Yintoni i-Anode Material?

Izinto ze-Anode ziyinxalenye ye-electrode engalunganga kwiibhetri apho i-oxidation yenzeke ngexesha lokukhutshwa, ukukhulula ii-electron ezigeleza kwi-cathode ngokusebenzisa isiphaluka sangaphandle. Kwiibhetri ze-lithium -, izinto ze-anode zigcina i-lithium ion ngexesha lokutshaja kwaye uzikhulule ngexesha lokukhupha. Ezi zixhobo zichaza ngokuthe ngqo iimpawu zebhetri ezibalulekileyo ezibandakanya isantya sokutshaja, umthamo wokugcina amandla, ubomi bomjikelezo, kunye nokusebenza kokhuseleko. Eyona nto ixhaphakileyo ye-anode yigraphite, ethatha malunga ne-98% yeebhetri ze-ion ze-lithium-, nangona ii-silicon- ezisekwe kwezinye iindlela zivela kwizicelo eziphezulu zoxinano lwamandla.

Ii-anodi zebhetri zixhomekeke kwiintsapho zezinto ezahlukeneyo, nganye ibonelela ngorhwebo olwahlukileyo{0}}lokuthotywa kusetyenziso lokugcina amandla.

Igraphite ilawula urhwebo lwelithium -imveliso yebhetri ye-ion, ibalwa malunga ne-98% yemarike ye-anode ukusukela ngo-2024. Le carbon-izinto ezicwangcisiweyo zigcina i-ion ze-lithium phakathi kwamaphepha egraphene alalayo ngexesha lokutshaja. Igraphite yendalo, ethathwe kwiidiphozithi zezimbiwa, ibonelela ngomthamo ophezulu ngeendleko eziphantsi zemveliso kodwa ifumana ukwanda kwesakhiwo ngexesha lokuhlawuliswa{5}}kumjikelezo wokukhupha. Synthetic graphite ifumana unyango -lobushushu obuphezulu ngaphezulu kwe 2,500℃, idala ubume obuzinze ngakumbi bangaphakathi obandisa ubomi bebhetri kwaye yenze ukuba itshajwe ngokukhawuleza ngeendlela ezininzi zelithium{10}}.

Umthamo omkhulu wethiyori wegraphite uhleli kwi-372 mAh / g, efunyenwe xa i-lithium ion idityaniswa neeathom zekhabhoni ezintandathu kwimeko ye-lithiated ngokupheleleyo (LiC₆). Ngelixa abavelisi besondele kulo mda kumashumi eminyaka yokwandisa, isilingi yomthamo wegraphite ityhale ishishini ukuba lijonge phezulu{2}}ezinye iindlela zokusebenza.

I-silicon imele esona sithembiso siphezulu -sesinye isixhobo, sigcina i-4.4 ye-lithium ion kwi-atom ye-silicon xa kuthelekiswa ne-graphite's 6:1 carbon{4}}ukuya{5}}kumlinganiselo we-lithium. Le nqanaba leatomic{7}}iadvanteji iguqulela kubuchule bethiyori obungaphezulu kwe-3,600 mAh/g{10}}ngokuqikelelwa ngokuphindwe kalishumi kubuninzi begraphite.

Umceli mngeni ulele kukwandiswa komthamo wesilicon. Ngexesha le-lithiation, amasuntswana e-silicon adumba malunga ne-300-400% yobukhulu bawo bokuqala. Olu lwandiso ludala uxinzelelo lomatshini oluqhekeza izinto, lwaphule uqhagamshelo lombane, kwaye lubangele ukuthotywa komthamo okhawulezileyo. Ii-anode ze-silicon zakwangoko zaphulukana nomthamo omkhulu phakathi kwemijikelo yentlawulo eyi-10.

Iindlela zorhwebo zangoku zidibanisa i-silicon kunye negraphite kwizakhiwo ezidibeneyo. I-POSCO Future M yazisa i-silicon -i-carbon anode ngo-Matshi 2025 inikezela ngokuphindwe kahlanu umthamo wokugcina igraphite, kunye nemveliso yobuninzi ekujoliswe kuyo ngo-2027. I-LG Energy Solution ibe ngumenzi wokuqala ukufaka i-5% ye-silicon{5}}i-doped anodes kwiimoto zombane ngo-2019. Idatha ye-industry ukusuka ku-2024 ibonisa ukuba i-expansion ye-2024 ilawula umxholo we-silicon kwimiba engaphantsi kwe-ano ukwandisa ukuxinana kwamandla.

Ii-anode ze-LTO zisebenza kumandla ombane aphezulu (malunga ne-1.55V vs. Oku kubekwa kwamandla ombane kuthintela ukwakheka kwe-lithium dendrite-intambo zentsimbi ezinokugqobhoza izahluli zebhetri kwaye zibangele iisekethe ezimfutshane. Isixhobo sigcina uzinzo lwesakhiwo ngexesha lokuhamba ngebhayisikile kunye notshintsho lwevolumu encinci, luyenza ilungele ukhuseleko{6}}usetyenziso olubalulekileyo kwinqwelomoya kunye neenqanawe zabakhweli.

Urhwebo{0} luza kuxinaniso lwamandla. Amandla ombane aphezulu e-LTO anciphisa amandla ombane weseli xa edityaniswe neecathodes eziqhelekileyo, ukunciphisa umthamo. Uphononongo lwango-2024 kuMandla kunye neZixhobo zokusiNgqongileyo luqaqambise ukusetyenziswa kwe-LTO kukhuseleko olugqithisileyo{4}}kwiimeko ezifunayo apho umngcipheko wokubaleka kwe-thermal uwodlula iinkxalabo zoxinano lwamandla.

I-Lithium metal anodes ityhala umthamo wethiyori ukuya ku-3,{1}} mAh/g-ngaphezu komda ophindwe kashumi wegraphite. Kunokuba ugcine i-lithium ion ngaphakathi kwesakhiwo somkhosi, i-lithium metal anodes electrodeposit lithium ngokuthe ngqo kumphezulu ngexesha lokutshaja. I-LG Energy Solution iceba ukwazisa i-lithium metal anode kwiinkqubo ezisezantsi{5}}zomthamo ekupheleni kuka-2027, ukwandisa ukuya phezulu{7}}kwizicelo zomthamo emva koko.

Uphando luyaqhubeka kwinguquko-uhlobo lwe-anode kusetyenziswa iioksidi zesinyithi kunye nephosphides, ingxubevange{1}}esekwe imathiriyeli ebandakanya itin kunye negermanium, kunye nemixube ye-organic anode. Ezi zihleli ikakhulu kumanqanaba ophuhliso ukusukela ngo-2025.

Anode Material

Ukuveliswa kwe-Anode kubandakanya amanyathelo amaninzi achanekileyo kungakhathaliseki uhlobo lwezinto eziphathekayo.

Imathiriyeli ekrwada iye idityaniswe kwiikhompawundi ze-anode ezisebenzayo, emva koko ziculwe zibe ngumgubo ocolekileyo kwaye zixutywe nezibophelelo kunye nezongezo eziqhubayo ukwenza udaka. Kwi-graphite anode, abavelisi banxiba olu daka kwifoyile yobhedu abaqokeleli bangoku. Iifoyile ezigqunyiweyo zidlula kwii-oveni zokomisa ukususa i-solvents kunye nokubambelela kwizinto ezikhuselekileyo. Inkqubo ye-calendering icinezela kwaye igudise i-coating ngokusebenzisa i-roller, iqinisekisa ubukhulu obufanayo kunye nokubambelela ngokufanelekileyo.

I-silicon -i-graphite composites ifuna ukuqhubekeka okongeziweyo ukulawula ukwandiswa komthamo. Ubuchule obuphezulu bubandakanya i-silicon ye-nanostructuring ibe ngamasuntswana angaphantsi kwe-nanometers ye-100, ukugquma i-silicon ngamaqokobhe ekhabhoni ukunqanda ukwandiswa, kunye nokufaka i-silicon ngaphakathi kweematrices zegraphite ze-porous. Iindlela zokubeka umphunga wekhemikhali zinokuvelisa i-nano efanayo{4}}isikali sesilicon esasasazwe kwizakhiwo zekhabhoni, nangona kubunzima bemveliso ephezulu.

Anode Material

Izinto ezisebenzayo ze-anode kufuneka zihlangabezane neemfuno ezininzi ezikhuphisanayo.

Umthamo othe ngqo: Izinto zomthamo ophezulu zigcina amandla amaninzi ngeyunithi yobunzima. Ngelixa i-graphite ikhula malunga ne-360 mAh/g xa isenziwa, ii-silicon{2}}iicomposites zekhabhoni okwangoku zizisa i-450-500 mAh/g kwizikali zeshishini.

Ukuqhuba koMbane: Izixhobo zidinga ukuhamba okwaneleyo kwe-electron ukunciphisa ilahleko yamandla. I-conductivity egqwesileyo yegraphite iyenza ilunge, ngelixa isilicon esulungekileyo ifuna izongezo zekhabhoni okanye iingubo zokwaleka ukugcina ukuhamba kwangoku.

Ukuzinza koLwakhiwo: Izinto eziphathekayo kufuneka zimelane nokufakwa ngokuphindaphindiweyo kwe-lithium kunye nokukhutshwa ngaphandle kokuthotywa. Igraphite igcina ulwakhiwo kakuhle, kodwa ukwandiswa kwesilicon kufuna ulwakhiwo oludibeneyo ukuthintela ukuqhekeka.

I-First Cycle Efficiency: Umjikelo wokuqala wentlawulo wenza umaleko oqinileyo-we-electrolyte interphase (SEI) osebenzisa i-lithium ngokungenakujikwa. Ukusebenza komjikelo ophantsi{2}wokuqala osezantsi kuthetha umthamo okhoyo onganeno. Igraphite ifikelela kwi-90-93% yempumelelo yokuqala, ngelixa imathiriyeli yesilicon ngokwembali ibambekile kuma-70-85%.

Ubomi bomjikelo: Iibhetri zoRhwebo zijolise kuma-800-1,200 imijikelo yokutshaja kunye ne-80% yokugcina umthamo. Igraphite yodlula ngokulula le benchmark. I-silicon-carbon composites iphuculwe ukusuka kwi-300-500 imijikelezo ukuya kwi-800-1,200 imijikelezo ngokusebenzisa iindlela eziphambili zokucubungula eziphuhliswe phakathi kwe-2023-2025.

Imarike yezinto ze-anode ifikelele kwi-3.5 yeebhiliyoni zeedola kwi-2024 kunye neeprojekthi kwi-14.7 yezigidigidi ze-2034, zikhula kwi-15.7% ngonyaka ngokwe-InsightAce Analytics. Olu lwandiso lulandelela ngokuthe ngqo ukwamkelwa kwemoto yombane kunye negridi{6}}isikali sogcino lokubekwa kwamandla.

Izinto ze-anode zimele i-10-15% ye-lithium{7}}yexabiso lebhetri ye-ion, xa kuthelekiswa nesabelo semathiriyeli ye-cathode' 30-40%. Ngo-2024, amaxabiso eebhetri ehle nge-20% ukuya kwi-115 yeedola / kWh-eyona nto iyancipha kakhulu ukususela ngo-2017. I-BloombergNEF ifaka oku kukwazi ukwenza iiseli, uqoqosho lwesikali, kunye namaxabiso aphantsi esinyithi.Ixabiso lebhetri yeLithiume-China ifikelele kwi-$ 94 / kWh, ngelixa i-US kunye namaxabiso aseYurophu aqhuba i-31% kunye ne-48% ephezulu ngokulandelanayo.

Olu xinzelelo lwamaxabiso luchaphazela uqoqosho lwezinto ze-anode. Igraphite yendalo ixabisa ngaphantsi kuneenguqulelo ezenziweyo ngenxa yeemfuno ezisezantsi zokusetyenzwa. I-silicon -i-carbon composites ngoku ixabisa malunga ne-750,000 CNY ngetoni nganye e-China, ifuna ukucuthwa ukuya kwi-110,000-170,000 CNY ngetoni nganye ukuze isebenze kwezoqoqosho ngokuchasene negraphite kwi-50,000-80,000 CNY ngetoni nganye.

Ubudlelwane phakathi kweendleko ze-anode kunye namaxabiso ebhetri kudala amandla anzima. Njengoko abavelisi beebhetri becudisa imida ukugcina isabelo semakethi ngo-2025, uxinzelelo lugqithisela phezulu kubaboneleli bezinto eziphathekayo. Abavelisi be-Anode baphendula ngokwandisa ukusebenza kakuhle kwemveliso kunye nokulandela isizukulwana esilandelayo{3}} imathiriyeli ethethelela amaxabiso eprimiyamu ngoncedo lokusebenza.

Iindleko zemathiriyeli ekrwada ziyaguquguquka kakhulu. Amaxabiso e-lithium carbonate ehla ukusuka kwi-70,000 yeedola ngetoni nganye ngo-2022 ukuya ngaphantsi kwe-15,000 yeedola ngo-2024. Nangona izinto ze-cathode ziqulethe i-lithium eninzi, oku kutshintsha kwexabiso kusenempembelelo kwimveliso ye-anode ngeendleko ze-electrolyte kunye nokuphazamiseka kwekhonkco lokubonelela.

I-China ilawula imveliso ye-anode, idala imingcipheko yoxinaniso lonikezelo olubangele ukuba iSebe lezaMandla lase-US kunye neKhomishini yaseYurophu badwelise igraphite yendalo njengento ebalulekileyo. Ngo-2024, abavelisi baseTshayina babalelwa malunga ne-90% yemveliso ye-graphite ye-anode yehlabathi.

Umthamo wemveliso yaseNtshona uyakhula kodwa uhlala ulinganiselwe. Abavelisi baseMntla Melika njengeSyrah Resources, Northern Graphite, kunye neNouveau Monde baphuhlisa amakhonkco okubonelela, njengabadlali baseYurophu kuquka iTalga Resources kunye neVianode. Ezi nzame zijongene nemingeni ehambelana neendleko zemveliso yaseTshayina ngelixa ihlangabezana neemfuno zozinzo.

Ngokwezibalo zeSMM, imveliso yegraphite anode yaseTshayina yafikelela kwi-1.845 yezigidi zeetoni ngo-2024, inyuke nge-14% yonyaka{3}{4}}enyakeni. Igraphite eyenziweyo imele i-90.6% yalo mqulu njengoko abavelisi basebenzisa ubugcisa obuphezulu obufana negraphitization eqhubekayo ukulawula iindleko. Izithintelo zokuthunyelwa kwegraphite yendalo ziye zaqhubela abanye abathengi baphesheya kweelwandle ukuba baye kwigraphite eyenziweyo, nto leyo eyandisa ngakumbi isabelo sayo semarike.

Izicelo ezahlukeneyo zifuna iimpawu ezahlukeneyo ze-anode.

Iibhetri zemoto yombane zibeka phambili ubuninzi bamandla kunye nokutshaja ngokukhawuleza. I-silicon -i-doped graphite anode inceda ukwandisa uluhlu lokuqhuba, kunye nomxholo we-silicon ukhula ngokuthe ngcembe njengoko izisombululo zokwandisa umthamo ziphucula. I-Tesla, i-BMW, kunye nezinye ii-automakers zibhengeze intsebenziswano kunye nabaphuhlisi be-silicon anode ukuze kuphunyezwe phakathi kwe-2025-2027.

Ii-electronics zabathengi zilungelelanisa ukuxinana kwamandla kunye nobomi bomjikelo kunye nokhuseleko. Ii-smartphones kunye neelaptops zikholisa ukusebenzisa i-graphite anode ephuculweyo enikezela ngokuthembekileyo kwi-500-1,000 yemijikelo yentlawulo kwiminyaka emininzi yokusetyenziswa.

Igridi-isikali seenkqubo zokugcina amandla zigxininisa ubomi bomjikelo kunye neendleko ngaphezulu koxinano lwamandla njengoko imiqobo yendawo ibalulekile. Ezi zicelo zihlala zisebenzisa i-LFP (lithium iron phosphate) iicathodes ezidityaniswe negraphite anodes ixesha elide{2}}lozinzo. Olunye ufakelo luphonononga ii-anode ze-LTO apho ukhuseleko kunye nobomi obude buthethelela iindleko eziphezulu.

Uphando olupapashwe kwiiNgxelo zeNzululwazi ngoFebruwari ka-2024 lubonise i-bio{1}}esekwe kwimveliso ye-anode ngokusebenzisa i-catalytic graphitization ye-biochar. Besebenzisa i-trimetallic hybrid catalyst (nickel, iron, and manganese), abaphandi bazuze i-89.28% yesidanga segraphitization kunye ne-73.95% yokuguqulwa kwamazinga, banikezela ngenye indlela ezinzileyo kwipetroleum{5} esekwe kwigraphite.

Inkqubela phambili ye-nanostructuring iyaqhubeka nokuphucula ukusebenza kwe-silicon anode. Iimethodi ziquka ukwenza ii-silicon nanowires ezibotshelelwe kubaqokeleli bangoku, ukugquma isilicon kumaqokobhe egraphene, kunye nokuyila undoqo{1}}ulwakhiwo lwamasuntswana eqokobhe. I-Group14 Technologies enelungelo elilodwa lomenzi wesilicon{4}}ikhabhoni edityanisiweyo eyenza i-50% ephezulu yoxinano lwamandla omthamo kunegraphite yesiqhelo.

Ubuchwephesha bokugquma ubuso bujongana nokungazinzi komaleko we-SEI. Izibophelelo eziphucukileyo ezifana ne-polyacrylic acid kunye ne-carboxymethyl cellulose zithatha ngcono utshintsho lwe-silicon xa kuthelekiswa ne-polyvinylidene fluoride. Izongezo ezintsha ze-electrolyte zinceda ukwenza umaleko we-SEI ozinze ngakumbi oxhathisa ukuqhekeka ngexesha lokwandiswa{2}}kumjikelezo wokufinyela.

Anode Material

Ukuqonda imathiriyeli ye-anode kufuna ukuvavanya iimetrics ezithile zokusebenza ezimisela eyona{0}}indlela yokuziphatha kwebhetri yehlabathi.

Ibhetri ye-smartphone iqulathe malunga ne-15-20 grams yemathiriyeli ye-anode. Ukusebenzisa igraphite kwi-350 mAh / g umthamo wangempela, oku kubonelela malunga ne-5.25-7 Wh yamandla ebhetri ewonke. Ukutshintshela kwi-10% ye-silicon composite kwi-450 mAh / g kuya kukhulisa oku kwi-6.75-9 Wh-ngokumalunga nokunyuka kwe-20-25%.

Ukutshaja ngokukhawuleza ukukwazi ukuxhomekeka kakhulu kwiipropati ze-anode. Igraphite inokwamkela ngokukhuselekileyo amaxabiso entlawulo malunga ne-1C (intlawulo epheleleyo ngeyure enye), kunye nemixube ephucukileyo efikelela ku-2-3C. Izixhobo zesilicon zithembisa amaxabiso aphezulu ngakumbi ngenxa yendlela yokubeka umphezulu we-lithium endaweni yokusasazwa kobume obuqinileyo ngamaleko egraphite.

Ukusebenza kobushushu kuyahluka ngokwemathiriyeli. I-graphite anodes ibeka ingozi kwi-lithium plating kumaqondo obushushu angaphantsi kwe-0 degree, apho i-lithium ibeka njengesinyithi kunokuba idibanise ngokufanelekileyo. Oku kudala iingozi zokhuseleko. I-LTO igcina ukusebenza ukuya kuthi ga kwi-- 30℃, iyenza ilungele izicelo zemozulu ebandayo nangona amandla asezantsi axinana.

Abavelisi bebhetri bavavanya izixhobo ze-anode ngokusebenzisa iiprothokholi ezisemgangathweni. Imijikelo yokuqulunqa kwi-0.1C iseka amandla esiseko kunye nokwakheka kwe-SEI. Iimvavanyo zexabiso lokukwazi ukuhlawulisa kunye nokukhupha kwimisinga ephezulu ngokuqhubekayo (0.5C, 1C, 2C, 3C) ukuvavanya ukunikezelwa kwamandla. Uvavanyo lobomi bomjikelo luqhuba amakhulu ukuya kumawaka entlawulo{8}}yemijikelo yokukhupha ngokwemilinganiselo namaqondo obushushu achaziweyo.

Ubuchule bokulinganiswa obukwinqanaba eliphezulu bubandakanya i-X-i-diffraction yeray yohlalutyo lwesakhiwo sekristale, ukuskena i-electron microscopy ye-particle morphology, kunye ne-electrochemical impedance spectroscopy yokuqonda ukuxhathisa kunye ne-kinetics yokudluliselwa kwentlawulo. Le milinganiselo inceda abavelisi ukuba bakhulise ubungakanani bamasuntswana, imilo, indawo engaphezulu, kunye neeparamitha zokwaleka.

Ulwabiwo lobungakanani besuntswana luchaphazela kakhulu ukusebenza. Amasuntswana amakhulu anciphisa indawo engaphezulu, anciphisa indlela yokusabela kodwa aphucule -ukufaneleka komjikelo wokuqala. Amasuntswana amancinci anyusa amazinga okusabela kodwa adale indawo engaphezulu yendawo yeempendulo ezingafunwayo. Abavelisi bakholisa ukujolisa kulwabiwo lobungakanani obukhethekileyo obulungiselelwe ukusetyenziswa kwabo, rhoqo kuluhlu lwe-micrometer ye-10-20 yegraphite.

Intsimi yezixhobo ze-anode iyaqhubeka nokuhambela phambili ngokukhawuleza njengoko imfuno yebhetri ikhula. Igraphite iya kuhlala ikhongamele kwixesha eliphakathi xa kujongwa inzuzo yayo yeendleko kunye nekhonkco lonikezelo oluqolileyo. Ukudityaniswa kwe-silicon kwandisa kancinci njengoko abavelisi besombulula imingeni yolwando. Okulandelayo{3}}izinto zesizukulwana ezifana nentsimbi ye-lithium zilinda kwimibhobho yophuhliso ukuze kufumaneke izisombululo zokuphumelela kwimiqobo yazo yobugcisa.

Izinto eziphambili zokuThatha

Izixhobo ze-anode zenza i-electrode engeyiyo kwiibhetri apho i-oxidation yenzeka khona, kunye negraphite ngoku elawula kwisabelo semarike esingama-98% ngenxa yomthamo wayo we-372 mAh/g kunye neendleko{2}}

I-Silicon inikezela nge-10x ephezulu yomthamo wethiyori kwi-3, 600+ mAh/g kodwa ijongene nemingeni yokwandisa umthamo we-300-400% enciphisa umxholo we-silicon yorhwebo ukuya ngaphantsi kwe-8% kwizakhiwo ezidibeneyo ukusuka ngo-2025.

Amaxabiso ebhetri ehle nge-20% ngo-2024 ukuya kwi-115/kWh, kunye nezixhobo ze-anode ezimele i-10-15% yeendleko zebhetri zizonke kunye nokufumana uxinzelelo lwamaxabiso njengoko abavelisi bekhuphisana kwimida.

Imakethi yezinto ze-anode kulindeleke ukuba ikhule ukusuka kwi-3.5 yeebhiliyoni zeedola ngo-2024 ukuya kwi-14.7 yeebhiliyoni zeedola ngo-2034, iqhutywa kukwamkelwa kwemoto yombane kunye nokwandiswa kokugcinwa kwamandla.

Okulandelayo -izinto zesizukulwana eziquka{1}}izinto eziphezulu ze-silicon kunye ne-lithium metal anodes ekujoliswe kuyo kurhwebo phakathi kuka-2025-2027, kunye nabavelisi abakhulu abafana ne-LG Energy Solution kunye ne-POSCO Future M ekhokela iinzame zophuhliso.