuphendula. Inkqubo yebhetri ye-1 MVA/1 MWh efakwe eSweden kwiinkonzo zolawulo lwamaxesha enziwe malunga ne-150,000 yee-euro ngonyaka, kunye nembuyekezo kutyalo-mali phakathi kweminyaka emi-2 kunye nemi-3.

Utshintsho oluya kumandla ahlaziyekayo lutshintsha ngokusisiseko iimfuno zolawulo lwamaza. Imveliso yomoya kunye nelanga ayinabo ubunzima obujikelezayo beejeneretha eziqhelekileyo ze-synchronous, ukunciphisa inertia yenkqubo yonke. I-inertia esezantsi ithetha utshintsho oluphindaphindiweyo ngokukhawuleza xa ukuveliswa kunye nemfuno ingalingani.

Iinkqubo zamandla eziqhelekileyo zixhomekeke kumandla ekinetic agcinwe kumawaka ejenereyitha ezijikelezayo ukubonelela ngesithintelo esikhawulezileyo ngokuchasene nokuphazamiseka kwamaza. Xa kuthe kwenzeka ukunyuka komthwalo ngesiquphe, obu bunzima bujikelezayo bungacotha okwexeshana, bukhuphe amandla okuhlangabezana nemfuno ngelixa iinkqubo zolawulo zisasebenza. Iinkqubo zamandla ahlaziyekayo ezidityaniswe ngombane wombane aziboneleli ngokwendalo le mpendulo inertial.

Uphando olupapashwe ngo-2024 lubonisa ukuba ukudibanisa imithombo yamandla ahlaziyekayo kwandisa ukubaluleka kokulawulwa rhoqo komthwalo ngenxa yokwanda kunye nobunzima beegridi zamandla ezidibeneyo. Ubume bexeshana bendalo yomoya kunye nelanga buzisa ukunxaxha kwamaza okwenziwa rhoqo nangaphezulu kuneenkqubo zemveli ezifunyenweyo.

Abasebenzisi begridi bajongana nale mingeni ngeendlela ezininzi. I-algorithms yolawulo olukwinqanaba eliphezulu yenza ukuba iiiturbines zomoya kunye neziguquli zelanga zilinganise impendulo engasebenziyo yeejenereyitha ezihambelanayo ngobuchule be "synthetic inertia" okanye "virtual inertia". Iinkqubo zokugcina amandla zibonelela ngokukhawuleza{2}} oovimba abaphendulayo ababuyekeza ukuguquguquka okuhlaziyekayo. Iinkqubo zokusabela kwimfuno zifuna imithwalo eguquguqukayo ukulungelelanisa ukusetyenziswa ngokuphendula kwiimpawu eziqhelekileyo.

Ukwahluka kokwenziwa ngokutsha kokuveliswa kwakhona konyusa umthamo womthamo wolawulo oluphindaphindiweyo olufunekayo. Isizukulwana selanga sihla ngokukhawuleza xa amafu edlula phezulu. Ukuvelisa umoya kunokutshintsha kakhulu kwimizuzu nje embalwa njengoko iipateni zomoya zitshintsha. Oku kuguquguquka okukhawulezileyo kufuna ulawulo olusebenzayo ngakumbi kunotshintsho oluqikelelwayo lomthwalo weegridi zemveli.

Frequency Regulation

Imithombo yolawulo lwamaxesha ngamaxesha kufuneka ihlangabezane neemfuno ezingqongqo zobugcisa ukuze uthathe inxaxheba kwiinkonzo zegridi. Abaqhubi begridi bafuna izibonelelo ukuba ziphendule ngokuzenzekelayo kwimizuzwana yokunxaxha kwamaza kunye nokugcina impendulo kangangexesha elithile. Iimfuno ezichanekileyo ziyahluka ngokwengingqi kunye nomsebenzisi wemarike.

Ixesha lokuphendula lichaza ukuba isibonelelo sinokubona ngokukhawuleza kangakanani ukutenxa rhoqo kwaye siqalise ukunyenyisa imveliso yaso yamandla. Iinkqubo zebhetri zikholisa ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zexesha lokuphendula elingaphantsi kwesekhondi enye, ngelixa iijenereyitha eziqhelekileyo zinokufuna imizuzwana emininzi ukuqalisa impendulo.

Umthamo wolawulo ulinganisa isixa esipheleleyo samandla esinokubonelela ngolawulo lwamaza. Abaqhubi kufuneka bagcine esi sikhundla sikhoyo kwaye silungele ukuthunyelwa. Kwiibhetri, oku kuthetha ukugcina imeko yentlawulo phakathi koluhlu oluvumela ukuhamba kwamandla amacala amabini{2}}angatshaji ngokupheleleyo okanye aphele ngokupheleleyo.

Iimethrikhi ezichanekileyo zivavanya ukuba umthombo ulandela ngokusondeleyo kangakanani umqondiso wommiselo othunyelwe ngabaqhubi begridi. Iinkqubo zolawulo lwebhetri eziphucukileyo zifezekisa ukuchaneka okuphezulu kakhulu, kulandela imiqondiso enempazamo encinci. Oku kuchanekileyo kuvumela abaqhubi begridi ukuba bagcine ulawulo olungqongqo lwamaza ngezixhobo ezimbalwa.

Ukukwazi ukuphendula okuzinzileyo kumisela ukuba isibonelelo sinokugcina ixesha elingakanani na isiphumo solawulo. Iinkqubo zebhetri zijongene nemiqobo yomthamo wamandla{1}}ibhetri eyi-1 MW enemizuzu eyi-15 yogcino lwamandla inokunika amandla apheleleyo okwelo xesha kuphela phambi kokuba ifune ukutshajwa kwakhona. Abaqhubi begridi bayila iimveliso zolawulo malunga nale mida inokwenzeka, kunye noovimba abaphambili abaxelwa ngokwesiqhelo kangangemizuzu eli-15 ukuya kwengama-30.

Ulawulo lwangoku lwamaxesha lusebenzisa iindlela zolawulo ezintsonkothileyo eziphakamisa ukusebenza ngelixa ulawula imiqobo yezixhobo. Ulawulo lwe-droop luhlala luyisiseko sendlela yokuphendula rhoqo, ukudala ubudlelwane obulinganayo phakathi kokutenxa rhoqo kunye nohlengahlengiso lwemveliso yamandla.

Kwiskimu solawulo lwe-droop, i-generator nganye ilungisa imveliso yayo ngokusekelwe kubukhulu bokutenxa rhoqo. I-5% yokumisela i-droop ithetha i-5% ye-frequency drop ibangela ukunyuka kwe-100% kwimveliso ye-generator ngaphakathi kwe-headroom yayo ekhoyo. Iijeneretha ezininzi ezinoseto olwahlukileyo lokuthotywa zabelana ngokuzenzekelayo ngomthwalo wolawulo ngokulinganayo.

Iisistim zogcino lwamandla ebhetri zisebenzisa ulawulo lokuthotywa olwandisiweyo olubalela ubume bentlawulo. Xa intlawulo yebhetri iphezulu, inkqubo inokubonelela kakhulu ezantsi{1}}ummiselo (ukutshaja) kunokunyuka{2}}ummiselo (ukukhupha). Njengoko imeko yentlawulo iyancipha, i-bias itshintshela ezantsi{4}}ulawulo lwesakhono. Olu lungelelwaniso luthintela ngaphezulu{6}}ukutshaja okanye ngaphezulu{7}}ukukhupha ngelixa unyusa unikezelo lwenkonzo yommiselo.

Ulawulo lwesiZukulwana oluzenzekelayo lulungelelanisa impendulo yamatyeli esibini kwizibonelelo ezininzi. Inkqubo ibala impazamo yoLawulo lweNdawo, edibanisa ukutenxa rhoqo kunye nokuhamba kwamandla okungacwangciswanga phakathi kweendawo zolawulo. I-AGC emva koko isasaze iimpawu zolungiso kwiijenereyitha ezithatha inxaxheba ngokusekelwe kubuchule babo kunye nemiba yezoqoqosho.

Ulawulo lwejenereyitha olulungelelanisiweyo lwenyani lwenza amandla abaguquli be-elektroniki balinganise iimpawu eziguquguqukayo zoomatshini abajikelezayo bemveli. Olu lawulo lubonelela nge-inertia yokwenziwa ngokuphendula kwireyithi yokutshintsha rhoqo, hayi nje ukutenxa ngamaza ngokwawo. Oku kulinganisa impendulo yendalo engasebenziyo yeejenereyitha eziqhelekileyo, ukunceda ukubamba ukuphambuka kwamatyeli okuqala ngokukhawuleza.

Iimfuno zolawulo lwamaxesha kunye nokuphunyezwa ziyahluka kakhulu kwiindidi ezahlukeneyo zeenkqubo zamandla. Iigridi ezinkulu ezidityanisiweyo zixhamla kwiyantlukwano yejografi kunye nezibonelelo kodwa zijongene nemingeni yolungelelwaniso kwiindawo ezininzi zolawulo. Iigridi zeSiqithi zisebenza ngokungafunekiyo kwaye zifuna ulawulo lokuphendula rhoqo.

I-Microgrids imele eyona ndawo ingumceli mngeni yolawulo lwamaza. Ezi nkqubo zincinci-zine-inetia encinci kunye nokungafuneki okuncinci. Uhambo lwejenereyitha enye okanye utshintsho lomthwalo lunokubangela ujingi olukhulu lwamaza. Ukugcinwa kwebhetri kuba yimfuneko kwi-microgrids, ukubonelela ngokuphendula ngokukhawuleza okufunekayo ukugcina uzinzo ngexesha lokuphazamiseka.

Uphando lwakutsha nje olupapashwe ngo-2024 luhlalutye ukudityaniswa kwesithuthi sombane kwi-microgrids, ebonisa ukuba ii-EV ezili-100 zinokugcina ngokufanelekileyo i-frequency yegridi ngaphakathi kwe-59.5-60.5 Hz kuzo zonke iimeko zovavanyo ezahlukeneyo. Oku kubonisa ukuba izibonelelo ezisasaziweyo zinokudityaniswa njani ukunika inkxaso enentsingiselo yolawulo lwamaza.

Izibonelelo zemizi-mveliso{0}}ezinokuveliswa kwesiza zihlala zithatha inxaxheba kwiimarike zolawulo rhoqo. Iinjini ezinkulu zombane kunye neenkqubo ezilawulekayo zinokuhlengahlengisa ukusetyenziswa ekuphenduleni imiqondiso yamaza. Ubushushu obudibeneyo kunye nezityalo zamandla zibonelela ngokuphuma kwe-thermal kunye nombane, ukubanika ukuguquguquka ukumodareyitha imveliso yamandla yokulawula amaza ngelixa begcina ukuhanjiswa kobushushu.

Uthumelo{0}efama eziqhagamsheleneyo zomoya kunye nelanga ziya zibonelela ngeenkonzo zolawulo lwamaxesha ngamaxesha ngaphandle kobume bazo ngamaxesha athile. Ulawulo loguqulo oluphezulu luvumela ezi ndawo ukuba zibambe oovimba kwaye ziphendule ukunxaxha kwamaza. Ngexesha lokunciphisa, xa imveliso iyancipha ngamabomu ngaphantsi komthamo omkhulu, izibonelelo ezivuselelekayo zinokunyusa ngokukhawuleza isizukulwana xa i-frequency yehla.

Frequency Regulation

Unxaxha lwenzeka ngalo lonke ixesha ukwenziwa kombane kunye nokusetyenziswa kombane kungangqinelani. Oonobangela abaqhelekileyo baquka ukucinywa kwejenereyitha okungalindelekanga, iihambo zemigca yothumelo, utshintsho olukhulu ngesiquphe, okanye ukuguquguquka okukhawulezileyo kwesizukulwana esivuselelekayo. I-frequency yegridi iphakama ngokwendalo xa isizukulwana sidlula umthwalo kwaye siwa xa umthwalo udlula isizukulwana.

Abaqhubi begridi bahlala begcina i-frequency ngaphakathi ± 0.1 Hz ngexesha leemeko eziqhelekileyo kwiinkqubo ze-50 Hz okanye i-60 Hz. Ulawulo oluqinileyo luphucula umgangatho wamandla kwaye lunciphisa uxinzelelo kwizixhobo. Imithetho yemarike ihlala ivuza izibonelelo ezilandela imiqondiso yommiselo ngokuchanekileyo ngakumbi, idala inkuthazo yezoqoqosho yokuchaneka.

Iiinjini zomoya zale mihla kunye neziguquli zelanga zinokubonelela ngolawulo lwamaxesha ngamaxesha ngokusebenzisa amaqhinga olawulo oluphezulu. Kufuneka babambe umthamo othile kwindawo ebekiweyo endaweni yokuba basebenze ngemveliso ephezulu, bedala iindleko zethuba. Nangona kunjalo, obu buchule bunceda izibonelelo ezivuselelekayo zibonelela ngeenkonzo zenkqubo ngaphaya kwemveliso yamandla acocekileyo.

Ukunxaxha okuzinzileyo ngaphandle koluhlu olwamkelekileyo kubangela izenzo zokukhusela. Phantsi-ukucinywa komthwalo rhoqo kuqhawula ngokuzenzekelayo abathengi ukunqanda ukuwa kwenkqubo epheleleyo. Ngaphezulu{3}}ubuxhakaxhaka bunokubangela uqhawulo lwe generator. Kwiimeko ezigqithisileyo, ukusilela kokuphola kukhokelela ekucinyweni kombane okubanzi.

Inguquko yolawulo lwamaxesha amaninzi iyaqhubeka njengoko iinkqubo zamandla zidibanisa amandla ahlaziyekayo ngakumbi kunye nezibonelelo ezisasazwayo. Ugcino lwamandla ebhetri, impendulo yemfuno, kunye nolawulo oluphambili lunika ubhetyebhetye olufunekayo ukugcina uzinzo. Iimarike ziqhelanisa ukuxabisa isantya kunye nokuchaneka okunikezelwayo kubuchwepheshe obutsha ngelixa kuqinisekiswa umthamo owaneleyo uhlala ukhoyo ukujongana nokutshintsha kwamandla egridi. Iziseko zobugcisa nezoqoqosho zalatha kwikamva apho izibonelelo ezohlukeneyo zisebenza kunye ukuze kugcinwe amaxesha amaninzi uzinzile njengoko umxube wesizukulwana uya utshintsha kwaye usasazwe.

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