Yintoni i-lithium - ion?

I "lithium - ion" inxalenye ithetha nje ukuba sihambisa i-lithium ion endaweni, njenge, iiyoni ezikhokelayo (i-lead -ibhetri yeasidi) okanye i-nickel ion (iibhetri zeNiMH). I-lithium ikhaphukhaphu kwaye ipakisha amandla amaninzi ngegram nganye. Izizathu zeFiziksi.

Lula ilungelo? Ngaphandle kokuba akukho nto malunga nezi bhetri ilula ngokwenene xa uqala ukugrumba kwiinkcukacha, endiza kuyenza kuba andinakuzinceda.

Inombolo ye-Element 3. I-Hydrogen, i-helium, i-lithium. Ngulo myalelo. Iathom encinci kakhulu kuba ineeproton ezi-3 kuphela.

Kwaye nantsi into malunga ne-lithium - NGOKWENENE ifuna ukususa i-electron yayo yangaphandle. Njengokufuna ngamandla. Luhlobo olungazinzanga ngolo hlobo. Uyazi ukuba ezo vidiyo zabantu baphosa i-sodium emanzini kwaye i-fizzes kwaye ibamba umlilo? I-Lithium iyakwenza oko kodwa OKUNYE. Ndabukela umntu ewisa i-chunk yentsimbi ye-lithium kwi-emele yamanzi kanye kumboniso wokhuseleko kwi-2011 (okanye i-2012?) I-emele yanyibilika.

Yima hayi, i-emele ayinyibiliki. Amanzi abila kwaye i-lithium yabamba umlilo phezu komhlaba. I-emele ibilungile. Inkumbulo yam yikaka.

Nantoni na ingongoma: intsimbi ecocekileyo ye-lithium iyingozi. Yiyo loo nto iibhetri zanamhlanje ze-lithium-i-ion zingasebenzisi intsimbi esulungekileyo ye-lithium - zisebenzisa ii-IONS ze-lithium. I-lithium esele ifakwe oxid. Ifom ye-Li+. Indlela uzinzile.

Umbane owufumanayo ujikeleze i-3.6-3.7V ngeseli nganye efanelekileyo. Ingcono kune-alkaline (1.5V) okanye i-NiMH (1.2V). Kuthetha ukuba udinga iiseli ezimbalwa ukubetha i-voltage yakho ekujoliswe kuyo. Yiyo loo nto ibhetri yakho yelaptop ineeseli ezi-6 endaweni ye-15.

Kwakhona - kwaye bekufanele ukuba ndiyikhankanye le yokuqala - i-lithium IKUKHANYA. Into yesithathu elula. Ke ufumana amandla aphezulu aphezulu ngaphandle kobunzima obuphambeneyo. Yiyo loo nto ii-EVs zisebenzisa i-lithium-iion kwaye hayi ilothe-asidi. I-lead{{8}ibhetri yeasidi enamandla afanayo inokuba nobunzima obuphindwe ka-5-6 ngaphezulu. I-Tesla yakho iya kufuna i-forklift ukutshintsha ibhetri.

lithium-ion

I-Anode (icala elibi):

Ngokuqhelekileyo igraphite. Ewe, izinto ezifanayo ezikwiipensile, ngaphandle kwendlela ecocekileyo kwaye icutshungulwe ngokwahlukileyo.

Igraphite inolu lwakhiwo lwekristale inomaleko - yiba nomfanekiso wedekhi yamakhadi kwinqanaba leathom. Iileya zibanjwa kunye yimikhosi ebuthathaka ye-van der Waals (ikhemistri yesikolo samabanga aphakamileyo ibuya kukukhathaza). Iiyoni zelithium zinokutyibilika phakathi kwezi maleko kwaye nje... zijinga phaya. Igama lobuchwephesha lithi "intercalation" kodwa ndiyicinga njengokupaka iimoto kwigaraji yemigangatho emininzi.

Umthamo wethiyori ubuninzi ngama-372 milliamp-iiyure ngegram. Okwenyani-ihlabathi ufumana 340-360 mAh/g ukuba imveliso ayifunxi. Ndibone iiseli ezivela kwabanye abavelisi baseTshayina abanokuthi babethe i-310 mAh/g. Andizukuchaza amagama kodwa ukuba uphinda uhlengahlengise oonobumba ku "BYD" ufumana... kulungile ndibiza amagama. Izisele zabo zokuqala zazirhabaxa. Baye baba ngcono ukusukela ngo-2018 nangona kunjalo.

Ngoku wonke umntu uhlala ethetha nge-silicon anode kuba isilicon inokubamba i-lithium eyi-10x ngaphezulu kunegraphite. Izandi ezimangalisayo akunjalo? 3700+ mAh/g umthamo wethiyori.

Ingxaki - kwaye le yingxaki esele "phantse yasonjululwa" oko ndaqala kolu shishino - kukuba isilicon iyanda nge 300% xa uyilithiate. Amasuntswana aqhekeka ngokoqobo. Yiba nomfanekiso-ngqondweni wokunyusa ibhaluni ngaphakathi kwebhloko yekonkile. Ikhonkrithi ayiguquguquki, iyaphuka nje.

UTesla usebenzisa isilicon ngoku, exutywe negraphite. Mhlawumbi i-5-10% ye-silicon? Ndivile ukuba ngu 8% kodwa ndingaphazama. Inqaku kukuba yimali encinci. Ii-anode ze-silicon ezicocekileyo azikakulungeli ngaphandle kokuba yonke into yokuqalwa kwe-Series A pitch deck ibango.

I-Cathode (icala elihle):

Oh mfana. Kulapho konakala khona kuba kukho iikhemistri ezahlukeneyo ze-cathode ezi-6 kwaye wonke umntu unezimvo malunga nokuba yeyiphi eyona ilungileyo kwaye zonke azilunganga kuba kuxhomekeke kwisicelo sakho.

Eyokuqala evela kwaSony ngo-1991 yayiyi-lithium cobalt oxide - iLiCoO₂. Siyibiza ngokuthi "LCO" ngokufutshane. Ukuxinana kwamandla kulungile - 150-200 mAh/g kuxhomekeke ekubeni yenziwe ngubani. Kodwa ukuzinza kwe-thermal kubi. Ukuba uyayihlawula kakhulu okanye uyitshisa kakhulu, isakhiwo sekristale sikhupha ioksijini. Ioksijini + i-electrolyte ephilayo + ubushushu=imini embi. Ifowuni yakho mhlawumbi isebenzisa i-LCO ngenxa yokuba iifowuni akufuneki ukuba zihlale iminyaka eyi-10 kwaye awukhawulezi ukuzitshaja ngo-10C.

Emva koko kukho i-NMC - nickel manganese cobalt oxide. Le yeyona nto isetyenziswa kakhulu zii-EVs ngoku. Umlinganiselo we nickel kwi manganese kwi cobalt uhlala utshintsha. Iqalwe njenge-1:1:1 (amalungu alinganayo). Emva koko abavelisi bafudukele ku-5:3:2. Emva koko 6:2:2. Ngoku sikwi 8:1:1 okanye 9:0.5:0.5 kwezinye{20}}izisele eziphezulu.

Kutheni utshintsho? I-Cobalt iyabiza. Njengexabiso ngokwenene. Kwakhona ininzi ye-cobalt ivela e-DRC (iDemocratic Republic of Congo) kunye nemeko yezemigodi ikhona ... inzima. Ukusetyenziswa kwabantwana, iimeko ezingakhuselekanga, yonke isiphithiphithi. Ke wonke umntu uzama ukusebenzisa i-cobalt encinci.

I-nickel eyongezelelweyo=umthamo ongaphezulu kodwa uzinzo oluncinci lwe-thermal. Imanganese eninzi=itshiphu kwaye izinzile kodwa umthamo omncinci. I-cobalt ngakumbi=uzinzile ngakumbi kwaye ubomi bomjikelo obungcono kodwa $$$ kunye nemiba yokuziphatha.

Ihlala irhweba-isaphulelo. Ngalo lonke ixesha. Ndiye ndaneengxabano ezininzi nabaphathi bemveliso malunga noku. Bafuna ukuxinana kwamandla aphezulu KUNYE nobomi bomjikelo omde KUNYE neendleko eziphantsi KUNYE nokhuseleko olulungileyo. Ungakhetha mhlawumbi ezimbini. Ingayiyo.

Kukwakho neNCA - nickel cobalt aluminiyam. UTesla usebenzise oku iminyaka kwiipakethi zabo ezinde{2} zoluhlu. I-Panasonic yabenza kwi-gigafactory yaseNevada. Ndikhe ndakhenketha umzi-mveliso webhetri owahlukileyo kanye - ingeyiyo leya, kodwa indawo yomntu okhuphisana nayo - kwaye igumbi elomileyo lodwa laliphambene. Inkqubo yokuphatha umoya ixabisa i-${8}} yezigidi. Yonke into kufuneka ibe ngaphantsi kwe-40℃dew point okanye ityuwa ye-electrolyte ifunxa ukufuma kwaye yenze i-hydrofluoric acid. I-HF iya kudla ngayo nantoni na. Iglasi, isinyithi, ithambo. Izinto ezimbi.

Oh kunye ne-LFP - i-lithium iron phosphate. Uyabuya lo. Ikhuselekile, inexabiso eliphantsi ngekWh nganye, kwaye ihlala ixesha elide. Ndikhe ndeva ngeeseli ze-LFP zenza 5000+ imijikelo ukuya kwi-80% umthamo. Mhlawumbi nokuba 6000. Icala elisezantsi liphantsi kwamandla oxinaniso - kuphela njenge-120-140 mAh/g vs 180-200 ye-NMC.

U-Tesla waqala ukubeka i-LFP kwi-Standard Range Model 3s malunga ne-2021. Imarike yaseTshayina yayifumana kuqala. Iyavakala - i-CATL ngoyena mvelisi mkhulu we-LFP kwaye base China.

Abanye abantu bakhalaza malunga nelahleko yoluhlu lwe-LFP kwimozulu ebandayo. Kubi kune-NMC. Kodwa iiseli zixabiso eliphantsi kwaye zihlala ixesha elide ngoko kwizicelo ezininzi kufanelekile ukurhweba-. Ndingathatha ipakethe ye-LFP yemoto yasedolophini. Kumde-uluhlu olude lokuhamba ngenqanawa mhlawumbi akunjalo.

Electrolyte:

Olu lulwelo oluphakathi. Iqhuba ii-ion kodwa hayi ii-electron, nto leyo ibalulekileyo kuba ukuba iqhube ii-electron unokuba nesekethe nje emfutshane.

Ngokuqhelekileyo yi-lithium hexafluorophosphate - i-LiPF₆ - inyibilikiswe kwizinyibilikisi zendalo. Izinyibilikisi zidla ngokuba ngumxube we-ethylene carbonate (EC) kunye ne-dimethyl carbonate (DMC) okanye i-diethyl carbonate (DEC).

Nazi iinkcukacha ezingaqhelekanga: I-EC iqinile kwiqondo lobushushu begumbi. Indawo yokunyibilika imalunga nama-36 degrees. Ngoko ke iEC ecocekileyo iya kuba ngumkhenkce ebusika. Yiyo loo nto uyixuba ne-DMC okanye i-DEC ezilulwelo ukuya kuthi ga kwi--70℃okanye nantoni na. Umxube uhlala ulwelo kwiimeko ezifanelekileyo.

Kwakhona i-organic carbonates iyatsha. Ayiyopetroli{1}}inqanaba elinokutsha kodwa ngokuqinisekileyo liyatsha. Ndabona uvavanyo lokungena ezikhonkwane kanye apho sasibethelela ngabom isikhonkwane kwisisele esigcwaliswe ngokupheleleyo. Ikhuphe irhasi kuqala - isandi esiphumayo - emva koko amadangatye adubula umngxuma wokuphuma. Yafikelela kwiimitha ezi-2 ukuphakama. Iseli yonke yafikelela mhlawumbi kwi-800℃ngokusekwe kumfanekiso wekhamera ye-thermal.

Olo yayiluvavanyo olulawulwayo kunye nokucima umlilo kunye nayo yonke into. Kusenoloyiko nangona kunjalo.

Ityuwa ye-LiPF₆ i-hygroscopic njengesihogo. Uyawathanda amanzi. Ukuba iba manzi i-hydrolyzes ibe yi-HF. Yiyo loo nto ukwenziwa kweebhetri kwenzeka kumagumbi awome kakhulu. Ndithetha indawo yombethe ka -40℃okanye ngaphantsi. Inkqubo yokukhutshwa kwamanzi idla ngokuba yenye yezona zinto zisetyenziswa kakhulu amandla kwifektri yeeseli.

Ndatyelela indawo apho igumbi elomileyo lalomileyo kangangokuba kwabuhlungu ukuphefumla. Impumlo yakho iya koma kwimizuzu nje embalwa. Wonke umntu owayesebenza apho kwakufuneka asebenzise isitshizi se-saline rhoqo. Ayiyondawo yokusebenza emnandi.

Umahluli:

Icandelo elilityelweyo. Yinwebu yepolymer nje encinci kodwa ibalulekile.

Ngokuqhelekileyo i-polypropylene (PP) okanye i-polyethylene (PE). Ngamanye amaxesha i-trilayer enePP-PE-PP. Ukutyeba ngokuqhelekileyo yi-20-25 microns. Oko kubhityile. Incinci kuneenwele zomntu (70-100 microns).

Inemingxuma emikroskopu - efana ne-100 nanometer idayamitha - evumela iiyoni ziphumele kodwa zivale ii-electron. Kwakhona igcina i-anode kunye ne-cathode zahlulwe ngokwasemzimbeni. Ukuba babamba=isekethe emfutshane=izinto ezimbi zenzeka ngokukhawuleza.

Khumbula imililo ye-Samsung Galaxy Note 7? 2016. Oko kwakungenxa yomonakalo wokwahlula. Isamsung yenze ibhetri ngobundlongondlongo kakhulu. Ibhityile kakhulu, ipakishwe kakhulu, akukho kunyamezela ukwandiswa. Ezinye iiseli ziye zacinezelwa kakhulu isahluli kwikona enye. Indawo ebuthathaka iphuhlisiwe. Ekugqibeleni ndafumana umngxuma wokuqhawuka. Imfutshane yangaphakathi. Ukubaleka kwe-thermal. Umlilo.

Bakhumbula iifowuni ze-2.5 yezigidi. Ivaliwe kwiinqwelomoya. Ixabisa iibhiliyoni ze-Samsung. Konke kungenxa yesiqwenga seplastiki esincinci kunephepha.

Ndinezimvo malunga noyilo olundlongo lwebhetri. Abavelisi baqhubeka betyhala kancinci nangakumbi ukubetha ukhuphiswano. Kodwa kukho umda. IFiziksi ayikhathali malunga neshedyuli yokusungulwa kwemveliso yakho.

Iyatshaja:

Ufake ifowuni yakho. Itshaja inyanzelisa ii-electrons kwi-anode kwaye izitsale kwi-cathode. Oku kwenza ukuba i-cathode ikhuphe i-lithium ion. Iiyoni zihamba nge-electrolyte ukuya kwi-anode. Ziyadityaniswa kwisakhiwo segraphite.

Yicinge njengokucinezela umthombo. I-lithium ion ayifuni ukuba kwi-anode ngokwemvelo - izinzile ngakumbi kwi-cathode. Kodwa uyabanyanzela apho ngokusebenzisa i-voltage. Amandla agciniweyo.

Ukukhupha:

Uyikhuphe kwaye usebenzise ifowuni yakho. Ukukhutshwa kwentwasahlobo. Iiyoni zeLithium zibuyela kwi-cathode nge-electrolyte. Ii-electron zihamba kwisekethe yefowuni yakho ukusuka kwi-anode ukuya kwi-cathode. Ukuhamba kwe-electron kunika amandla isixhobo sakho.

I-voltage ixhomekeke kwikhemistri kunye nesimo sentlawulo. Ye-NMC okanye iNCA:

Ichajiwe ngokupheleleyo: ~4.2V

Igama: ~3.7V

Ikhutshwe ngokupheleleyo: ~ 3.0V

Musa ukuya ngaphantsi kwe-3.0V okanye uqala ukubethelela isinyithi se-lithium esiyingozi. Sukuhamba ngaphezulu kwe-4.2V okanye ubeka umngcipheko wokubaleka ubushushu. Yiyo loo nto iinkqubo zolawulo lwebhetri (BMS) zikhona. Babeka iliso kwi-voltage kunye nobushushu kunye nangoku kwaye bavale izinto ukuba kukho into engalunganga.

Uyilo oluhle lwe-BMS lunzima. Inene kunzima. Udinga amaxesha okuphendula ngokukhawuleza, izinzwa ezichanekileyo, iitshekhi ezingafunekiyo zokhuseleko. I-BMS enexabiso eliphantsi yenye yeendlela ezikhawulezayo zokuguqula ibhetri enesidima ibe yingozi yomlilo.

lithium-ion

Ingxaki 1: Ukwehla kwesidima akunakuphepheka

Umjikelo ngamnye-wokukhupha uyonakalisa ibhetri. Ayinakuphepheka. Thermodynamics.

Kukho le nto kuthiwa yi-SEI umaleko - eyomeleleyo ye-electrolyte interphase - eyenza kumphezulu we-anode. Kuyimfuneko ngokwenene ukuba ibhetri isebenze. Kodwa iqhubeka ikhula ngokuhamba kwexesha kwaye isitya i-lithium esebenzayo. Emva kwe-500 yemijikelo unokuba ne-90% umthamo oseleyo. Emva kwe-1000 mhlawumbi i-80%. Emva kwe2000 ... kuxhomekeke.

NdineMacBook evela kwi-2015 esabonisa i-78% impilo yebhetri. Ndiyisana nangona - ndingafane ndiyiyeke ingene ngaphantsi kwe-40%, yigcine iplagiwe xa kunokwenzeka, ungaze uyibize ngemoto eshushu. Umfazi wam une-MacBook ka-2018 ekwi-62% yezempilo kuba uyiqhuba nzima. Imijikelo epheleleyo yonke imihla, iyishiya itshaja ubusuku bonke, iyisebenzise emathangeni ngelixa kushushu. Indlela oyiphatha ngayo ibhetri ibalulekile KAKHULU.

I-cathode nayo iyancipha. Phezulu-nickel NMC imbi kakhulu. Ngaphezulu kwe-4.3V umphezulu we-cathode uqala ukusabela nge-electrolyte. Ii-ion zetsimbi zenguqu (nickel, manganese, cobalt) zinokunyibilika kwaye zifudukele kwi-anode apho zingcolise khona i-SEI. Kukwakho le nto ibizwa ngokuba yi-cathode densification apho ulwakhiwo lwekristale ludityaniswa kancinci kwaye luphulukane ne-porosity.

Ayinakukuthintela oku. Yikhemistry nje. I-Entropy ihlala iphumelela.

Ingxaki 2: Ubushushu butshabalalisa yonke into

Ngaphantsi kwe-0℃i-electrolyte iba viscous njengobusi obubandayo. Uthutho lwe-ion luyacotha. Ulahlekelwa mhlawumbi ngama-20{7}}30% umthamo kwi- - 10℃. Okubi nangakumbi, ukuba uzama ukukhawulezisa ukutshaja ibhetri ebandayo uya kwiplate ye-metallic lithium kwi-anode endaweni yokuyidibanisa. Oko kudala i-dendrites - izakhiwo ezifana nenaliti yesinyithi ye-lithium enokukhula kwaye ekugqibeleni igqobhoze isahluli. Imfutshane yangaphakathi. Umlilo.

Ngaphezulu kwe-40-45 idigri, zonke iimpendulo zokuthotywa ziyakhawuleza. Umgaqo wesithupha: rhoqo ukunyuka kwe-10℃kuphinda kabini ireyithi yokusabela. Ke ibhetri kwi-45℃ithoba malunga ne-4x ngokukhawuleza kune-25 degree.

Ndihlala eTexas. Ubushushu behlobo bubetha kwi-100℃F+ (38℃+). Ndibone iibhetri ze-EV eziphulukene ne-15% umthamo kwiminyaka emi-3 nje ukusuka ekuvezweni kobushushu. Ngeli xesha ii-EVs eMinnesota azifane zithobeke ehlotyeni - kodwa ziphulukane noluhlu ebusika ngenxa yengqele. Awukwazi ukuphumelela.

Ubushushu obufanelekileyo bokusebenza bufana ne-20-25 degree. Ithamsanqa ngokugcina oko kwihlabathi lokwenyani.

Ingxaki 3: Ukutshaja ngokukhawuleza kuyingxaki ngokwendalo

Wonke umntu ufuna i-10{3}}imizuzu ye-EV yokutshaja njengesikhululo segesi. Kodwa ukutyhala amandla amakhulu ngebhetri kudala ubushushu. I-I²R ilahleko-ixesha langoku eliphindwe kabini ukuxhathisa. Ukuchasana kuncinci kodwa akukho zero. Ukutshaja okungama-250kW uvelisa ubushushu obubonakalayo.

Kwakhona ukutshaja ngokukhawuleza kugxininisa izinto ze-electrode ngomatshini. Inyanzela iiyoni ukuba zihambe ngokukhawuleza kwisakhiwo. Inokubangela ukuqhekeka kunye nokuqhekeka kwamasuntswana ekuhambeni kwexesha.

I-Tesla Superchargers (V3) inokwenza i-250kW incopho. Kodwa zikhula ngokukhawuleza. Mhlawumbi 250kW imizuzu emi-5, emva koko 150kW, 100kW, 50kW. Leyo yi-BMS ekhusela iiseli.

Iinkqubo ezintsha ze-800V ezivela kwiPorsche kunye neHyundai zinokwenza ama-350kW. Kodwa ngokufutshane nje. Ifiziksi yifiziksi.

Kukho uphando olukhawulezayo-ukutshaja{1}}kuyilo lwe-electrode olululo. I-electrodes encinci, iincinci ezincinci, iingubo ezingcono. Kuyanceda. Kodwa awukwazi ukukopela i-thermodynamics.

Ingxaki yesi-4: Umlilo

Iibhetri zeLithium{0}}azibambi rhoqo. Indlela engaphantsi kweemoto zepetroli. Kodwa xa besenza oko kuyamangalisa.

Ukubaleka kwe-thermal. Nje ukuba iseli ibethe iqondo lobushushu elibalulekileyo - liyohluka ngokwe chemistry, mhlawumbi 150{3}}200℃- exothermic reactions start. I-SEI iyabola. Isahluli siyanyibilika. Amathumba e-Electrolyte. ICathode ikhupha ioksijini. Impendulo nganye ivelisa ubushushu obubangela ukusabela okungakumbi. I-Positive feedback loop.

Awunako ukuwucima ngamanzi njengomlilo oqhelekileyo. Ndithetha ukuthi ungalahla amanzi kuyo ukuze iphole kodwa iseli iqhubeka ivelisa ubushushu ngaphakathi. Amasebe omlilo ayithiyile imililo ye-EV. Thatha iiyure ukucima. Inokulawula kamva.

Iiseli zanamhlanje zineempawu zokhuseleko nangona. Cima izahluli ezivalayo xa kushushu. Iifestile zoxinzelelo. Iziphazamisi zangoku. Iifusi ezishushu. Kwaye iBMS ijonga yonke into.

Kuyenzeka ngamanye amaxesha nangona. Yenza iindaba ngalo lonke ixesha nangona ngokwezibalo ii-EVs zikhuselekile kuneemoto zerhasi. Ingxaki yePR.

Ingxaki 5: Ukuziphatha kweCobalt

I-70% yecobalt ivela e-DRC. Ininzi isuka kwimigodi yezobugcisa eneemeko ezimbi zokusebenza. Iingxelo zokuqeshwa kwabantwana. Ukonakaliswa kwendalo. Yisiphithiphithi.

Wonke umntu uzama ukusebenzisa i-cobalt encinci. Ephakamileyo-nickel NMC isebenzisa kancinane kakhulu. I-LFP isebenzisa i-zero. Kodwa i-cobalt iyazinzisa isakhiwo se-cathode. Ngaphandle kwayo udinga ulawulo olungcono lwe-thermal kunye nemida engqongqo yamandla ombane.

Amaxabiso eCobalt nawo aphambene. Ngaphantsi kwe-$ 30k / toni ngo-2016. I-Spiked ukuya kwi-$ 90k + ngo-2018. Yawa kwi-$ 25k ngo-2020. Ngoku malunga ne-$ 35k / toni. Uyicwangcisa njani imveliso xa iindleko zakho zempahla ekrwada ziguquguquka 3x?

Ingxaki yesi-6: Isiphithiphithi sekhonkco lonikezelo

Amaxabiso e-Lithium ahamba amantongomane ngokupheleleyo ngo-2021-2022. I-$ 6k/ton ngo-2020. Iphakanyiswe njenge-$ 80k/toni ekupheleni kuka-2022. Yantlitheka yaya kwi-$ 12k/ton ngo-2024. Ngoku malunga ne-$ 15k/ton ngo-2025.

Uninzi lwe-lithium luvela e-Australia (i-hard rock mining) okanye eMzantsi Melika (ukutsalwa kwebrine kwiiflethi zetyuwa eChile/Argentina/Bolivia - "i-lithium triangle"). Kodwa uninzi lokuqhuba luyenzeka eTshayina. Njenge-75% ye-lithium yokucokisa umthamo wehlabathi jikelele.

I-China ikwalawula ukwenziwa kwebhetri - 75% yemveliso yeeseli zehlabathi. Kwaye i-90% yezinto ze-anode (ukulungiswa kwegraphite).

Kungenxa yoko le nto i-US kunye neYurophu zizama ukwakha ikhonkco lokubonelela ekhaya. Kodwa iyacotha. Kuthatha iminyaka ukwakha i-gigafactory. Kuthatha ixesha elide ukwakha ikhonkco lonikezelo lomlambo.

Ibhetri{0}}yebanga le-lithium kufuneka icoceke kakhulu. Ukungcola okungaphantsi kwe-0.01%. Elo nqanaba lokucokisa alibizi okanye likhawuleza.

Ngaphandle kwayo yonke into endisandula ukuyikhalazela, i-lithium -iyon iseyeyona ndlela ilungileyo kwisikali sorhwebo.

Ubuninzi bamandla: 250-300 Wh / kg kwinqanaba leseli. Mhlawumbi i-160-180 Wh / kg kwinqanaba lokupakisha emva kokongeza ukupholisa kunye nesakhiwo kunye ne-BMS. Kwanele 300+ imayile EVs ngaphandle kobunzima obuhlekisayo.

Thelekisa:

Lead-asidi: 30-50 Wh/kg (inzima njenge fuck)

I-NiMH: 60-120 Wh/kg (yintoni esetyenziswe nguPrius)

I-NiCd: 40-60 Wh/kg (kwanetyhefu, ubukhulu becala ikhutshiwe)

Imveliso ivuthiwe. Uninzi lwababoneleli. Iigigafactory ezininzi. Kusekiwe amakhonkco obonelelo. Uqoqosho lwesikali.

I-Tesla's Nevada gigafactory ijolise kwi-35 GWh / ngonyaka. Oko kwanele kwi-500k+ EVs. I-CATL eTshayina yenza ngakumbi - ndicinga 200+ GWh/ngonyaka? Mhlawumbi ngama-300? Kuya kufuneka ndijonge.

Zonke iziseko zithatha i-lithium-iion nayo. Imigangatho yokutshaja (CCS, NACS, CHAdeMO). BMS algorithms. Imimiselo yokhuseleko. Iinkqubo zokurisayikilisha. Awukwazi ukutshintsha nje kwi-chemistry eyahlukileyo ngaphandle kokuyila kwakhona yonke into.

lithium-ion

Iibhetri zelizwe-eziqinile:Faka endaweni ye-electrolyte engamanzi nge-ceramic eqinileyo okanye iglasi okanye imathiriyeli yesulfide. Izinto eziluncedo: akukho kuvuza, umngcipheko omncinci womlilo, mhlawumbi sebenzisa i-lithium metal anodes kubuninzi bamandla aphezulu.

I-QuantumScape, i-Solid Power, i-Toyota, i-Samsung - wonke umntu uyasebenza kuyo. I-QuantumScape ibanga i-800 Wh/kg kwiiseli zaselebhu kunye 800+ nemijikelo. Iyachukumisa ukuba yinyani.

Iingxaki: Ukuchasana kwe-interface phakathi kwe-electrolyte eqinile kunye ne-electrode. Kunzima ukugcina unxibelelwano oluhle ngaphezulu kwamawaka emijikelo njengoko imathiriyeli yanda/ikhontrakthi. Uninzi lwee-electrolyte eziqinileyo zi-brittle - ii-dendrites zinokuqhekeka kuzo. Ukuvelisa ngokomlinganiselo akungqinwanga kwaphela.

Ndiyathandabuza ukuba siza kuyibona le nto kwiimoto eziqhelekileyo ngaphambi kowama-2030. Mhlawumbi ngo-2028 ukuba umntu uphumelele. Kodwa mhlawumbi kamva. Ndikhe ndeva "indawo eqinileyo-iminyaka emi-5 kude" kule minyaka ili-10 idlulileyo.

ILithiyam-isalfure:Uxinaniso lwamandla oluthiyori lwe-2600 Wh/kg. Isulfure inexabiso eliphantsi kwaye ininzi.

Ingxaki: i-polysulfide shuttle effect. Iimveliso eziPhakathi zinyibilika kwi-electrolyte ebangela ukuphela kwamandla okukhawulezayo. Emva kwemijikelo ye-50 ibhetri ithosiwe.

Oku "phantse kwasonjululwa" iminyaka 20+. Ayikabikho.

Isodium-iyoni:Iyenzeka nyani ngoku. I-CATL yaqala imveliso ngo-2023. I-BYD isebenza kuyo.

Isodium ikuyo yonke indawo (amanzi olwandle). Indlela efikelelekayo kune-lithium. Unokusebenzisa izixhobo zokuvelisa ezifanayo.

Kodwa uxinano lwamandla lusezantsi: 150-160 Wh/kg vs 250-300 ye-lithium-ion.

Iyavakala kugcino olumileyo kunye nee-EVs zohlahlo lwabiwo-mali. Ayitshintshi i-lithium{1}}yeyon kwiimveliso zeprimiyamu nanini na kungekudala.

I-lithium yesinyithi ye anode:Sebenzisa isinyithi se-lithium endaweni yegraphite. Gcina i-electrolyte engamanzi. Inokubetha i-400-500 Wh / kg kwinqanaba leseli.

Ingxaki yeDendrite iyaqhubeka. Wonke umntu unesisombululo sakhe - sokugquma, izongezo ze-electrolyte, njl. Siza kubona ukuba ngubani ophumelelayo kuqala.

Oh kwayeiibhetri ze-lithium polymer- kufuneka ikhankanye ezo. Basebenzisa ijeli okanye i-electrolyte eqinileyo yepolymer endaweni yolwelo. Iimilo ezincinci, ezikhaphukhaphu, ezibhetyebhetye ngakumbi. Ii-earbud zakho ezingenazingcingo mhlawumbi zinayo. Ikhuseleke kancinane kunolwelo kodwa ukuxinana kwamandla kuphantse kufane. Iseyi-lithium-i-ion tech, isandula ukupakishwa ngokwahlukileyo. Amasebe entengiso ayakuthanda ukuwabiza ngokuthi "LiPo" ngathi yinto eguqukayo. Ayiyo.