Yintoni iMotor Efficiency?

Ukusebenza kwemoto kulinganisa ukuba imotor yombane iwaguqula njani amandla ombane abe ngamandla oomatshini. Umlinganiselo wemveliso yamandla oomatshini kwigalelo lamandla ombane ngokwesiqhelo usuka kwi-70% ukuya kwi-96%, kunye namandla angaguqulwanga aphulukene nobushushu, ukukhuhlana, kunye nezinye iindlela.

Amandla eenjini zombane zale mihla malunga ne-45% yokusetyenziswa kombane kwihlabathi, okwenza uphuculo olusebenzayo lubaluleke kakhulu kukongiwa kweendleko kunye neempembelelo zokusingqongileyo. Izicelo zezithuthi zombane zifuna ukusebenza okuphezulu ngakumbi, aphoibhetri yemoto ye-lithiumIisistim zisebenza ngokudibeneyo kunye neenjini ezifezekisa i-90% + esebenzayo kuzo zonke iimeko zokusebenza.

Ubalo olusebenzayo olusisiseko lwahlula amandla emveliso ngokufaka amandla. Kumzobo wemoto i-1,000 leewatts zamandla ombane kunye nokuhambisa i-850 watts yamandla oomatshini, ukusebenza kakuhle kulingana nama-85%. Lo mlinganiselo uthe ngqo ugubungela ukuntsonkotha okukhulu kwindlela ilahleko eyenzeka ngayo kulo lonke ixesha lokusebenza kwemoto.

Ubuchule bunokubalwa ngokuthe ngqo ngomlinganiselo wamandla okanye ngokungathanga ngqo ngokulinganisa ilahleko. Indlela engathanga ngqo ibala iintlobo ezintlanu zelahleko ezicacileyo ezichazwe yi-IEEE 112 Igatya lesi-5: ilahleko yestator, iilahleko zerotor, ilahleko engundoqo, ilahleko yokuvuthuza nokungqubana, kunye nelahleko yomthwalo olahlekileyo. Ngamnye unegalelo ngokwahlukileyo ngokuxhomekeke kuyilo lweemoto, iimeko zomthwalo, kunye nesantya sokusebenza.

Uninzi lweenjini zifikelela kwincopho yokuphumelela phakathi kwe-50% kunye ne-100% yomthwalo obekiweyo, kunye nendawo emnandi ejikeleze i-75% yomthamo olinganisiweyo. I-motor ye-10-horsepower isebenza ngokufanelekileyo malunga ne-7.5 yamandla eehashe, nangona olu luhlu luhluka ngobungakanani bemoto kunye nohlobo. Ngaphantsi kwe-50% yomthwalo, ukusebenza kakuhle kwehla kakhulu, nto leyo eyenza ukuba ubungakanani obufanelekileyo benjini bubaluleke kakhulu kulondolozo lwamandla.

Motor Efficiency

Ilahleko yamandla iguquka ibe bubushushu kunokuba ibe ngumsebenzi oluncedo. Ukuqonda apho le lahleko yenzeke khona kunceda uphuculo olujoliswe kuko olusebenzayo.

Iilahleko zobhedu (Iilahleko ze-I²R)

Ukumelana nombane kwi-stator kunye ne-rotor windings kudala ukushisa ngokulinganayo kwisikwere sangoku. Xa uqalisa isithuthi ukusuka ekuphumleni, i-motor inokutsala i-500 amperes kwi-windings ene-40 milliohms resistance, ivelise i-10 kilowatts yelahleko. Ukusukela ukuba i-shaft ijika kancinci ngexesha lokuqalisa, ukusebenza kakuhle kusondela kwi-zero nangona kusetyenziswe amandla amakhulu. Ezi lahleko zobhedu zibonisa eyona nxalenye inkulu yelahleko enye kwiimoto ezininzi, zibalelwa kwi-55-60% yelahleko iyonke kuyilo oluqhelekileyo.

Ukusebenzisa ubhedu kune-aluminiyam kwii-windings kunciphisa ukuxhathisa malunga ne-30%, nangona ixabiso eliphezulu lezinto eziphathekayo. Iimotor ezisebenzayo ziqulathe i-25% yobhedu ngaphezulu kuneemodeli eziqhelekileyo, ukurhweba ngeendleko zangaphambili zokonga ixesha elide-. Kwizithuthi zombane ezinikwe amandla yi-lithium yeebhetri zeepakethi zeemoto, ukunciphisa ilahleko yobhedu kwandisa ngokuthe ngqo uluhlu lokuqhuba.

Iilahleko ezingundoqo (Iilahleko zentsimbi)

Undoqo wemagnethi ufumana i-hysteresis kunye nelahleko yangoku ye-eddy njengoko imagnethi yayo itshintsha ngokuqhubekayo i-polarity. Ilahleko ye-hysteresis isuka kungquzulwano lwemolekyuli njengoko imimandla yemagnethi ijikela kumjikelo ngamnye we-AC. Imisinga ye-Eddy iqukuqela kwiipateni ezijikelezayo ngombindi wentsimbi elaminethiweyo, ivelisa ubushushu ngokulinganayo noxinaniso lwe-flux kunye nokutshintsha rhoqo.

Umgangatho ophezulu - wentsimbi ye-silicon enezibane ezicekethekileyo zehlisa zombini iindlela zelahleko. Iinjini eziphambili zisebenzisa i-laminations 0.35mm ubukhulu okanye ngaphantsi, xa kuthelekiswa ne-0.5mm kuyilo oluqhelekileyo. Ezinye iimotor zokulinga zisebenzisa i-nanocrystalline okanye i-amorphous metals efikelela kwi-70% yokunciphisa ilahleko engundoqo, ihla ukusuka kwi-1.4 watts ngekhilogram ukuya kwi-0.4 watts ngekhilogram. Ezi mathiriyeli zangaphandle zibiza imali eninzi kwaye zibonelela ngemiceli mngeni yokuvelisa kodwa zityhala ukusebenza kakuhle kwithiyori engama-99%.

Iilahleko ezingundoqo zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zikhona. Kwimithwalo ekhanyayo, ilahleko esisigxina esisigxina iyalawula, ichaza ukuba kutheni ukusebenza kakuhle kwemoto kuthoba ngaphantsi kwe-50% yomthamo olinganisiweyo.

Iilahleko zoomatshini

Ukuthwala ingxabano kunye nokumelana nomoya (i-windage) kudla amandla omatshini. Ilahleko yefriction ikhula ngokulandelelana ngesantya, ngelixa umoya ukhula njengetyhubhu yesantya esijikelezayo. Imoto ephulukene neewathi ezili-10 ukuya kumoya kwi-1,000 RPM ilahlekelwa ziiwatts ezingama-80 kwi-2,000 RPM, i-640 yeewathi kwi-4,000 RPM, kunye ne-5,120 yeewathi kwi-8,000 RPM.

Olu lwalamano lwe-cubic ludala isilingi ebonakalayo yesantya semoto. Iimoto zemoto zombane zikholisa ukusebenza phakathi kwe-10,000 kunye ne-18,000 RPM, nangona ezinye{5}}uyilo oluphezulu lokusebenza lufikelela ku-20,000 RPM. Ngaphaya kolu luhlu, iilahleko zomoya zongamela iinzuzo zokusebenza kakuhle ukusuka kuxinzelelo olwandisiweyo lwamandla.

{0}Iibheringi zokukhuhlana ezisezantsi kunye nokuchaneka ukulinganisa kunciphisa ilahleko yoomatshini. Iimotor eziphambili zifezekisa ukunyamezelana, ukunciphisa izithuba zomoya phakathi kwe-rotor kunye ne-stator ukusuka kwi-0.5mm ukuya kwi-0.3mm okanye ngaphantsi. Oku kufutshane konyusa ukusebenza kakuhle kokudibanisa imagnethi kodwa kufuna ukuchaneka kwemveliso.

Iilahleko ezilahlekileyo

Ukuphazamiseka kwe-Harmonic, ukuvuza kwemagnethi, kunye nezinye iziphumo zesibini zenza ilahleko eseleyo. Ezi zikholisa ukumela i-10-15% yelahleko iyonke kodwa kubonakala kunzima ukubala ngokuchanekileyo. Ukuqhuba okuguquguqukayo okuguquguqukayo kunokonyusa ilahleko elahlekileyo ngokuvelisa i-harmonic, nangona iindlela zangoku zokumodareyitha kobubanzi be-pulse-width ziyayinciphisa le mpembelelo.

Imigangatho yamazwe ngamazwe esebenzayo inceda ukucacisa kunye nokuthelekisa iimotor. Umgangatho we-IEC 60034-30-1 uchaza iiklasi ezisebenzayo ze-IE1 nge-IE4, ezinamanani aphezulu abonisa ukusebenza okuphezulu. Umgangatho ocetywayo we-IE5 ujolise kwilahleko esezantsi ngama-20% kune-IE4.

Ukusebenza okusemgangathweni (IE1)

Uyilo lwelifa luhlangabezana neemfuno ezincinci. Uninzi lweemoto ze-IE1 zikhutshiwe kwiimarike eziphuhlisiwe ngenxa yemithetho esebenzayo. Ezi motors zilahlekelwa yi-10-15% yamandla okufaka kwiilahleko ezahlukeneyo kwaye zisebenza kuphela kwizicelo ezizodwa apho ukusebenza kakuhle kubaluleke kakhulu kunezinye izinto.

Ukusebenza okuphezulu (IE2)

Uyilo oluphuculweyo olusebenzisa izixhobo ezingcono kunye nokunyamezelana okungqongqo. Iinjini ze-IE2 zehlisa ilahleko malunga ne-15-20% xa kuthelekiswa nezilingana ne-IE1. Nangona kunjalo, ufakelo olutsha kwiManyano yaseYurophu kufuneka luhlangabezane nemigangatho ye-IE3 okanye ngaphezulu, nto leyo eyenza ukuba iinjini ze-IE2 zinqabe ngakumbi kwizicelo zemizi-mveliso.

Ukusebenza kakuhle (IE3)

Umgangatho wangoku wezicelo ezininzi zemizi-mveliso kumazwe aphuhlileyo. Iinjini ze-IE3 zibandakanya i-20-25% yobhedu ngaphezulu kwi-windings, zisebenzisa intsimbi yombane yodidi oluphezulu, kunye noyilo oluphuculweyo lwesekethe yemagnethi. Iyonke ilahleko idla ngokubaleka ngama-20-30% ngaphantsi kuneenjini ze-IE2 zamandla alinganayo.

Imithetho ye-EU ibifuna zonke iinjini phakathi kwe-0.75kW kunye ne-375kW ukuba zihlangabezane nemigangatho ye-IE3 ngo-2021. Umgangatho wandiswa ukuya kwi-1,000kW kwaye ngoku uquka i-ATEX{6}}iinjini ezireyithiweyo, iimotor zebrake, kunye noyilo oluthile lokupholisa. Ukuthotyelwa kwe-IE3 kubonisa isiseko samandla{9}}amaziko okuqonda.

UFanelo oluPhezulu oluPhezulu (IE4)

Uyilo olukwinqanaba eliphezulu olusondela kwimida esebenzayo yetekhnoloji yemoto eqhelekileyo. Iinjini ze-IE4 zizuza malunga ne-15-20% yelahleko engaphantsi kunee-IE3 ezilingana. Ukwenziwa kwemveliso kufuna imathiriyeli yeprimiyamu, indibano echanekileyo, kunye nemilinganiselo ehlala ikhudlwana ukuze kuhlaliswe ubhedu olongezelelweyo kunye nentsimbi engundoqo.

Imithetho ye-EU igunyazisa ukuthotyelwa kwe-IE4 kwisigaba esitsha esithathu-, 2-ipali esi-6,{6}}isantya esinye{6}}injini zesantya ezilinganiswe ngama-75{7}}200kW, ukusebenza kukaJulayi ka-2023. Oku kuchaphazela ufakelo olungakhuselwanga{8}}noqhushumbo kunye neyona njongo yezoshishino ngokubanzi. Ukutshintshela kwi-IE4 kubonisa ukuphucuka kwe-20% kunomsebenzi we-IE3.

I-Ultra Premium Efficiency (IE5) kunye naNgaphandle

I-WEG isandula ukuphehlelela i-W23 Sync +Ultra motor efezekisa ukusebenza kwe-IE6 nangaphaya. Ezi motor zibonisa i-20% yelahleko ephantsi kunemigangatho ye-IE5, idlula imiqobo yangaphambili yokusebenza. Itekhnoloji isebenzisa-imagnethi zomhlaba ezisisigxina ezinqabileyo, ukupholisa okuphezulu, kunye noyilo lwe-electromagnetic olulungisiweyo kodwa luza ngexabiso eliphezulu.

Motor Efficiency

Iimeko zokusebenza zinempembelelo enkulu{{0}ukusebenza kwehlabathi, rhoqo ngaphezu kwenkcazelo yegama elibonisayo.

Imiqathango yomthwalo

IiMoto zisebenza ngokufanelekileyo kakhulu kufutshane ne-75% yomthwalo olinganisiweyo. Ngaphezulu komthwalo olinganiselweyo, iinjini zinokusinda okwethutyana ngenxa yezinto zenkonzo (ngokuqhelekileyo i-1.15x), kodwa ukusebenza kakuhle kunye nobude bobomi zombini ziyehla. Ngaphantsi kwe-50% yomthwalo, ukusebenza kakuhle kwehla ngokunyukayo njengoko ilahleko ezinzileyo njengelahleko engundoqo kunye nokuvuthuza komoya kudla ipesenti enkulu yamandla ewonke.

Uphononongo oluhlalutya iinjini zombane ezingama-48 zafumanisa ukuba ukusebenza okuphakathi kokwenyani kwahluka ngokubanzi kusekwe kwiindawo zokusebenza. Iinjini ezininzi kwiisetingi zemizi-mveliso zisebenza kwimithwalo engaphelelanga apho ukusebenza kakuhle kuwela i-10{4}}ipesenti ezingama-20 amanqaku angaphantsi kwemilinganiselo ebekiweyo. Iinjini zokulinganisa ekunene kwiimfuno zomthwalo wokwenyani zihlala zivelisa ukonga amandla amakhulu kunokuphucula kwiimotor ezisebenzayo.

Unikezelo lweVoltage kunye nokuQhosha

Ukuguquguquka kwe-voltage kuchaphazela ukusebenza kakuhle ngempembelelo yabo kwi-magnetizing yangoku kunye nelahleko engundoqo. IiMoto ezilungiselelwe ukusebenza kwe-460V kodwa zibonelelwe nge-440V zoba ezongezelelweyo ngoku ukugcina i-torque, ukwandisa ilahleko yobhedu. Ngokwahlukileyo, amandla ombane agqithisileyo anyusa ilahleko engundoqo ngokuxinana okuphezulu kwe-flux.

Ukwahluka kweefrikhwensi kubaluleke kakhulu kwizicelo eziguquguqukayo zesantya. Iifrikhwensi ezisezantsi zinciphisa ilahleko engundoqo kodwa zinokunyusa ilahleko yobhedu ukuba imbuyekezo yesilawuli semoto ayifezekanga. Iidrive zolawulo lwevekhtha zanamhlanje ziyaluphucula olu rhwebo, lugcina ukusebenza kakuhle kuluhlu olubanzi lwesantya.

Iimpembelelo zobushushu

Ukumelana nokuvuthuza konyuka malunga ne-0.4% kwisidanga seCelsius. Imoto esebenza nge-50℃ngaphezu kobushushu obulinganisiweyo namava angama-20% aphezulu elahleko yobhedu. Ukupholisa okusebenzayo kugcina ukusebenza kakuhle kwaye kwandisa ubomi beemoto ngokuthintela ukuthotywa kobushushu.

Ubuchwephesha bokupholisa obukwinqanaba eliphezulu bahlulahlulwe ngokweendidi zokwenziwa kunye nezisebenzayo. Iinjini zesiNtu zisebenzisa iibhatyi zokupholisa zangaphandle, ezigcina ubushushu{1}}izinto ezivelisayo ezahlulwe kwindawo yokupholisa. Ukupholisa i-oyile ngokuthe ngqo ukwenzela-ukusebenza kweemotor zesithuthi sombane kuvumela ukutsalwa kobushushu ukusuka kumajiko-jiko, i-stator, kunye ne-rotor, exhasa ukusebenza{4} kwamandla aphezulu ngokuqhubekayo ngelixa igcina amaqondo obushushu angaphantsi kwe-180 degree.

Iinqwelo zombane zombane zifezekisa i-75-90% yokusebenza ngokubanzi ukusuka kwibhetri ukuya kumavili, xa kuthelekiswa ne-20-35% yeenjini zokutsha zangaphakathi. Ngaphakathi kwee-EV powertrains, i-motor imele owona mthombo mkhulu welahleko enye, iyenza ibe yeyona nto iphambili ekujoliswe kuyo ekuphuculeni ukusebenza kakuhle.

Iinkqubo zebhetri yemoto yeLithium zibonelela ngobuchule be-coulometric obudlula i-99%, okuthetha ukuba phantse onke amandla agcinwe ngexesha lokutshaja ayafumaneka ngexesha lokukhupha. Lo msebenzi umangalisayo ubeka uxinzelelo kwamanye amacandelo e-drivetrain ukuhambelana nale migangatho. Imoto esebenza kwi-94% esebenzayo eneneni ichitha amandla amaninzi kunebhetri, i-inverter, kunye nokuhanjiswa zidityanisiwe.

ULungiselelo lweeNdawo zokuSebenza

Iinjini ze-EV kufuneka zisebenze ngokufanelekileyo kuzo zonke iimeko ezahluka kakhulu. Ukuqhuba kwesiXeko kubandakanya isantya esithe gqolo ukusuka kwindawo yokumisa apho ukusebenza kakuhle kuyehla ngenxa yesantya esiphezulu sangoku kunye nesantya esiphantsi. Ukuhamba ngohola wendlela kufuna itorque ephakathi kwizantya eziphakathi apho iimoto zifikelela kwincopho yokuphumelela. Isantya esinamandla sifuna itorque ephezulu, sityhalela iimotor kwimimandla apho ilahleko inyuka kakhulu.

Ugqithiso lwesantya oluninzi -lunceda ukugcina iimotor kwindawo yazo emnandi. Ngelixa ii-EV ezininzi zisebenzisa ii-gearbox zokunciphisa isantya esinye-ezinye, iimoto zeprimiyamu ezisuka ePorsche, Audi, kunye nezinye zisebenzisa{3}}ezimbini zothumelo lwesantya. I-Bosch ikhuthaza i-continuous variable transmission (CVT4EV) ibanga i-4% yokuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kwiimoto zorhwebo ezilula. Ama-97-98% okusebenza kakuhle koololiwe begiya abakumgangatho wolula ngokulula ilahleko kwiinjini ezisebenzayo ngesantya esisezantsi.

Ukuvuselela iBraking

Xa uhla, iimotor zisebenza njengejenereyitha, ziguqula amandla e-kinetic abuyele kumbane. Iipakethi zebhetri yemoto yeLithium zifunxa ngokufanelekileyo la mandla ahlaziyiweyo, ukwandisa uluhlu lwesithuthi nge-10-30% ngokuxhomekeke kwiipatheni zokuqhuba. Ukuqhuba kwesiXeko ngeendawo zokumisa rhoqo kubuyisela amandla amaninzi kunokuhamba ngohola wendlela.

Ukusebenza kweMoto ngexesha lokuhlaziya kubaluleke kakhulu njengokusebenza kakuhle kwemoto. Iimotor zemagnethi ezisisigxina ziyagqwesa apha, njengoko umhlaba wemagnethi ukhona ngaphandle kokufuna uvuselelo lwangoku. Iimotor ze-induction kufuneka zigcine imagnetizing yangoku nakwixesha lokuhlaziya, ukunciphisa ukusebenza kakuhle.

Iindlela ezininzi zokuyila zinciphisa ilahleko kunye nokunyusa ukusebenza kakuhle, nganye ibandakanya urhwebo phakathi kokusebenza, iindleko, kunye nokwenziwa.

Izinto Eziphuculweyo

-imagnethi ezisisigxina zomhlaba ezifana neodymium{1}}intsimbi{2}}iboron zenza amandla emagnethi anamandla anomthamo omncinci, ovumela ukubumbana, iimotor ezinamandla. Nangona kunjalo, ukumbiwa kunye nokucocwa kwezi mathiriyeli kuthwala iindleko ezinkulu zokusingqongileyo. Inkqubo yokutsalwa ivelisa ungcoliseko olubalulekileyo, kwaye iinkxalabo zemo yezopolitiko zingqonge{5}}amakhonkco obonelelo ngomhlaba agxile kwizizwe ezimbalwa.

Imivalo ye-rotor yobhedu endaweni ye-aluminiyam inciphisa ukuxhathisa kwe-rotor nge-20{2}}40%, nangona imingeni yokuvelisa ihleli. I-Die-cast copper ifuna amaqondo okushisa aphezulu angonakalisa i-rotor lamination insulation, ephikisana nokuzuza kokusebenza kakuhle. Iikheji zobhedu ezenziweyo zisebenzisa indibano yerobhothi zibonelela ngenye indlela yeenjini ezinkulu ezingaphezulu kwama-250 eenjini.

-inqanaba eliphezulu intsimbi yombane okanye laminations thinner ukunciphisa ilahleko core. Ukuhamba ukusuka kwintsimbi esemgangathweni ye-M19 ukuya kwi-premium ephantsi{3}}yempahla yelahleko kunciphisa ilahleko ye-hysteresis ngama-30-50%. I-Nanocrystalline kunye neentsimbi ze-amorphous zityhala oku ngakumbi kodwa zibiza kakhulu kwaye zibonelela ngobunzima bokwenza.

Ijiyometri elungiselelweyo

Ukunciphisa i-gap yomoya phakathi kwe-rotor kunye ne-stator iphucula ukudibanisa kwamagnetic. Imveliso yanamhlanje echanekileyo yenza izithuba zibe zincinci njenge-0.3mm xa kuthelekiswa nemigangatho ye-0.5-0.8mm yembali. Nangona kunjalo, izikhewu ezingqongqo zonyusa iindleko zokwenziwa kunye nokunciphisa ukunyamezela ukunxiba okanye ukwandiswa kwe-thermal.

Ukwandisa ubuninzi bezinto ezisebenzayo (ubhedu kwi-windings, intsimbi engundoqo) kunciphisa ngokuthe ngqo ilahleko ngokunciphisa ubuninzi bangoku kunye nobuninzi be-flux ngokulandelanayo. Iimotor ezisebenzayo eziphambili zihlala zine-20-25% yemathiriyeli esebenzayo ngakumbi kunoyilo oluqhelekileyo. Icala elisezantsi libandakanya ukwanda kobukhulu, ubunzima, kunye neendleko zempahla.

Ubude bestake eside buvumela amajiko amaninzi anoxhathiso olusezantsi ngesigaba ngasinye. Imotor yeprimiyamu eqhelekileyo yongeza ubude bestaki abangama-20% xa kuthelekiswa nomgangatho olinganayo osebenzayo. Le ndlela isebenza de imilinganiselo yomzimba idlule indawo yokufakela okanye idale iingxaki zokuvelisa.

Ukupholisa okuPhezulu

Ukususa ubushushu ngokufanelekileyo kuvumela iimotor ukuba zibambe amandla aphezulu oxinaniso ngelixa zigcina ubushushu bokusebenza obukhuselekileyo. Ukupholisa komoya kweSintu kwanele kumanqanaba asezantsi ombane kodwa akwanelanga usetyenziso oluphezulu{1}}lokusebenza.

Ukupholisa ibhatyi yamanzi kurhangqa indlu yemoto enemijelo yokupholisa. Ubushushu buhamba ngesakhelo semoto ukuya kwindawo yokupholisa, kugcina ubushushu obukhuselekileyo ngaphandle kokudibana ngokuthe ngqo phakathi kwamanzi kunye nezinto zombane. Le ndlela isebenza kakuhle kodwa idala ukuthambeka kwe-thermal ukusuka kumajiko ukuya ngaphandle.

Ukupholisa kweoyile ngokuthe ngqo kujikeleza ioyile ye-dielectric ngemoto, inxibelelana ngokuthe ngqo ne-windings, stator, kunye ne-rotor. Ukushisa kudluliswa ngokufanelekileyo, okwenza amandla aphezulu aqhubekayo kunye nokuphucula ukusebenza ngokufanelekileyo ngamaqondo okushisa aphantsi. Le ndlela ifuna ukuyilwa kweemoto ezitywiniweyo kunye neenkqubo zolawulo lwe-oyile, yongeza ubunzima kunye neendleko.

Ithagethi yokupholisa isitshizi se-oyile kwiindawo ezithile ezishushu ngelixa unciphisa umthamo weoyile. Imilomo yobuchule ijolise ngqo kwi-oyile yokupholisa kwindawo ejikajikayo-ukujika kunye neminye{2}}imimandla yobushushu obuphezulu. Idityaniswe nobuchwepheshe bokutywinwa obuphuculweyo, ukupholisa i-oyile kuye kwasebenza kwizicelo zeemoto apho ubukhulu obubambeneyo kunye noxinaniso lwamandla aphezulu luthethelela ubunzima obongezelelweyo.

Iimotor ezisebenza ngokufanelekileyo zibiza i-15-40% ngaphezulu kwemilinganiselo eqhelekileyo kodwa zonga amandla kubo bonke ubomi bazo bokusebenza. Ixabiso lokuthenga limele malunga ne-2% yeendleko zobomi zizonke, kunye ne-98% eseleyo ivela kusetyenziso lombane.

I-10-injini yamandla ehashe eqhuba ngokuqhubekayo nge-$0.10 ngekilowatt-yure ichitha ixabiso layo lonke lokuthenga kumbane kwinyanga enye. Kubomi obuqhelekileyo beminyaka eli-15, amandla axabisa utyalo-mali lokuqala. Nophuculo olungephi luvelisa ukonga okukhulu.

Ukubala intlawulo kufuna ukuqikelela iiyure zokusebenza zonyaka, i-avareji yomthwalo, kunye namazinga ombane wendawo. Iziko elisebenza ngeenjini iiyure ezingama-4,000 ngonyaka e-United States (iiyure ezisi-8 yonke imihla, iintsuku ezi-5 ngeveki) ngokuqhelekileyo libona amaxesha okubuyisela kwiminyaka eyi-2-4 xa kunyuswa ukusuka kwi-IE2 ukuya kwi-IE3 esebenzayo. Ukusetyenziswa okuphezulu kunciphisa ixesha lokubuyisela ngokulinganayo.

Amandla -entengiso yemoto esebenzayo afikelele kwi-59.1 yeebhiliyoni zeedola ngo-2024 kunye neeprojekthi ukuya kwi-151 yeebhiliyoni zeedola ngo-2034, zikhula nge-9.8% ngonyaka. Oku kukhula kubonisa izigunyaziso zolawulo, ukunyuka kweendleko zamandla, kunye nokwandisa ulwazi malunga nokusingqongileyo. Amashishini ajongana noxinzelelo lokunciphisa iinyawo zekhabhoni ngelixa ulawula iindleko zokusebenza, ukwenza ukusebenza kakuhle kweemoto kube yinto ephambili kwezoqoqosho kunye nokusingqongileyo.

Ukulinganisa okuchanekileyo ngokuchanekileyo kufuna ukubeka esweni ngaxeshanye igalelo lombane kunye nemveliso yomatshini. Ubalo lwamandla ombane luphinda-phinda amandla ombane, akhoyo, kunye nemeko yamandla kwiimotor-zesigaba esithathu. Amandla omatshini avela kwitorque kunye nemilinganiselo yesantya sokujikeleza.

Izinzwa ze-Rotary torque ezineekhowudi ezidityanisiweyo zenza umlinganiselo ochanekileyo wokuphuma kwamandla. Ezi zivamvo zinyuka phakathi kwemoto kunye nomthwalo, ukulinganisa i-shaft torque ngelixa ubeka iliso kwisantya. Iisistim zala maxesha zokufunyanwa kwedatha zibamba yomibini imilinganiselo ngongqamaniso, zibala ukuphumelela{2}}kwexesha lokwenyani.

Imigangatho yovavanyo efana ne-IEEE 112 kunye ne-IEC 60034-2-1 ichaza iinkqubo ezithile eziqinisekisa ukuphinda, iziphumo ezithelekisekayo. Le migangatho ichaza iziphumo zeqondo lokushisa, ichaza iimfuno zokuchaneka kwezixhobo, kunye neendlela zokubala iinkcukacha zamacandelo ahlukeneyo elahleko. Abavelisi baqinisekisa ukusebenza kwemoto besebenzisa olu mvavanyo lusemgangathweni.

Uvavanyo lwasendle luzisa imingeni. IiMoto ezisebenza kwindawo yemveliso zifumana imithwalo eyahluka-hlukeneyo, ukuguquguquka kwamandla ombane, kunye neemeko zokusingqongileyo ezahlukileyo kuvavanyo lwaselabhoratri. Abahlalutyi bamandla aphathwayo kunye ne-clamp{2}}kwizinzwa zetorque zenza imilinganiselo yasendle, nangona ngokuchaneka okuncitshisiweyo xa kuthelekiswa nezixhobo zaselabhoratri.

Imiba emininzi yokusebenza inciphisa ukusebenza kakuhle ngaphaya kwemida yoyilo.

Ubungakanani beMoto obungafanelekanga

Iinjini ezinkulu zisebenza kwimithwalo ekhanyayo apho ukusebenza kakuhle kuphazamiseka. Indlela eqhelekileyo yokongeza imida yokhuseleko kwinqanaba ngalinye loyilo idibanisa ingxaki. Inkqubo efuna amandla esi-7 samahashe anokusebenzisa i-10HP yemoto enenkonzo ye-1.15 factor, eneneni ibonelela ngomthamo we-11.5HP. Ukusebenza kwi-60% yomthwalo olinganisiweyo kumosha amandla.

Iidrive zefrikhwensi eziguquguqukayo ziwuthoba kancinane lo mba ngokuhlengahlengisa isantya ukuze singqinelane neemfuno zomthwalo. Iidrive zale mihla zigcina ukusebenza kakuhle kuluhlu olubanzi lokusebenza, nangona zizisa ilahleko yazo. Ekunene -ubungakanani ngexesha lobalulo lokuqala lungqina ukusebenza ngakumbi kunokuzama ukubuyekeza ngokusebenzayo.

Umgangatho ophantsi wamandla

Ukungalingani kwe-voltage, ukuphazamiseka kwe-harmonic, kunye nokuphazamiseka kokubonelela konke kuthobisa ukusebenza kakuhle. Nokuba i-2-3% yokungalingani kwe-voltage inokunciphisa ukusebenza kakuhle ngeepesenti ze-1-2 ngelixa ukunyuka kweqondo lokushisa. Ukujongana nomgangatho wamandla kwinqanaba leziko linceda zonke izixhobo eziqhagamshelweyo.

Izihluzi zeHarmonic, iziguquli zokwahlula, kunye nezixhobo zokulungisa izinto zamandla ziphucula umgangatho wokubonelela. Ukuqhuba okuguquguqukayo okuguquguqukayo kunokuvelisa iiharmonics ezichaphazela ezinye izixhobo, zenza i-drive{1}}uhluzo olusecaleni lubaluleke kwizibonelelo ezineVFD ezininzi.

Isondlo esingafanelekanga

Ukuthwala i-lubrication, ukucoceka kwe-winding, kunye nokulungelelaniswa koomatshini konke kuchaphazela ukusebenza kakuhle. Ukuzala okungafanelekanga kwandisa ilahleko yokukhuhlana ngelixa isantya sokunxiba. Zombini ezingaphezulu{2}}zokuthambisa nangaphantsi{3}}zezithambiso zibangela iingxaki, zenza ukuba iishedyuli ezifanelekileyo zolondolozo zibe yimfuneko.

Ukubuyisela umva kweemoto, xa kwenziwe ngokungalunganga, kunciphisa ukusebenza kakuhle ngepesenti ezi-1-5. Ukuhluba amajiko-jiko amadala kunokonakalisa i-laminations engundoqo, kwandise ilahleko engundoqo. I-Suboptimal wire routing okanye ukucutha okunganelanga kwandisa ilahleko yobhedu. Iivenkile zokulungisa iimoto ezisemgangathweni zilandela ezona ndlela zilungileyo zokugcina ukusebenza kakuhle kufutshane nemilinganiselo yokuqala.

Motor Efficiency

Uphando luyaqhubeka lutyhala imida esebenzayo ngelixa lujongana neendleko kunye neenkxalabo zozinzo.

Izinto ezizezinye

Ukunciphisa okanye ukuphelisa{0}}iimagnethi zomhlaba ezinqabileyo kujongana neenkxalabo zokusingqongileyo kunye nokubonelela. Iimagnethi zeFerrite zibonelela ngeendlela ezingabizi kakhulu ezinamandla asezantsi kazibuthe, efuna ukwenziwa koyilo olukrelekrele ukuze kutshatiswe ukusebenza kwemagnethi esisigxina. I-synchronous reluctance motors isusa iimagnethi ngokupheleleyo, isebenzisa ukungafuni ukusebenza kwemagnethi.

I-aluminium windings ibuyela ekuqwalaseleni njengoko iindleko zobhedu ziguquguquka. Uyilo lwangoku lubuyekeza ukuxhathisa okuphezulu kwe-aluminiyam ngokunyuka komthamo we-conductor kunye nejometri ephuculweyo. Ukunciphisa iindleko ze-70% xa kuthelekiswa nobhedu kwenza i-aluminium ibe nomtsalane nangona i-tradeoffs esebenzayo.

Izantya zokuSebenza eziPhezulu

Ukunyusa i-RPM yeemoto ukusuka kuluhlu oluqhelekileyo lwe-10,000-18,000 ukuya kwi-20,000-40,000 yenza ukuxinana kwamandla amakhulu kunye nezinto ezincinci. Nangona kunjalo, ilahleko yomoya inyuka ngokukhawuleza ngesantya, idala isilingi ebonakalayo. Uyilo oluphezulu lwe-aerodynamic, iibheringi eziphuculweyo, kunye nezixhobo ezingaqhelekanga zinokuwutyhalela phezulu lo mda.

{0}}Isantya esiphezulu seenjini zifuna ulawulo lombane oluthelekisa isantya seshafti, zifuna ukutshintsha amandla ombane okhawulezayo. I-Silicon carbide semiconductors yenza ukuba ukusebenza rhoqo rhoqo kune-silicon IGBTs, ixhasa indlela eya kwisantya esiphezulu semoto.

Uyilo oludityanisiweyo lwe-Drivetrain

Ukuphucula inkqubo epheleleyo ye-drivetrain ihlala ivelisa iziphumo ezingcono kunokuphucula amacandelo ngamanye. Kwizithuthi zombane, ukulungelelaniswa kwe-algorithms yesilawuli semoto kunye nolawulo lwebhetri yemoto ye-lithium kunye nolawulo lwemoto dynamics kwandisa ukusebenza kakuhle. Ubuchwephesha bokumodareyitha kweTorque butshintshana phakathi kwe-zero kunye namaxabiso afanelekileyo etorque, ukuchasa imimandla yokusebenza kakubi kwimithwalo ekhanyayo.

Ulungelelwaniso - lwemoto kuzo zonke -ivili{2}}izithuthi zokuqhuba zivumela amandla aphucukileyo okwahlulwa, asebenzise imoto nganye kuluhlu olusebenzayo ngelixa ugcina isiphumo samandla siphelele. Uphononongo lubonisa iinzuzo zokumodareyitha kwetorque zibonakala ngakumbi kwiinkqubo ezimbini-zemotor xa kuthelekiswa-nolwakhiwo lweemoto enye.

Iinjini zemizi-mveliso ezidibana nemigangatho ye-IE3 zidla ngokuphumelela umyinge wama-85-96% kumthwalo obekiweyo, kunye neenjini ezinkulu ezifikelela kwingqibelelo ephezulu. Iimoto ezincinci ezingaphantsi kwe-1 horsepower zinokusebenza kwi-70-85%, ngelixa iinjini ezinkulu zemizi-mveliso ezingaphezu kwe-100 zamandla ehashe zinokudlula kwi-96%. Iimoto zemoto zombane ezilungiselelwe usetyenziso lweemoto zihlala zifikelela kwi-90-95% ukusebenza kakuhle kulo lonke uluhlu lwazo lokusebenza.

Ukuphucula ukusuka kwimigangatho esemgangathweni ukuya kwiprimiyamu esebenzayo yeenjini kunciphisa ilahleko ngama-20-30%. Injini yamahashe angama-50 eqhuba iiyure ezingama-4,000 ngonyaka inokonga i-3,000-5,000 yeeyure ze-kilowatt ngonyaka, ixabisa i-300-500 yeedola kumaxabiso ombane aqhelekileyo kwimizi-mveliso. Kumaziko amakhulu amakhulu anamakhulu eenjini, ukonga okudityanisiweyo kufikelela kumashumi okanye amakhulu amawaka eedola ngonyaka.

Ikhemistri yebhetri ichaphazela ukusebenza kakuhle kwesithuthi ngokubanzi kodwa hayi ukusebenza kakuhle kwemoto ngokuthe ngqo. Nangona kunjalo, iibhetri ze-lithium{1}}zihambisa i-99%+ ye-coulometric esebenzayo, okuthetha ukuba ukusebenza kwemoto kuba yeyona nto iphambili yelahleko kwiidrivetrains zangoku ze-EV. Injini kufuneka ihambelane nokusebenza kwebhetri ukunqanda ukuba ngumqobo. Ukongeza, amandla ombane ebhetri kunye neempawu zokukhupha zichaphazela ukusebenza komlawuli wemoto, ngokungathanga ngqo kuphembelela ukusebenza kakuhle kwemoto ngokubonelela ngomgangatho wamandla.

Ukuphuculwa okulinganiselweyo kunokwenzeka ngaphandle kokutshintshwa kwemoto. Ukuqinisekisa ukuthanjiswa okufanelekileyo, ukugcina ulungelelwaniso, kunye nokuphucula uncedo lomgangatho wamandla kodwa kunika i-1-3% kuphela impumelelo esebenzayo. Ukuphucula kakhulu, ukutshintshwa kweemotor zeprimiyamu ezisebenzayo kubonelela ngeyona ndlela inokuthenjwa. Ukuqhuba okuguquguqukayo okuguquguqukayo kwiinjini ezinemithwalo eyahlukeneyo kunokuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kwenkqubo nokuba ukusebenza kwemoto kuhlala kungatshintshi.

Ukukhetha imoto efanelekileyo kubandakanya ukusebenza kakuhle, ixabiso, iimfuno zesicelo kunye nezinto zokusebenza. Ukuqonda iprofayile yakho yomthwalo othile, umjikelo womsebenzi, kunye nokusingqongileyo okusebenzayo kwenza izigqibo ezinolwazi.

Iimotor ezisebenzayo eziphambili zithethelela iindleko zazo eziphezulu kuninzi lwezicelo zemizi-mveliso ezinamaxabiso afanelekileyo okusetyenziswa. Amaziko asebenzisa iimoto ngaphezulu kweeyure ezingama-2,000 ngonyaka abona imbuyekezo kwisithuba seminyaka emi-3{5}}5. Usetyenziso oluphezulu oluneeyure zokusebenza ezinde okanye iindleko eziphezulu zamandla zizuza imbuyekezo ngokukhawuleza.

Ukusetyenziswa kwezithuthi zombane, ukusebenza kakuhle kwemoto kuguqulela ngokuthe ngqo kuluhlu lokuqhuba. Yonke ipesenti yepesenti yokuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle yongeza iikhilomitha zoluhlu ukusuka kwixabiso elifanayo lebhetri ye-lithium yemoto. Oku kwenza uyilo lwepremiyamu ngokupholisa okuphezulu, imathiriyeli ephuculweyo, kunye neenkqubo zolawulo ezintsonkothileyo zilungele uqoqosho nangona iindleko ziphezulu kakhulu.

Ukuthotyelwa kwemigaqo kuya kunyuka kugunyazisa amanqanaba asezantsi empumelelo. Ukuqonda imigangatho yangoku kunye nezayo kunceda ukuphepha ukuthenga iinjini eziphelelwa lixesha ngaphambi kokuba ubomi bazo bendalo buphele. Umkhwa obhekiselele kwimigangatho ye-IE4 kunye ne-IE5 uyaqhubeka, kunye ne-IE6-level motors esele ingena kwimveliso evela kubavelisi abahamba phambili.

Ukuphumelela kwemoto kubonisa ukudibana okubalulekileyo koxanduva lokusingqongileyo kunye nokuphucula uqoqosho. Njengoko iindleko zombane zinyuka kunye nemimiselo yokusingqongileyo iqinisa, imeko yezoshishino yeemoto ezisebenzayo zomelela ngakumbi. Itekhnoloji iyaqhubeka nokuhambela phambili, kunye nesayensi yezixhobo, ukuchaneka kwemveliso, kunye nolawulo lwe-algorithms zonke ezinegalelo ekutyhaleni imida esebenzayo ngelixa kujongwa iinkxalabo zozinzo kulo lonke ikhonkco lokubonelela.