Yintoni i-Graphite Anode?

Igraphite anode yi electrode negative kwi alithium ion ibhetri, eyenziwe kwikhabhoni ehlelwe ngamashiti acwangcisiweyo agcina kwaye akhulule i-lithium ion ngexesha lokutshaja kunye nokukhupha. Isebenza njengeyona nto iphambili yokusingatha apho i-ion ze-lithium zifakwe phakathi kweengqimba zegraphite xa ibhetri ihlawulisa, ibalwa kwi-10-20% yobunzima bebhetri bubonke.

Ukusebenza kwegraphite njenge-anode kuvela kuyilo lweathom. Ibhondi yeeathom zekhabhon kuxwebhu olusicaba, olunehexagonal ekuthiwa ziigraphene layers, ezipakishwe ngaphezulu kwenye ngesithuba esizi-3.354 ze-angstroms. I-Weak van der Waals ibamba le maleko kunye{3}}yomelele ngokwaneleyo ukugcina ubume, kodwa ibuthathaka ngokwaneleyo ukuvumela ii-ion ze-lithium zityibilike phakathi kwazo.

Esi sakhiwo sinomaleko senza iindlela zendalo zokuhamba kweion. Xa ibhetri ihlawulisa, ii-ion ze-lithium zifuduka ukusuka kwi-cathode nge-electrolyte kwaye zizinzise phakathi kweeleya zegraphite ngenkqubo ebizwa ngokuba yi-intercalation. Isithuba phakathi kwamaleya sikhula malunga ne-10% ukulungiselela ezi ion. Xa ibhetri ikhupha, ii-ion ziphuma kwi-graphite kwaye zibuyele kwi-cathode, ikhupha amandla agciniweyo.

Igraphite yenza into abaphandi bayibiza ngokuba yi-lithium-graphite intercalation compounds (Li-GICs) kwizigaba ezahlukeneyo. Ngentlawulo epheleleyo, i-anode ifikelela kuqulunqo lwe-LiC₆-i-athomu ye-lithium enye kuzo zonke iiathom zekhabhoni ezintandathu{4}emele ubuninzi bogcino logcino lwegraphite inokufikelela.

Igraphite ilawula izixhobo ze-anode yebhetri ngenxa yezizathu ezihamba ngaphaya kokufumaneka okulula. Umthamo wayo wethiyori ufikelela kwi-372 mAh / g, ukuhambisa ukusebenza okuthembekileyo kumawaka emijikelezo yentlawulo. Okubaluleke ngakumbi, i-graphite isebenza kwi-electrochemical ephantsi ye-0.01-0.2 V ngokumelene ne-Li / Li⁺, eyandisa umlinganiselo we-voltage phakathi kwe-anode kunye ne-cathode, iguqulela ngokuthe ngqo kumandla aphezulu kwi-cell cell cell.

Isixhobo sokuphatha umthamo siyatshintsha kakuhle. Ngokungafaniyo nezinye iindlela ezanda kakhulu ngexesha le-lithiation, ubume begraphite buthatha i-lithium ion kunye nokudumba okuncinci{1}}kancinci ngaphantsi kwe-10%. Uzinzo lwesakhiwo luchaza ukuba kutheni i-graphite anode ihlala idlula i-1,000 imijikelezo yentlawulo kunye nokuthotywa komthamo omncinci.

Iindleko zidlala indima ebalulekileyo. Igraphite yendalo evela kwimisebenzi yasemigodini kunye negraphite yokwenziwa esuka kwipetroleum coke zombini zibonelela ngeendleko zemveliso ezingaphantsi kakhulu kwezinye izinto. Ukusukela ngo-2024, igraphite yendalo engqukuva ithengisa malunga ne-7,000 yeedola ngetoni nganye xa kuthelekiswa ne-synthetic graphite nge-$10,000 ngetoni nganye. Izinto eziphathekayo zifuna amanqanaba okucoceka angaphezulu kwe-99.95% yezicelo zebhetri, eziphunyezwe ngeenkqubo zokucoca, ngelixa amandla -enzima, ahlale esebenza ngokwezoqoqosho kwisikali.

Iingqwalasela zokhuseleko zikwathanda igraphite. Uluhlu oluqinileyo lwe-electrolyte interphase (SEI) olwenzeka kwimigangatho yegraphite ngexesha lokutshaja kokuqala lusebenza njengesithintelo sokukhusela, ukuthintela ukubola kwe-electrolyte okuqhubekayo ngelixa uvumela ukuthuthwa kwe-lithium ion. Olu phawu lokuzikhusela, - lufunyenwe ngabaphandi ngo-1990 besebenzisa i-ethylene carbonate electrolytes, yenza ukuba urhwebo lwe-graphite anode lusebenze kwaye luvuse inguqu yebhetri ye-lithium{4}}eyalandelayo.

Graphite Anode

Ishishini lebhetri lifumana igraphite ngeendlela ezimbini ezahlukeneyo, nganye inezibonelelo ezithile.

Igraphite yendalo isuka kwiflake crystalline deposits etsalwa ngemigodi, ikakhulu eTshayina, eBrazil, eMadagascar, naseIndiya. Abavelisi benza i-flake ekrwada yegraphite ngokutyumza, i-spheroidization -apho amandla oomatshini abumba iiflakesi ezingaqhelekanga zibe ngamasuntswana angqukuva{2}}kuhlelo, kunye nokucocwa ukufikelela kwibattery{3}}imilinganiselo yebakala. Ukuveliswa kwegraphite yendalo kudla malunga ne-1.1 × 10⁴ MJ ngetoni nganye yamandla.

Inyathelo le-spheroidization lingqina elibalulekileyo. Ukusebenza kwebhetri kuphucula ngamasuntswana angqukuva ngenxa yokuba bapakisha kakhulu kwii-electrode, bandise ukuxinana kwamandla evolumetric kunye nokuphucula ukuhanjiswa kombane kwisakhiwo se-anode. Igraphite yendalo idla ngokubonisa ubucwebe obuphezulu kunezinye iindlela zokwenziwa, ezibonelela ngombane ophezulu kunye ne-thermal conductivity.

Synthetic graphite iqala kwipetroleum coke, inaliti coke, okanye pitch coke{0}}byproducts of oil refinition. Abavelisi bafudumeza ezi precursors zekhabhoni kumaqondo obushushu adlula i-2,500℃ngexesha legraphitization, behlengahlengisa iiathom zekhabhoni kwi-odolo ecwangcisiweyo, imbonakalo yegraphite. Le nkqubo ifuna malunga ne-4 × 10⁴ MJ ngetoni-3.6 amaxesha afunekayo amandla emveliso yegraphite yendalo.

Nangona kunjalo, igraphite yokwenziwa inikezela ngeempawu ezifanayo. Inkqubo yokwenziwa elawulwayo ivelisa ubungakanani bamasuntswana afanayo kunye nokuziphatha okuqikelelwayo kwe-electrochemical, apho abavelisi beebhetri baxabisa ulawulo lomgangatho. Okwangoku, ishishini lahlulahlula malunga ne-55% yokwenziwa kunye ne-45% yegraphite yendalo yokuvelisa i-anode, nangona le bhalansi iguquka njengoko ukucocwa kwegraphite yendalo kuphucula.

Ngo-2020, izinto zendalo zegraphite anode zathatha i-39% yemarike, kunye noqikelelo olubonisa ukukhula okuqhubekayo okuqhutywa yimpembelelo ephantsi yokusingqongileyo kunye nokunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwamandla ngexesha lemveliso.

Ukuxhaphaka kwegraphite yokwamkelwa komntwana imaski isithintelo esibalulekileyo sokusebenza: ukutshaja ngokukhawuleza. Xa iibhetri zihlawulisa ngokukhawuleza, i-lithium ion ifika kwindawo ye-anode ngokukhawuleza kunokuba ikwazi ukungena kwisakhiwo segraphite. Iiyoni ezingaphezulu ke zidipozithe kumphezulu we-anode njengelithium yesinyithi{2}}into ebizwa ngokuba yi-lithium plating.

Ukufakwa kweLithium kudala iingxaki ezininzi. Intsimbi ecoliweyo ayinagalelo kumthamo webhetri, inciphisa ngokufanelekileyo ugcino lwamandla olukhoyo. Okungakumbi malunga, ukucolwa ngokuphindaphindiweyo kunye nokuhlubula kulonakalisa ulwakhiwo lwe-anode kwaye kutye i-electrolyte yolwelo, isantya somthamo siyakhawuleza. Kwiimeko ezigqithiseleyo, i-lithium dendrites inokukhula ngokusebenzisa isahluli phakathi kwe-electrodes, ebangela iisekethe ezimfutshane zangaphakathi.

Unobangela ulele kwi-lithium diffusion kinetics. Ukufaka i-ion ze-lithium phakathi kwe-graphite layers kufuna ukuba boyise imiqobo yamandla njengoko besuka kwi-electrolyte ukuya kwisakhiwo esiqinileyo. Ngaphantsi kwamazinga aphezulu angoku, i-polarization yoxinaniso iphuhlisa -i-lithium yoxinaniso kumphezulu we-anode idlula into enokufunxwa yimathiriyeli, iqhuba okunokwenzeka okuphantsi ngokwaneleyo ukuba ipleyite i-metallic lithium endaweni yoko.

Abaphandi balungisa le mida ngokusebenzisa iindlela ezininzi. Iingubo zomphezulu zisebenzisa i-amorphous carbon okanye i-lithium{1}}izixhobo zokuqhuba i-ion zidala ukuhanjiswa kwe-lithium efanayo kunye nothutho lwe-ion olukhawulezayo kumphezulu wegraphite. Ukulungiswa kwe-Electrolyte ngezongezo ezithile kunceda ukwenza iileya ezizinzile ze-SEI eziququzelela ukuhanjiswa kwe-ion. Abanye abavelisi baguqula i-graphite particle morphology okanye bandise isithuba se-interlayer ukukhawulezisa ukusasazwa kwe-lithium.

Uphononongo lwakutsha nje ngo-2024 lubonise ukuba i-graphite anode enezaleko eziphuculweyo kunye ne-electrolyte formulations inokugcina amazinga okutshaja afikelela kwi-6C (intlawulo epheleleyo ngemizuzu eli-10) ngelixa igcina ubomi bomjikelo ngaphaya kwemijikelo engama-500. Nangona kunjalo, oku kuhlala kungummandla osebenzayo wophuhliso njengoko abavelisi bezithuthi zombane bejolise kwizakhono zokutshaja ngokukhawuleza.

Graphite Anode

I-silicon-esekelwe kwi-anodes imele owona mceli mngeni kulawulo lwegraphite, iqhutywa yi-silicon ephezulu ngokumangalisayo yomthamo wethiyori we-4,200 mAh/g{3}}ngaphezu komphinda-phindwe kashumi lowo wegraphite. Le nzuzo yomthamo ivela kwisakhono se-silicon sokudibanisa kunye ne-4.4 i-athomu ye-lithium nge-athomu ye-silicon (Li₄.₄Si), ngelixa i-graphite idinga ii-athom ze-carbon ezintandathu ukuba zibophe nge-ion eyodwa ye-lithium.

Isibheno sicacile. Ukutshintsha nokuba yi-10-20% yegraphite ngesilicon kunokonyusa amandla ebhetri nge-10-30%, kuguqulelwa ngokuthe ngqo kuluhlu olude lokuqhuba kwizithuthi zombane. Abaqalisi abaliqela kunye nabavelisi abakhulu batyale imali kakhulu kuphuhliso lwe-silicon anode, kunye neenkampani ezinjengeSila Nanotechnologies kunye neBMW ezisebenzisanayo kwizicelo zorhwebo ezijolise phakathi koo-2020.

Kodwa inzuzo ye-silicon iza nesiphene esibalulekileyo: ukwandiswa kwevolumu. Amasuntswana e-silicon adumba ngaphezu kwe-300% ngexesha le-lithiation, xa kuthelekiswa ne-graphite eyi-10%. Olu lwando lukhulu luqhekeza amasuntswana, luphazamisa ukudityaniswa kombane, kwaye ludodobalise umaleko we-SEI. I-anode iyazicoca ngokwayo ngokusebenza okuqhelekileyo, okubangela ukuphelelwa amandla ngokukhawuleza. Ii-silicon anode zangaphambili zasinda ngokulambisa kwimijikelo yentlawulo eyi-100.

Iinjineli ziphuhlisa izisombululo. Nanostructured isilicon -amasuntswana kwisikali senanometer{2}}ivumela uxinezeleko olwandisiweyo. Izakhiwo ze-silicon ezinama-porous zibonelela ngesithuba esingenanto sangaphakathi sokwandiswa. I-Silicon oxide (i-SiOx) inikeza i-compromise kunye nomthamo wethiyori we-2,675 mAh / g kunye nokunciphisa ukwanda xa kuthelekiswa ne-silicon ecocekileyo. Izibophelelo eziphambili{8}}izinto ezibamba amasuntswana e-anode kunye{9}}zibandakanya iimpawu ezilastiki ukugcina uqhagamshelwano lombane ngexesha lokutshintsha umthamo.

I-silicon -i-graphite composites ngoku imele eyona ndlela yorhwebo. Ngokudibanisa i-5-15% yesilicon kwigraphite anode, abavelisi bafumana uphuculo olunentsingiselo kwisikhundla ngelixa benciphisa iziphumo eziyingozi zokwandiswa kwesilicon. Esi sicwangciso se-hybride sinikezela nge-15-20% yoxinzelelo lwamandla aphezulu kune-graphite anode ecocekileyo ngelixa igcina i-500-800 yomjikelezo wobomi-yamkelekileyo kwizicelo ezininzi.

Iindleko zihlala zingumqobo obalulekileyo. I-Silicon -i-carbon composite anodes ixabisa malunga ne-750,000 CNY ngetoni nganye ngo-2024, xa kuthelekiswa ne-50,000-100,000 ye-CNY ngetoni nganye ye-graphite anode. Abahlalutyi boshishino lweprojekthi ye-silicon anode imathiriyeli ifuna ukuncitshiswa kweendleko ukuya kwi-110,000-170,000 CNY ngetoni nganye yokwamkelwa korhwebo olubanzi.

Imakethi yegraphite anode ifumana ukukhula okukhulu. Ixabisa i-11.9 yeebhiliyoni zeedola ngo-2022, uqikelelo loshishino luya kufikelela kwi-50.83 yeebhiliyoni zeedola ngo-2030, emele isantya sokukhula sonyaka esiyi-19.9%. Olu lwandiso lulandelela ngokuthe ngqo ukwamkelwa kwesithuthi sombane kunye negridi{7}}isikali sokugcinwa kwamandla.

Unikezelo lwe-dynamics lufuna ukuqwalaselwa. Ibhetri nganye yemoto yombane iqulethe 50-100 kg yegraphite-ngokuqikelelwa ngokuphindwe kashumi ngaphezulu kwegraphite kunelithium. Imodeli enye yeTesla S, umzekelo, ifuna malunga ne-85 kg yegraphite kwibhetri yayo. Imveliso ye-EV ye-Global ikhula ngokukhawuleza, kunye neenqwelo zombane ezibalelwa kwipesenti yokunyuka kweentengiso zeemoto.

I-China ilawula amatyathanga okubonelela ngegraphite, ilawula zombini imigodi yegraphite yendalo kunye nemveliso yegraphite yokwenziwa. Olu gxininiso luphakamise inkxalabo yokhuseleko phakathi kwabavelisi beebhetri kweminye imimandla. Izithintelo zaseTshayina zowama-2023 zokuthumela ngaphandle kwemathiriyeli yegraphite ziye zayinyusa le nkxalabo, nto leyo eyabangela ukuba amazwe aseNtshona atyale imali ekuphuhliseni imveliso yegraphite yasekhaya kunye nobuchule bokulungisa.

Inkqubo yokucoca imele umqhubi weendleko eziphambili. Ukuguqula igraphite yendalo egrunjiweyo ibe yibhetri{1}}yemathiriyeli yodidi kufuna iiasidi ezomeleleyo kunye namanyathelo okulungisa amaninzi, ukuyila ingqwalasela yokusingqongileyo. Nangona kunjalo, i-carbon footprint iyonke yemveliso yegraphite yendalo ihlala isezantsi kakhulu kunegraphite yokwenziwa, ngokuyinhloko ngenxa yenkqubo yamandla{3}}enzima yegraphitization efunekayo kwizinto zokwenziwa.

Ukurisayikilishwa kwakhona kunika ithuba kunye nomngeni. I-lithium edla umhlala-phantsi{1}}ibhetri zeion ziqulathe ubuninzi begraphite{2}}kaninzi ngama-40-}50% wobunzima obufunyenweyo "bobunzima obumnyama" kwimisebenzi yokurisayikilisha. Nangona kunjalo, ukutsala kunye{6}}ukucoca kwakhona le graphite kwibhetri{8}inkcukacha zodidi kuhlala kunzima ngokobuchule kwaye kuncinci ngokwezoqoqosho kwizikali zangoku. Abaphandi baphuhlisa iinkqubo ezisebenzayo zokuphinda zisetyenziswe, beqonda ukuba ukubuyiswa kwegraphite evaliweyo kuya kuba kubaluleke ngakumbi njengoko umthamo webhetri ukhula.

Ngelixa iibhetri ze-lithium - ion zimela esona sicelo sikhulu se-graphite anode, imathiriyeli isebenza kwezinye iinkqubo ze-electrochemical. Kwiiseli zamafutha, ngakumbi iproton yotshintshiselwano lweeseli ze-membrane ze-membrane (PEMFCs), igraphite yenza i-cathode flow field plates ehambisa ioksijini ngokulinganayo kwiindawo zokusabela ngelixa iqhuba ii-electron.

Ukuveliswa kwe-aluminiyam kuxhomekeke kakhulu kwi-graphite anode kwinkqubo yokunyibilika kwe-electrolytic. IHolo -Inkqubo yeHéroult, evelisa phantse yonke i-aluminiyam yokuqala, isebenzisa i-graphite anodes enkulu ethi ngokuthe ngcembe i-oxidize kwaye kufuneka itshintshwe ngamaxesha athile. Esi sicelo soshishino sisebenzisa imiyinge yegraphite enkulu kwihlabathi jikelele.

Iikhemistri zebhetri ezisakhulayo zihlola igraphite ngokunjalo. Iibhetri zesodium -zeion kunye ne-potassium{2}}iibhetri zeion zingasebenzisa igraphite anode, nangona iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokunxibelelana kunye nobuchule xa kuthelekiswa neenkqubo zelithium. Njengoko obu buchwephesha bebhetri bukhula, bunokwenza imfuno eyongezelelweyo yemathiriyeli ye-graphite anode.

Abaphandi bebhetri balandela iindlela ezininzi zokuphucula ukusebenza kwe-graphite anode ngaphandle kokushiya izinto eziluncedo ezisisiseko.

Ubunjineli be-Interphase bugxile ekwandiseni ukubunjwa komaleko we-SEI. I-SEI imisela i-kinetics yokuthutha i-lithium, i-cyclability, kunye neempawu zokhuseleko. Izongezo ze-electrolyte eziphucukileyo kunye nonyango oluphezulu lujolise ekudaleni iileya ezibhityileyo, ezifanayo ze-SEI ezinciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwe-lithium ngexesha lokuqulunqa ngelixa ukhulisa i-ionic conductivity.

Ubunjineli bamacandelo buguqula i-graphite morphology ukuphucula ukusebenza. Abaphandi baphanda igraphite eyenziweyo enezakhiwo zepore ezilawulwayo, umphezulu{1}}amasuntswana alungisiweyo aphuculwe ukumanzisa i-electrolyte, kunye nezakhiwo ezidityanisiweyo ezidibanisa iindidi ezahlukeneyo zegraphite ukukhulisa amandla kunye namandla okulinganisa.

Uhlengahlengiso lwesithuba phakathi konxibelelwano lumele enye indlela. Ngokwandisa kancinane isithuba phakathi kweeleya zegraphene{1}}umzekelo, ngokudibana kwemichiza okanye iziphene kulwakhiwo-abaphandi banokukhawulezisa amazinga okusasazwa kwe-lithium. Umsebenzi wakutsha nje ngo-2024 ubonise ukuba ulwandiso lwe-interlayer olulawulwa ngononophelo ukusuka kwi-0.3354 nm ukuya kwi-0.342 nm luphucule ngokukhawuleza ukukwazi ukutshaja ngelixa kugcinwa uzinzo lwesakhiwo.

Itekhnoloji yokwambathisa iyaqhubeka nokuqhubela phambili. Zombini i-carbon elukhuni kunye neengubo ezithambileyo zekhabhoni zibonelela ngeenzuzo ezahlukeneyo: i-carbon coatings eqinile iphucula ukusebenza kwereyithi, ngakumbi kuxinzelelo oluphezulu lwangoku, ngelixa i-carbon coatings ethambileyo iphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kwe-coulombic kunye nokuzinza kwebhayisikile. Ukukhetha iimathiriyeli ezifanelekileyo zokugquma ngokusekwe kwiimfuno zesicelo kuvumela ukunyuswa komthamo-umlinganiselo{3}}unxantathu wobomi ochaza ukusebenza kwebhetri.

Graphite Anode

Igraphite ilungelelanisa iimfuno ezininzi apho ezinye izixhobo ziyasokola ukuzidibanisa ngaxeshanye. Ulwakhiwo lwalo ngokwemvelo luthatha i-ion ze-lithium kunye nokutshintsha umthamo omncinci (ngaphantsi kwe-10% yokwandiswa), okwenza amawaka emijikelezo yentlawulo. Isixhobo sisebenza kwisakhono esisezantsi kakhulu (0.01-0.2 V), sinyusa amandla ombane ebhetri. Ininzi, ayibizi kakhulu, kwaye iqondwa kakuhle emva kwamashumi eminyaka yokusetyenziswa kwezorhwebo. Ngelixa izixhobo ezifana nesilicon zibonelela ngomthamo ophezulu, zithwaxwa ziingxaki zokwandiswa komthamo omkhulu othintelwa yigraphite.

Igraphite yendalo ivela kwimisebenzi yemigodi kwaye ibonelela ngokuqhutywa kombane okungcono ngenxa yekristale ephezulu. Ifuna amandla amancinci ukuvelisa{1}}malunga ne-1.1 × 10⁴ MJ ngetoni nganye xa ithelekiswa ne-4 × 10⁴ MJ ngetoni yokwenziwa kwegraphite. Igraphite yokwenziwa, eyenziwe ngokufudumeza i-petroleum coke ukuya ngaphezulu kwe-2,500 degree, inikezela ngeempawu ezingaguqukiyo kunye nobunyulu. Okwangoku, ishishini lisebenzisa malunga ne-55% yokwenziwa kunye ne-45% yegraphite yendalo, nangona isabelo semarike yegraphite yendalo sikhula ngenxa yezibonelelo zendalo kunye neendleko.

I-Graphite anode ijongene nemingeni ngokutshaja ngokukhawuleza. Xa ukutshaja kwangoku kuphezulu kakhulu, i-ion ze-lithium zifika ngokukhawuleza kunokuba zinokuzifaka kwisakhiwo segraphite, zibangele ukuba zicwecwe njenge-metallic lithium kumphezulu we-anode endaweni yoko. Le lithium plating inciphisa umthamo kwaye yonakalise ibhetri. Abaphandi baphucula ukukwazi ukutshaja okukhawulezayo -ngeengubo zomphezulu, ukulungelelaniswa kwe-electrolyte, kunye nobunjineli bamasuntswana, ngezifundo zamva nje zika-2024 eziphumeze iireyithi zokutshaja eziyi-6C (intlawulo yemizuzu eli-10) ngelixa kugcinwa ubomi bomjikelo obamkelekileyo.

I-silicon ayisayi kuthatha indawo yegraphite ngokupheleleyo kwixesha elikufutshane, nangona iba yinxalenye yesisombululo. I-Silicon inikezela nge-10x amandla aphezulu kunegraphite kodwa yandisa i-300% ngexesha lokutshaja, okubangela ukuthotywa ngokukhawuleza. Indlela esebenzayo isebenzisa i-silicon - i-graphite composites, idibanisa i-5-15% ye-silicon kwi-graphite anode ukuze ifumane i-15-20% ephezulu yoxinano lwamandla ngelixa ulawula iingxaki zokwandisa. I-silicon ecocekileyo inode ihlala ikuphuhliso, kunye norhwebo olunokuthi luxhomekeke ekufezekiseni ubomi bomjikelo owamkelekileyo kunye nokunciphisa iindleko.

Igraphite anode ibonisa indlela izinto ezibonakala zilula zihlala zisebenza ngokuchanekileyo ngenxa yobo lula. Iiion zelithium zidinga indawo yokuya ngexesha lokutshaja{1}}ndaweni ezinzileyo, ebuyiselwa umva, kwaye engawi emva kwemijikelo embalwa. Ulwakhiwo olumaleko lwegraphite lubonelela kanye loo nto, ngaphandle kwedrama okanye ubunzima. Ngelixa abaphandi baleqa amandla aphezulu kunye nokutshaja ngokukhawuleza, bafumanisa ukuba ukusuka kude kakhulu kwiimpawu ezisisiseko zegraphite kwazisa iingxaki ezihlala zingaphezulu kwezibonelelo. Ulawulo oluqhubekayo lwemathiriyeli kwiibhetri ze-lithium-iion inokwenzeka amashumi eminyaka ngaphandle kwemida yayo, kodwa ngenxa yokuba ezo zithintelo ziyalawuleka kwaye{6}}ziqondwa kakuhle.

Imithombo yedatha:

Igraphite njengemathiriyeli ye-anode: Indlela esisiseko, inkqubela phambili yamva nje kunye nenkqubela phambili - IziXhobo zokuGcina amandla (2020)

Uhlalutyo lweMarike yeGraphite ye-Anode- UPhando lweMarike yesidima (2024)

I-anode ye-graphite yendalo ye-lithium ephucukileyo-iibhetri ze-ion - Ijenali yobuNjineli beMichiza (2024)

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