Yintoni iNominal Voltage?

Amandla ombane aqhelekileyo lixabiso lamandla ombane eliqhelekileyo elabelwe isixokelelwano sombane okanye ibhetri ukumisela udidi lwamandla ombane, lusebenza njengendawo yereferensi kunomlinganiselo othe ngqo. Umzekelo, "12V" ibhetri yemoto eneneni isebenza phakathi kwe-10V kunye ne-13.7V ngokuxhomekeke kwisimo sayo sokutshaja, kodwa sisebenzisa i-12V njengombane wayo oqhelekileyo ukuchongwa ngokulula kunye nokuhambelana kwenkqubo.

Igama elithi "igama" livela kwigama lesiLatini elithetha "ukuthiwa" okanye "ukutyunjwa." Xa iinjineli zabela i-voltage yegama kwisekethe okanye isixhobo, ziseka ireferensi esisiseko evumela uyilo olusemgangathweni, ukuvelisa, kunye novavanyo kulo lonke ishishini.

Cinga nge-voltage yegama njenge-voltage "tag yegama" yenkqubo yombane. I-240V yesekethe yasekhaya ayigcini ngokuchanekanga i-240.0000 volts ngawo wonke umzuzu{3}inokuthi iguquguquke phakathi kwe-235V kunye ne-245V ngexesha lokusebenza kwesiqhelo. Ixabiso legama le-240V libonelela ngendlela elula yokuhlela kunye nokuxoxa ngenkqubo ngaphandle kokuxinzelelwa phantsi kwiinguqu eziqhubekayo.

Oku kubekwa emgangathweni kungqina kubalulekile ngenxa yezizathu ezininzi. Abavelisi bezixhobo banokuyila iimveliso besazi ukuba "isixhobo se-120V" siya kudibana nombane phakathi koluhlu oluqikelelwayo kumakhaya kwihlabathi liphela. Iinjineli zesixokelelwano samandla zingachaza amacandelo asekelwe kwiiklasi zamandla ombane afana ne-11kV, 33kV, okanye i-132kV ngaphandle kokufuna ukuphendula ngako konke ukuguquguquka okungephi. Umbane oqhelekileyo uba lulwimi oluqhelekileyo olwenza iziseko zombane zibekho.

Iinkqubo zebhetri zixhomekeke kakhulu kulwahlulo lwamandla ombane. Iseli ye-ion ye-lithium - ene-voltage ye-3.7V eneneni iya kwenza umlinganiselo we-4.2V xa ihlawulwe ngokupheleleyo kwaye yehle ukuya kwi-3.0V xa iphelile, kodwa abavelisi bayilebhile njenge-3.7V kuba oku kubonisa i-midpoint esebenzayo kwi-curve yayo yokukhupha apho ibhetri ihambisa uninzi lwamandla asebenzayo.

Umzi-mveliso wombane usebenzisa iindidi ezininzi zombane ezihlala zibhideka enye kwenye. Ngamnye usebenzela injongo eyahlukileyo kuyilo lwenkqubo kunye nokhuseleko.

Umbane oqhelekileyoiseka indawo yereferensi-iklasi yombane okanye "igama" lenkqubo. Yinto oyibonayo kwiilebhile zezixhobo kunye neenkcukacha. Xa uthenga isixhobo esithelekelwe i-24V, luphawu lwaso lombane.

Umbane osebenzayoimele owona mbane ulinganiswe kwiitheminali zesixhobo ngexesha lokwenyani-lokusebenza. Eli xabiso liyaguquguquka ngokusekelwe kwiimeko zomthwalo, umgangatho wamandla, kunye nemiba yokusingqongileyo. Isixokelelwano se-24V esiqhelekileyo sinokubonisa amandla ombane okusebenza naphi na ukusuka kwi-22V ukuya kwi-28V ngokuxhomekeke ekubeni iphantsi komthwalo onzima okanye umthwalo olula.

Umbane olinganisiweyoichaza umyinge wombane omkhulu onokuthi isixhobo siwuphathe ngokuqhubekayo ngaphandle komonakalo okanye ukuthotywa kokusebenza. Umbane olinganisiweyo kufuneka udlule umbane oqhelekileyo ngomda owaneleyo ukulungiselela ukuhla kwamandla ombane kubonelelo lwamandla. Kwisixhobo esilungiselelwe isistim ye-132kV, amandla ombane alinganisiweyo angachazwa njenge-132kV ±10%, edala uluhlu lokusebenza olwamkelekileyo ukusuka kwi-118.8kV ukuya kwi-145.2kV.

Cinga ngomzekelo osebenzayo kunye ne-breaker circuit yokuhlala. I-voltage ye-nominal yi-240V (ukuhlelwa kwenkqubo), i-voltage yokusebenza iyahluka phakathi kwe-230V kunye ne-250V ngexesha lokusetyenziswa okuqhelekileyo, kwaye umbane olinganisiweyo unokuba yi-275V (ubuninzi be-breaker bunokuphazamisa ngokukhuselekileyo ngaphandle komonakalo).

Lo mahluko ubaluleke kakhulu kwiinkqubo zebhetri. Ibhetri ye-lithium ye-24V ine-voltage ye-25.6V (esekelwe kwiiseli ezisibhozo ze-3.2V ze-LiFePO4 kwi-series), isebenza kuluhlu lwe-voltage ye-20V ukuya kwi-29.2V ngokuxhomekeke kwimeko yentlawulo, kwaye inomlinganiselo ophezulu wokuhlawula umbane we-29.2V ukukhusela umonakalo kwiiseli.

nominal voltage

Iibhetri zibonakalisa imeko ekhethekileyo yombane oqhelekileyo ngenxa yokuba amandla ombane aphumayo atshintsha ngokuqhubekayo ngexesha lokukhutshwa. Ngokungafaniyo neesistim zamandla e-AC ezinombane ozinzileyo, iibhetri zifumana ukuhla kwamandla ombane njengoko zikhupha amandla agciniweyo.

Iikhemistri zebhetri ezahlukeneyo ziseke amandla ombane ngokusekwe kwiipropathi zabo ze-electrochemical:

I-Lithium -iyoni (i{1}} ion)iibhetri zisebenzisa i-3.7V ngeseli nganye njengombane oqhelekileyo. Ezi seli zihlawulisa kwi-4.2V kwaye akufanele zikhuphe ngaphantsi kwe-3.0V yokuphila ixesha elide. I-3.7V yegama imele amandla ombane apho ezi bhetri zihambisa uninzi lwamandla azo.

I-Lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4)iibhetri zisebenza kwi-3.2V ngegama leseli nganye, kunye ne-voltage egcwele ngokupheleleyo ye-3.65V kunye ne-voltage encinci ekhuselekileyo ye-2.5V. La mandla ombane asezantsi xa kuthelekiswa ne-lithium esemgangathweni{4}}iyoni ibonisa ikhemistri kunye neempawu zokukhupha.

Lead{{0}asidiiibhetri zinomthamo oqhelekileyo we-2.0V ngeseli nganye. A standard "12V" lead -acid ibhetri yemoto eneneni iqulathe iiseli ezintandathu kuthotho (6 × 2.0V=12 V nominal), nangona ilinganisa 12.6V xa ihlawulwe ngokupheleleyo kunye 10.5V xa ikhutshiwe.

Nickel -metal hydride (NiMH)kunye ne-nickel-cadmium (NiCd) iiseli zombini zine-nominal voltages ye-1.2V, nangona zifikelela kwi-1.4V xa zichajiwe ngokupheleleyo kunye ne-1.0V xa ziphelile.

Umbane oqhelekileyo usebenza njengereferensi esemgangathweni eyenza kube lula ukuyila ipakethi yebhetri kunye nokuqonda kwabathengi. Xa ubona ipakethe yebhetri ebhalwe "48V," uyayazi kwangoko iklasi yayo yombane ngaphandle kokufuna ukulandelela umbane wayo ngqo kuwo onke amanqanaba entlawulo.

Abavelisi bebhetri ngabom basebenzisa amandla ombane aqhelekileyo kwiilebhile kunokuba basebenzise amandla ombane aphezulu ngenxa yokhuseleko kunye nezizathu zokuthengisa. Ukuvelisa iiseli ezinombane ofanayo ncakasana kungqina ukuba kunzima kakhulu-kwanebhetri ezisuka kumgca wemveliso ofanayo zibonisa umahluko omncinci. Ngokuthengisa iibhetri kumbane wazo oqhelekileyo, abavelisi bayawunqanda umba wokuthengisa "ibhetri ye-12V" enokulinganisa i-11.7V, enokulahlekisa abathengi okanye yophule imigangatho yentengiso.

Iinkqubo zebhetri ze-24V ze-lithium zibonisa indlela amandla ombane asebenzayo asebenza ngayo kwizicelo ezisebenzayo, ngakumbi kwizithuthi zombane, ukugcinwa kwamandla elanga, kunye nokusetyenziswa kolwandle.

Ibhetri ye-lithium ye-24V ayisebenzi ngokuthe ngqo kwii-volts ezingama-24. Umbane oqhelekileyo uxhomekeke kwikhemistri yeseli kunye noqwalaselo. Kwi-chemistry ye-LiFePO4 (eyona ixhaphake kakhulu kwiinkqubo ze-24V), i-voltage yangempela ye-nominal yi-25.6V, iphunyezwe ngokudibanisa iiseli ezisibhozo ze-3.2V kwiichungechunge (8 × 3.2V=25.6 V).

Uluhlu lwe-voltage ye-24V yebhetri ye-lithium iyahluka kakhulu ngokusekelwe kwimeko yentlawulo:

Ihlawuliswe ngokupheleleyo: 29.2V (iseli nganye kwi-3.65V)Ngokwesiqhelo (50% intlawulo): 25.6V (iseli nganye kwi-3.2V)
Ikhutshwe ngokupheleleyo: 20V (iseli nganye kwi-2.5V)

Olu jingi lombane lubanzi luchaphazela uyilo lwenkqubo. Isixhobo esibhalwe "24V ehambelanayo" kufuneka siluphathe lonke olu luhlu lwamandla ombane. I-24V ukuya kwi-230V inverter, umzekelo, ichaza uluhlu lwegalelo lwe-19V ukuya kwi-33V ukulungiselela ukuguquguquka kwamandla ombane webhetri kuwo wonke umjikelo wokukhupha.

Abalawuli bokutshaja kwiinkqubo ze-24V ze-lithium kufuneka bahambise i-29.2V ± 0.2V ukuhlawula ngokufanelekileyo ibhetri. Ukusebenzisa itshaja eqhelekileyo ye-24V eyenzelwe ilothe-ibhetri yeasidi ayizukusebenza-ayizukubonelela ngombane owaneleyo wokutshaja ngokupheleleyo iiseli ze-lithium. Oku kubonisa impazamo eqhelekileyo xa abasebenzisi bephucula ukusuka kwilothe{8}}yeasidi ukuya kwiibhetri ze-lithium ngaphandle kokuphucula izixhobo zabo zokutshaja.

I-voltage ye-nominal iphinda inqume ukucwangciswa kwepaneli yelanga kwiinkqubo ze-24V. Kuba uninzi lweepaneli zesola ezisebenza kwi-12V, ibhanki ye-24V yebhetri ifuna iiphaneli ezimbini ze-12V ezifakwe iingcingo kuthotho okanye enye -iphaneli yevoltage ephezulu ukuvelisa amandla ombane awoneleyo wokutshaja. Inkqubo yokutshaja kufuneka ikhuphe amandla ombane aphezulu kunomthamo webhetri oyi-25.6V ukutyhala okwangoku kwiiseli.

Okwenyani-usetyenziso lwehlabathi lubonisa ukubaluleka kokuqonda ezi mpawu zombane. Kwimoto yombane esebenzisa iibhetri ze-24V ze-lithium, inkqubo yokulawula ibhetri (BMS) ibeka iliso kumandla ombane weeseli ukuthintela ukukhupha ngaphezulu -ukukhupha ngaphantsi kwe-20V okanye ukutshaja ngaphezulu kwe-29.2V. Ukusebenza ngaphandle kwale mida kunokonakalisa ngokusisigxina iiseli okanye kudale iingozi zokhuseleko.

Iisistim zombane kwihlabathi liphela zilandela ulwahlulo oluqhelekileyo lwamandla ombane oluvumela ukuhambelana nokhuseleko lwesixhobo. Le migangatho iyahluka phakathi kwe-AC (alternating current) kunye ne-DC (direct current) iinkqubo.

Iinkqubo zamandla e-ACsebenzisa amandla ombane ahlukileyo ahluka ngokwengingqi:

Iinkqubo zokuhlala zaseMntla Melika zisebenza kwi-120V yegama (isigaba esinye-) kunye ne-240V yesiqhelo (isigaba sokwahlula{3}}). Amandla ombane okwenene ahluka phakathi kwe-114V kunye ne-126V kwiinkqubo ze-120V.

Iinkqubo zokuhlala zaseYurophu kunye namazwe ngamazwe zisebenzisa i-230V yegama (ngaphambili i-220V okanye i-240V kumazwe ahlukeneyo, ngoku isemgangathweni kwi-230V ± 6% ukuvumela zombini iindidi).

Iinkqubo zoshishino kunye nezorhwebo zisebenzisa amandla ombane aphezulu: 480V (eqhelekileyo kushishino lwaseMntla Melika), 400V (iinkqubo zesigaba sesithathu- sesithathu saseYurophu), kunye nogqithiso lombane oluphezulu lwe-11kV, 33kV, 132kV, 230kV, kunye ne-765kV kuthungelwano lokuhambisa amandla.

Iinkqubo zamandla eDClandela imigangatho yombane eyahlukileyo:

Iinkqubo zeemoto: i-12V yegama (iimoto ezininzi), i-24V yegama (iilori kunye neebhasi), i-48V yegama (ezinye izithuthi ezixubileyo)

Unxibelelwano ngocingo: 48V igama (izixhobo zonxibelelwano, amaziko edatha)

Ugcino lweSolar kunye nebhetri: 12V, 24V, 48V ngegama (iinkqubo zokuhlala), amandla ombane aphezulu ofakelo lwentengiso

Ii-electronics zabathengi: 3.7V okanye 3.6V (iifowuni, iilaptops ezisebenzisa i-lithium{2}} ion), 1.5V (iibhetri zealkaline), 9V (iibhetri eziqhelekileyo ezixande)

La mandla ombane asemgangathweni adala ukuhambelana kubo bonke abavelisi kunye nemimandla yejografi. Isixhobo esiyilelwe ukusebenza kwe-12V siya kusebenza nawo nawuphi na umthombo wamandla we-12V, nokuba yibhetri yemoto, iadaptha yasedongeni, okanye isilawuli setshajisi yelanga{3}}kucingelwa ukuba umthamo wangoku uyahlangabezana neemfuno.

I-International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) igcina imigangatho yehlabathi malunga neenkcukacha zombane oqhelekileyo ngokusebenzisa i-IEC 60038, echaza amandla ombane asemgangathweni ngaphezu kwe-100V. Oku kubekwa emgangathweni kuthintela isiphithiphithi esinokuthi sibe nesiphumo ukuba wonke umenzi ukhethe amanqanaba ombane angenasizathu kwiimveliso zabo.

Abayili benkqubo yamandla kufuneka basebenze ngaphakathi kwezi zikhokelo zamandla ombane. Xa kucaciswa i-breaker circuit ye-132kV transmission line, iinjineli ziyazi ukuba i-voltage elinganisiweyo ye-breaker kufuneka idlule i-132kV ukusingatha ukuguquguquka kwamandla ombane okuqhelekileyo, ngokuqhelekileyo ichaza i-145.2kV (132kV + 10%) njengowona mandla ombane aphezulu.

nominal voltage

Isixhobo sombane sisebenza ngokukhuselekileyo kuphela xa abaqulunqi befakela imida yokhuseleko lwamandla ombane afanelekileyo{0}}isithinteli phakathi kwamandla ombane aqhelekileyo kunye namandla ombane alinganisiweyo avumela ukuhla kwamandla ombane okwenyani{1}}ehlabathini lonke.

Uninzi lweesistim zombane zigcina ukunyamezela kwamandla ombane ± 10% malunga nexabiso legama. Inkqubo ye-240V ye-nominal kufuneka isebenze ngokuthembekileyo naphi na ukusuka kwi-216V ukuya kwi-264V. Izixhobo ezireyithiweyo kule nkqubo kufuneka zijongane nolu tshintsho ngaphandle kokuthotywa komgangatho wokusebenza okanye imiba yokhuseleko.

Umbane olinganisiweyo wesixhobo uhlala udlula umbane oqhelekileyo ngalo mda wokhuseleko. Qwalasela i-motor yemizi-mveliso ene-nameplate rating "440V ±10%." Le moto inamandla ombane angama-440V kodwa inokusebenza ngokukhuselekileyo ukusuka ku-396V ukuya kwi-484V{7}}uluhlu lwamandla ombane oluvumela ukuguquguquka kwesiqhelo kwenkqubo yamandla ngaphandle kokonakalisa ukugquma kwemoto okanye ukujija.

Zininzi izinto ezifuna le mida yokhuseleko:

Ukuhla kwamandla ombanekwenzeka kwiintambo zothumelo kunye neentambo ngenxa yokuchasana, ngakumbi phantsi komthwalo onzima. Intambo yamandla ene-240V yegama kumthombo inokuzisa kuphela i-230V ekupheleni kokuhamba kwexesha elide.

Layisha ukwahlukakuchaphazela ukuzinza kwamandla ombane. Xa iinjini ezinkulu okanye eminye imithwalo enzima iqala phezulu, inokuthoba okwethutyana ivolthi yenkqubo. Xa ezi mithwalo zivaliwe, amandla ombane anokwenyuka ngokufutshane ngaphezu kwesiqhelo.

Imiba yobulunga bamandlanjengee-harmonics, transients, kunye ne-voltage sags zenzeka rhoqo kwiigridi zombane. Izixhobo kufuneka zimelane nezi ziphazamiso ngaphandle kokusilela.

Umahluko ngokwejografikunikezelo lwamandla kuthetha ukuba amandla ombane "aqhelekileyo" ahluka kancinci ngommandla. Umgangatho waseYurophu we-230V uhlalisa amazwe asebenzisa i-220V ngokwembali kunye nabasebenzisa i-240V.

Iisistim zebhetri zifuna ulawulo ngononophelo lwamandla ombane. Iibhetri zeLithium zonakaliswa ngokusisigxina ukuba zihlawulwe ngaphezulu kwamandla ombane alinganisiweyo aphezulu okanye zikhutshwe ngaphantsi kwamandla ombane asezantsi wokucutha. Ibhetri ye-lithium ye-24V inokuba namandla ombane angama-25.6V, kodwa i-BMS kufuneka ithintele ukutshaja ngaphezu kwe-29.2V (ubuninzi obulinganisiweyo) kunye nokukhupha ngaphantsi kwe-20V (ubuncinane be-cutoff).

Umahluko phakathi kombane olinganisiweyo kunye negama lombane kufuneka ube mkhulu ngokwaneleyo ukulungiselela ukwahluka okulindelekileyo ngelixa uncinci ngokwaneleyo ukugcina ukusebenza kakuhle. Umda ogqithisileyo uthetha izinto ezinkulu, ezixabisa kakhulu; umda ongonelanga ubeka ingozi kumonakalo wesixhobo ngexesha lokuhamba kwamandla ombane.

Ngelixa amandla ombane aqhelekileyo alixabiso elichaziweyo ngokobuchwephesha kunelo elilinganisiweyo, ukuqonda ukuba amandla ombane okwenene anxulumana njani namaxabiso aqhelekileyo kufuna iindlela ezifanelekileyo zokulinganisa.

Kwiibhetri, umlinganiselo wombane wesekethe evuliweyo (OCV)-ivoltage engenamthwalo uqhagamshelweyo{1}}ubonelela ngeyona ndlela ichanekileyo yokufunda. Qhagamshela i-multimeter yedijithali kwiitheminali zebhetri kwaye ulinde i-15-imizuzu engama-30 emva kokuqhawula nayiphi na imithwalo ukuze umbane uzinze. Ibhetri ye-lead-asidi ye-12V kwi-50% yentlawulo iya kufunda ngokubanzi malunga ne-12.2V, ngelixa ibhetri ye-lithium ye-12V kwi-50% yentlawulo ifundeka ngokusondeleyo kwi-13V.

Umbane oqhelekileyo woyilo lwebhetri entsha umiselwa yikhemistri kunye novavanyo lomenzi. Iinjineli zikhupha ibhetri kwizinga eliqhelekileyo (ngokuqhelekileyo i-0.2C-20% yomthamo webhetri ngeyure) kwiqondo lokushisa eliqhelekileyo kwaye zicwangcisa ijika lombane. I-voltage ye-nominal ikhethwe ngokusekelwe apho ibhetri ichitha ixesha layo lokukhupha.

Kwiinkqubo ze-AC, sebenzisa i-RMS yokwenyani (ingcambu ethetha isikwere) i-multimeter ukulinganisa amandla ombane ngokuchanekileyo. Iimitha ezisemgangathweni zingabonisa ufundo olungachanekanga kwii-electronics zale mihla ezine-non{1}}ezingeyo-sinusoidal waveforms. Ukulinganisa i-voltage kwii-terminals zezixhobo, kungekhona kwipaneli yokusabalalisa, ukuhlawula i-voltage drop in the wiring.

Imilinganiselo yombane webhetri iyatshintsha ngokusekwe kwizinto ezininzi:

Ubume bentlawuloyeyona mpembelelo iphambili. Ibhetri egcweleyo ye-24V LiFePO4 ifunda i-29.2V, ngelixa ibhetri efanayo kwi-20% intlawulo ifunda malunga ne-24V, kwaye kwi-10% ihlawulisa ihla kwi-22V.

Iimeko zomthwalobangela ukuhla kwamandla ombane ngoko nangoko. Ibhetri inokufunda i-25.6V ngaphandle komthwalo kodwa ihle iye kwi-24.5V xa inikezela ngee-amps ezingama-50 kwi-inverter. Oku kwehla kwamandla ombane kubangela ukuxhathisa kwangaphakathi.

Ubushushuichaphazela amandla ebhetri kakhulu. Iibhetri ezibandayo zibonisa ukufundwa kwamandla ombane asezantsi kuneebhetri ezifudumeleyo zikwimo enye yentlawulo. Ibhetri ye-lithium ye-12V inokufunda i-12.8V kwi-20℃kodwa kuphela i-12.4V kwi-10 degree.

Ubudala kunye nempiloIimpawu zombane wempembelelo. Iibhetri ezindala ezinoxhathiso olwandisiweyo lwangaphakathi zibonisa ukuhla kwamandla ombane amaninzi phantsi komthwalo, nokuba i-voltage yesiphaluka evulekileyo ibonakala iqhelekileyo.

Iinkqubo ezichubekileyo zokujonga ibhetri zilandelela amandla ombane ngokuqhubekayo kwaye zibonelela ngemeko yentlawulo ngokuthelekisa umbane olinganisiweyo ngokuchasene neegophe zokukhupha ezaziwayo zekhemistri yebhetri ethile. Ezi nkqubo zibonelela ngokuchaneka ngakumbi kunemilinganiselo yombane elula yodwa, ngakumbi kwiibhetri zeLiFePO4 ezigcina amandla ombane athe tyaba kulo lonke uluhlu lwazo lokukhupha.

Ukucaciswa kwamandla ombane okuqhelekileyo kukhokelela kwizigqibo ezibalulekileyo kuyilo lwesixokelelwano sombane, ukusuka ekukhetheni amacandelo ahambelanayo ukuya ekuqinisekiseni ukusebenza ngokukhuselekileyo kuzo zonke iindidi zosetyenziso.

Iinkqubo zamandla elangaIfuna ukuthelekisa ngononophelo amandla ombane phakathi kweephaneli, izilawuli zokutshaja, iibhetri, kunye nee-inverters. Isixokelelwano selanga se-24V siqhele ukusebenzisa:

Iiseli ezisibhozo ze-3.2V LiFePO4 kuthotho (25.6V ibhetri yegama) Iiphaneli ezimbini zelanga ze-12V kuthotho (ukubonelela nge-36-40V ukutshaja ibhetri)
Umlawuli wentlawulo we-24V MPPT (ukwamkela igalelo le-19-33V) I-24V ukuya kwi-230V inverter (esebenza ukusuka kwi-20-30V igalelo)

Icandelo ngalinye kufuneka liphathe uluhlu lwe-voltage ye-24V ye-nominal system, kungekhona nje ixabiso eliqhelekileyo le-25.6V. Amandla ombane angahambelaniyo akhokelela ekutshajweni okungafanelekanga, ukonakala kwesixhobo, okanye ukusilela ngokupheleleyo kwenkqubo.

Uyilo lwesithuthi sombaneixhomekeke kakhulu kumbane webhetri pack. I-48V e{2}}ibhayisekile isebenzisa nokuba:

Iiseli ezili-13 ze-3.7V lithium - ion kuthotho (13 × 3.7V=48.1 V nominal) iiseli ezili-15 ze-3.2V LiFePO4 kuthotho (15 × 3.2V=48 V nominal)

I-motor, isilawuli, kunye ne-BMS kufuneka zifake uluhlu olupheleleyo lwamandla ombane ukusuka ekukhutshweni ngokupheleleyo ukuya ekutshajisweni ngokupheleleyo. Inkqubo ye-48V ye-nominal isebenza ngokwenene phakathi kwe-39V (ikhutshwe) kunye ne-54.6V (ihlawuliswe i-lithium - } okanye phakathi kwe-37.5V kunye ne-54.75V (ye-LiFePO4).

Izixhobo zemizi-mvelisoiinkcukacha zihlala zibhekisa amandla ombane. Isithuthi sokuhambisa esilinganiswe "440V, 3-phase" sisebenza kwisistim ye-440V eqhelekileyo kodwa kufuneka sibambe ngokukhuselekileyo i-396V ukuya kwi-484V (440V ±10%). Ukufakela le njini kwi-380V inkqubo kuya kubangela ukungasebenzi kakuhle; ukuyidibanisa ne-690V inkqubo iya konakalisa i-insulation.

Usetyenziso lwaselwandlengokuqhelekileyo sebenzisa iinkqubo ze-24V kuba zibonelela ngokulinganisela okulungileyo phakathi kokuhanjiswa kwamandla kunye nokhuseleko. Isikhephe esiqhelekileyo sokuhamba ngenqanawa sinokusebenzisa:

Ibhanki ye-24V yebhetri (umthamo we-800Ah kwi-25.6V yegama=20.5} kWh) i-24V i-alternator (itshaja kwi-29.2V, 100A)
Imithwalo ye-24V DC (izibane, iimpompo, i-electronics kwi-voltages ezahlukeneyo) 24V ukuya kwi-12V converters (kwizixhobo ze-12V zelifa) 24V ukuya kwi-230V inverter (yezixhobo ze-AC)

Ukuqonda ukuba le "nkqubo ye-24V" isebenza ngokwenene phakathi kwe-20V kunye ne-29.2V iqinisekisa ukukhethwa kwezixhobo ezifanelekileyo kunye nokuthintela umonakalo ovela kumbane ongafanelekanga.

Uyilo lweziko ledathaisebenzisa i-48V DC ukuhanjiswa kwamandla kuba inika ukusebenza kakuhle okuphuculweyo xa kuthelekiswa nokuhanjiswa kwe-AC yemveli. I-48V ye-nominal ivumela ukuhanjiswa kwamandla amakhulu (ukuya kwi-2000W kwisekethe nganye kwi-40A) ngelixa ihleli ngaphantsi kwe-60V threshold efuna ukhuseleko olukhethekileyo kwiikhowudi ezininzi zombane.

nominal voltage

Ukungaqondi kakuhle okuninzi malunga nombane oqhelekileyo kukhokelela kwiingxaki zezixhobo kunye nokudideka kwabasebenzisi.

"Ibhetri yam ye-12V ifundeka i-13.7V, ngaba inesiphene?"Oku kubonisa mhlawumbi eyona mbono ixhaphakileyo ephosakeleyo{0}ebhidayo amandla ombane ombane wokwenene. I-12V ekhokelayo -ibhetri yeasidi kwintlawulo epheleleyo kufuneka ifunde i-12.6-12.8V, ngelixa ibhetri ye-lithium ye-12V ifikelela kwi-13.3-13.4V xa ihlawulwe ngokupheleleyo. Zombini zisebenza ngokuqhelekileyo nangona zigqithise umlinganiselo wazo wombane.

"Ndinokusebenzisa nayiphi na itshaja ye-24V kunye nebhetri yam ye-24V."Ikhemistri yebhetri ibaluleke kakhulu. I-24V ekhokelayo -iziphumo zetshaja yeasidi malunga ne-27.6V ukutshaja ilothe{4}ibhetri yeasidi, kodwa ibhetri ye-lithium eyi-24V ifuna i-29.2V ukuze ihlawule ngokupheleleyo. Ukusebenzisa uhlobo lwetshaja engalunganga kubangela ukutshaja okungaphelelanga kunye nomthamo ocuthiweyo.

"I-voltage ingaphantsi kwegama, ngoko ke ibhetri yam imbi."Umbane ongaphantsi kwamandla ombane oqhelekileyo ubonisa ibhetri ekhutshiweyo, hayi enesiphene. Ibhetri ye-24V ye-lithium kwi-24V iphantse yahlawuliswa i-40% -phantsi, kodwa ayonakalanga. Kuphela kuxa amandla ombane ehla ngaphantsi kwamandla ombane anqumkileyo (20V ye-24V ye-lithium) apho kukho inkxalabo.

"Ndilinganise i-245V kwisekethe yam ye-240V, kukho into engalunganga."I-Voltge engaphezulu kancinane kwi-nominal iqhelekile. Uninzi lweenkqubo zamandla zisebenza nge ±5-10% yokwahluka. Ukufundwa kwe-245V kuwela kwimida eyamkelekileyo ye-240V ye-nominal system. Inkxalabo iqinisekiswa kuphela xa amandla ombane ethe gqolo egqitha imilinganiselo yamandla ombane.

Ukulungisa iingxaki zombaneifuna indlela ecwangcisiweyo:

Okokuqala, yenza umlinganiselo wombane wokwenene nge-multimeter esemgangathweni. Iingxaki ezininzi zombane zisuka kwimilinganiselo engachanekanga kusetyenziswa iimitha zexabiso eliphantsi okanye umlinganiselo kwiindawo ezingafanelekanga kwisekethe.

Okwesibini, chonga uhlobo lomba wombane. Umbane ophantsi ophantsi komthwalo ubonisa ukuhla kwamandla ombane agqithisileyo ukusuka kwiingcingo zombane ezingaphantsi kobukhulu okanye uqhagamshelo olubi. I-voltage ephantsi engenamthwalo icebisa iingxaki zobonelelo lwamandla okanye iibhetri ezikhutshiweyo. Amandla ombane aphezulu angabonisa ukusilela kwesilawuli okanye useto lwetshaja olungachanekanga.

Okwesithathu, khangela i-voltage kwiindawo ezininzi. Umbane kwiitheminali zebhetri unokuba yinto eqhelekileyo ngelixa amandla ombane kwisixhobo ebonisa ukuhla okubalulekileyo, okwalatha kwiintambo okanye imiba yoqhagamshelo phakathi kwamalungu.

Kwiisistim zebhetri, landelela amandla ombane ngokuchasene nemo yentlawulo. Amandla ombane-ukuya{2}}kwitshathi ye-SOC yekhemistri yebhetri yakho idiza ukuba umbane ojongiweyo uqhelekile kumphakamo wentlawulo yangoku. Iibhetri ze-LiFePO4 zigcina i-voltage engaguqukiyo ukusuka kwi-90% ukuya kwi-20% yesimo sentlawulo, okwenza i-voltage yodwa ibe ngumqondiso ongathembekanga womthamo oseleyo.

Isixhobo esingayi kusebenza kwisixokelelwano esinamandla ombane achanekileyo sinokuba neemfuneko ezithile zombane ngaphandle koluhlu oluqhelekileyo. Ezinye izinto zombane ezibuthathaka zifuna amandla ombane alawulwa ngokungqongqo (±2-3%) nangona isixokelelwano samandla sibonelela ±10% ukunyamezela. Ukongeza ukulawulwa kwamandla ombane okanye ukusebenzisa i-UPS kunokusombulula le miba.

Amandla ombane ebhetri amele umndilili wokusebenza, hayi owona mbane uphezulu. Ibhetri egcwaliswe ngokupheleleyo yodlula amandla ombane ayo aqhelekileyo kuba amandla ombane akhethiweyo akhethwe ngokusekwe kumbindi wegophe lokukhupha apho ibhetri inikezela ngamandla ayo amaninzi. I-3.7V lithium - intlawulo yeseli ye-ion ukuya kwi-4.2V kwaye ikhuphela kwi-3.0V, kunye ne-3.7V emele i-voltage apho ichitha uninzi lwexesha layo eliluncedo lokukhupha.

Ukuqhagamshela isixhobo ukuphinda kabini amandla ayo ombane kuya kuyonakalisa okanye kuyitshabalalise. Nangona kunjalo, ungasebenzisa ngokukhuselekileyo i-24V ukuya kwi-12V DC-i-DC converter ukuthoba umbane. Ezi ziguquli zixhaphakile kwizithuthi kunye nezikhephe ezisebenzisa iibhetri ze-24V zendlu kodwa zidinga amandla ombane ayi-12V.

Ukusebenza ngentla kwamandla ombane alinganisiweyo kubeka umngcipheko wokonakala kwesixhobo ngokuqhawuka kwe-insulation, ubushushu becandelo, okanye ukusilela kwangoko. Imida yokhuseleko ikhona kwi-spikes yamandla ombane okwethutyana, kodwa ukusebenza okuzinzileyo ngaphezulu kwamandla ombane alinganisiweyo kwehlisa ubomi besixhobo okanye kubangela ukusilela okukhulu. Kwiibhetri, ukugqithisa kwamandla ombane aphezulu kunokubangela ukubaleka kwe-thermal, ngakumbi kwiikhemistri ze-lithium.

Ukulinganisa i-voltage yemveliso kunye ne-multimeter phantsi komthwalo. Oku kukunika i-voltage yesiphaluka evulekileyo, eya kuba phezulu kancinane kune-nominal. Uninzi lwemveliso yamandla e-DC i-5-15% ngaphezu komlinganiselo wabo we-nominal ngaphandle komthwalo, ukuhla kumbane oqhelekileyo phantsi komthwalo olinganisiweyo. Unikezelo olungabhaliswanga lufunda i-13.8V lunokuba ne-12V yokulinganisa okuqhelekileyo, ngelixa enye yokufunda i-29V mhlawumbi yi-24V yegama.