Yintoni i-DC Fast Charging?

Ukutshaja ngokukhawuleza kwe-DC kuhambisa amandla angoku ngokuthe ngqo ngqo kwibhetri yemoto yombane, ukugqitha kwitshaja ekwibhodi ukunciphisa kakhulu ixesha lokutshaja. Ubuchwephesha bunokuhlawula ii-EV ezininzi ukuya kwi-80% umthamo kwimizuzu engama-20 ukuya kwengama-60, xa kuthelekiswa neeyure ezininzi ngokutshaja okuqhelekileyo kwe-AC.

Umahluko ophambili ulele apho ukuguqulwa kwamandla kwenzeka khona. Iitshaja ezisemgangathweni ze-AC zifuna isixokelelwano sesithuthi sakho esisebhodini ukuba siguqule umsinga otshintshayo ukuya ngqo ngoku phambi kokuba ifikeibhetri yemoto ye-lithium ion. Iitshaja ezikhawulezayo ze-DC zijongana nolu guqulelo kwisikhululo, zenza amandla aphuma kwi-50 kW ukuya kuma-350 kW-angaphezulu lee kunoko inokuqhutywa yiyo nayiphi na itshaja ekwibhodi.

Xa uplaga kwitshaja ekhawulezayo yeDC, isixokelelwano solawulo lwebhetri yesithuthi sakho sinxibelelana ngoko nangoko nesikhululo sokutshaja ukuseka ezona parameters zokutshaja. Itshaja ke ihambisa amandla e-DC ngokuthe ngqo kwipakethi yebhetri yakho, esebenza ngaphakathi kwamandla ombane athile kunye nokunyamezela kwangoku kweeseli zakho ze-lithium{1}}zebhetri ze-ion.

Olu nikezelo lwamandla oluthe ngqo ludala ijika lokutshaja elihluka kwiseshoni yonke. I-EV yakho yamkela olona xabiso luphezulu lwentlawulo xa ibhetri ingenanto{1}}ngokwesiqhelo phakathi kwe 20% kunye ne 80% yemeko yentlawulo. Njengoko ibhetri igcwalisa, i-tapers yokutshaja isantya kakhulu ukukhusela iiseli kuxinzelelo lwe-thermal kunye nokuthintela ukuthotywa.

Isikhululo sokutshaja sihlala sibeka esweni amanqanaba ombane, ukusuka kwi-200V ukuya kwi-1,000V ngokuxhomekeke kubume besithuthi sakho. Ii-EV zale mihla zisebenzisa nokuba yi-400V okanye i-800V iinkqubo zebhetri, ezinamaqonga ombane aphezulu avumela isantya sokutshaja ngokukhawuleza ngokunciphisa umzobo wangoku kunye nokuvelisa ubushushu obunxulumeneyo.

Ulawulo lobushushu ludlala indima ebalulekileyo ngexesha lokutshaja ngokukhawuleza. Ii-EV ezininzi ngoku zibandakanya iinkqubo ze-thermal preconditioning ezifudumeza ibhetri ukuya kubushushu obuphezulu ngaphambi kweseshoni yokutshaja. Olu lungiselelo luvumela ibhetri yemoto ye-lithium ion ukuba yamkele amazinga aphezulu entlawulo ngokukhuselekileyo, njengoko iibhetri ezibandayo zixhathisa ukutshaja ngokukhawuleza kwaye zinokubandezeleka ngenxa ye-lithium plating{2}}indlela yokuthomalalisa enciphisa umthamo kwaye yenze imingcipheko yokhuseleko.

DC Fast Charging

Ukuqonda amanqanaba okutshaja kunceda ukucacisa ukuba ukutshaja okukhawulezayo kweDC kungena phi kwi-ecosystem ebanzi ye-EV. Ukutshaja kweNqanaba loku-1 kusebenzisa ii-120V zezindlu eziqhelekileyo, ukuhambisa malunga ne-1-1.8 kW kunye nokongeza nje iimayile ezi-3-7 zoluhlu ngeyure. Oku kusebenza kwiimeko zonxunguphalo kodwa akwenzeki kusetyenziso lwemihla ngemihla.

Inqanaba 2 lokutshaja amanyathelo ukuya kuma-208 -240V uqhagamshelo, ikhupha phakathi kwe-3 kW kunye ne-22 kW ngokuxhomekeke kufakelo. Oku kubiza ii-EV ezininzi ngobusuku, kuyenza ibe sisisombululo esithandwayo sasekhaya kunye nendawo yokusebenza. Itshaja engaphakathi kwisithuthi sakho ilawula uguqulo lweAC{7}ukuya kwi-DC, oluthatha ixesha kodwa lubangela uxinzelelo olungephi kwizinto zebhetri.

Inqanaba 3-Ukutshaja okukhawulezayo kwe-DC{6}} kuyayigqitha le mida ngokupheleleyo. Ngokuguqula amandla ngaphandle kunye nokuhambisa i-DC ecocekileyo, ezi tshaja zityhala i-50 kW ukuya 350+ kW ngqo ebhetrini. Ezinye izikhululo ngoku eziphantsi kophuhliso zibize i-megawatt-class ebiza iilori zorhwebo, ezineziphumo ezingaphezulu kwe-1,000 kW.

Esona santya sokutshaja osifumanayo sixhomekeke kwizinto ezintathu ezinxibeleleneyo: esona sikhululo siphezulu semveliso, izinga lokwamkelwa kwesithuthi sakho, kunye nemeko yentlawulo yangoku. Itshaja engama-350 kW ayinakunyanzela isithuthi esine-150 kW ukuba sihlawule ngokukhawuleza kunokuba uyilo lwayo luvumela. Ngokufanayo, iPorsche Taycan enamandla okwamkela ama-270 kW ayizukufikelela kwincopho yokusebenza kwisikhululo esiyi-150 kW.

Iintlobo ezine eziphambili zekhonkco zibonelela ngeemarike ezahlukeneyo kwihlabathi jikelele. I-Combined Charging System (CCS) yongamele uMntla Melika kunye neYurophu, nangona iinguqu zengingqi{1}}i-CCS1 kuMntla Melika isebenzisa ubumbeko lwephini olwahlukileyo kune-European CCS2. Lo mgangatho udibanisa i-AC kunye ne-DC yokutshaja isakhono kwi-inlet enye, ukwenza lula ukuyilwa kwesithuthi.

I-CHAdeMO yavela eJapan kwaye isabonakala kwiimodeli ezininzi zeNissan kunye neMitsubishi, nangona aba bavelisi betshintshela kwiCCS ukuze bafumane ukukhutshwa okutsha. Iprothokholi yenza ukuhamba kombane okumacala omabini, ivumela izithuthi ukuba zityise umbane kwizakhiwo okanye kwigridi-uphawu olubizwa ngokuba yiVehicle-uku{3}}iGridi (V2G) efumana amandla kusetyenziso lolawulo lwamandla.

I-Tesla Superchargers isebenzisa isidibaniso sobunikazi esisebenza kuphela kunye neemoto zeTesla kwiimarike ezininzi, nangona inkampani iqalile ukuvula izitishi ezikhethiweyo kwezinye iimveliso ngeenkqubo zeadaptha. Ngasekupheleni kuka-2024, uTesla wabhengeza ukuba uza kutshintshela kuMgangatho wokuTshaja waseMntla waseMelika (NACS), apho abanye abenzi beemoto baye bamkelwa.

Iziqhagamshelo ze-GB/T zisebenzela imarike yaseTshayina kuphela, egunyaziswe yimigangatho karhulumente equka iimpawu ezithile zokhuseleko ezifana nokujongwa kweqondo lobushushu kunye nemigaqo yonxibelelwano ephuculweyo phakathi kwetshaja kunye nenkqubo yolawulo lwebhetri.

Uninzi lwezikhululo zokutshaja ezikhawulezayo ze-DC ngoku zibonelela ngeentlobo ezininzi zeqhagamshela kwindawo enye, efana neempompo zerhasi ezibonelela ngamabakala ahlukeneyo epetroli. Le ndlela-eqhelekileyo inceda ukuqinisekisa ukuhambelana njengoko i-EV market iguquka kwaye nemigangatho idibanisa.

Ubudlelwane phakathi kokutshaja ngokukhawuleza kunye nobomi obude bebhetri buvelisa ingxoxo enkulu, kodwa uphando lwakutsha nje lubonelela ngedatha eqinisekisayo. ILebhu yeSizwe yase-Idaho yenze uvavanyo olubanzi ngokuthelekisa ukutshaja ngokukhawuleza kwe-DC ukuya kwiNqanaba lesi-2 le-AC lokutshaja kumjikelo wokusetyenziswa olinganayo. Iziphumo zabo zibonise umahluko omncinci ekuthotyweni kwamandla phakathi kweendlela ezimbini xa ulawulo olufanelekileyo lwe-thermal luqeshwe.

Iipakethi zale mihla zebhetri ye-lithium ion ziquka iinkqubo zolawulo lwebhetri eziphucukileyo ezilungiselelwe ngokukodwa ukukhusela iiseli ngexesha lokutshaja okukhulu- kombane. Ezi nkqubo zibeka iliso kumandla ombane weseli nganye, amaqondo obushushu, kunye nemo yentlawulo, zinciphisa ngokuzenzekelayo umsinga wokutshaja ukuba iimeko zisondela kwimida engakhuselekanga.

Ubushushu bubeka umngcipheko ophambili ngexesha lokutshaja ngokukhawuleza. Umqukuqelo ophezulu wangoku uvelisa amandla obushushu kuyo yonke isekethi yokutshaja{1}}ukusuka kwintambo yesitishi ngentambo yesithuthi esiphezulu-kwintambo yombane ukuya kwipakethi yebhetri ngokwayo. Ubushushu obugqithisileyo bukhawulezisa ukusabela kweekhemikhali ngaphakathi kwe-lithium{4}}iiseli ze-ion ezonakalisa imathiriyeli ye-cathode kwaye zikhulise umaleko oqinileyo we-electrolyte interphase, zombini ezinciphisa umthamo ngokuhamba kwexesha.

Oku kuchaza ukuba kutheni ukutshaja kucotha kakhulu ngaphezulu kwe-80% yexabiso lentlawulo. Inkqubo yolawulo lwebhetri icinezela ngabom igalelo lamandla njengoko iiseli zisondela kumthamo opheleleyo, xa zisesichengeni soxinzelelo. Ukuqhubekeka ukuya kwi-100% kumandla aphezulu kungadala ubushushu obugqithisileyo kwaye konyuse umngcipheko we-lithium plating{4}}i-microscopic metallic deposits ezinokukhula zibe yi-dendrites kwaye ezinokuba mfutshane{5}}zijikeleze iseli.

Uphando olupapashwe kwiNdalo yaMandla yafumanisa ukuba ukumodareyitha kweqondo lobushushu eli-asymmetric{0}ngokufutshane nje kokufudumeza iibhetri ukuya kwi-60℃ngexesha lokutshaja emva koko zizipholise ngokukhawuleza{2}}kuvumela ukutshaja okukhuselekileyo ngemilinganiselo ukuya kwi-6C (ithetha intlawulo epheleleyo kwimizuzu eyi-10) ye-lithium{5}}ibhetri zeion ezinamandla oxinano lwe-energy W/25kg. Le ndlela ikhusela i-lithium plating ngelixa inciphisa ixesha elichithwa ziiseli kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu, okunokuthi kuvuleke ngokukhawuleza ukutshaja ngaphandle kokuthotywa okukhawulezileyo.

Ukuthathwa okubonakalayo: ukusebenzisa i-DC ngokukhawuleza ukutshaja rhoqo akuyi kwenzakalisa kakhulu ibhetri yakho ukuba ulandela izikhokelo zomenzi. Ukutshaja ukuya kwi-80% kune-100%, ukunqanda ukutshaja okukhawulezayo rhoqo xa ibhetri ibanda kakhulu, kunye nokuvumela ixesha elaneleyo lokupholisa phakathi kweseshini konke kunceda ukwandisa ubomi bebhetri.

Uthungelwano lokutshaja olukhawulezayo lwe-DC luye lwanda kakhulu ngo-2024 ukuya kutsho ngo-2025. Ukusukela ngo-Okthobha ka-2025, ngaphezu kwama-64,000 amazibuko atshaja ngokukhawuleza e-DC asebenza kwizikhululo ezingama-12,375 eUnited States kuphela, ukusuka kumazibuko angama-50,000 ekuqaleni kuka-2025. I-55% yamazibuko akhoyo.

IYurophu isasaze ngaphezulu kwe-140,000 yeendawo zokutshaja ezikhawulezayo ze-DC ukusukela phakathi ku-2025, kunye neJamani, iFransi, kunye ne-Netherlands ehamba phambili kumazinga ofakelo. I-European Union's Alternative Fuels Infrastructure Regulation igunyazisa ukutshaja okuphantsi kokhuseleko koohola bendlela abakhulu, ukuqhuba ukwakhiwa kweziseko ezingundoqo ezingaguqukiyo.

I-China ilawula ukusasazwa kwehlabathi jikelele ngeendawo zokutshaja ezikhawulezayo ezingaphezu kwe-900,000 ezifakwe ekuqaleni kuka-2025. Ilizwe longeze iitshaja ezikhawulezayo ezingama-330,000 ngo-2024 kuphela, nto leyo ebonisa imigaqo-nkqubo ehlaselayo karhulumente ekhuthaza ukwamkelwa kwe-EV kwimarike apho abahlali abaninzi basezidolophini bengenakufikelela ekuhlawuleni emakhaya.

Imarike yeziseko ezingundoqo ezibizwa nge-DC ekhawulezayo ixabisa i-$20.3 yeebhiliyoni ngo-2024 kwaye kuqikelelwa ukuba iza kukhula nge-28.4% yezinga lokukhula ngonyaka ukuya kutsho ngo-2034. Oku kukhula kukhula kubonisa ukonyuka kwentengiso ye-EV kunye nokutshintshela kwizisombululo zokutshaja kwamandla eziphezulu eziphucula amava omsebenzisi.

Abaqhubi besikhululo baphucula iindawo esele zikhona ngetshaja ephezulu{0}}ephezulu. I-avareji yofakelo olutsha ngo-2025 ifaka amazibuko amaninzi angama-150-350 kW kuneeyunithi ezingama-50 kW eziqhelekileyo kwiminyaka nje emithathu edlulileyo. Izikhululo ezikhulu ezine 8+ iindawo zokutshaja ngoku zenza i-27% yazo zonke iindawo zase-US, ukusuka kwi-23% kwi-Q{9}}, ebonisa intshukumo yoshishino ukuya kwiihabhu zokutshaja zendlela enguhola.

DC Fast Charging

Owona msebenzi wokutshaja wahluka kakhulu ukusuka kubuninzi bethiyori. Isikhululo sama-350 kW asiqinisekisi isantya sokutshaja esingama-350 kW{3}}isithuthi sakho kufuneka sixhase loo mgangatho wamandla, kwaye iimeko mazibe zezona zilungileyo.

Ubushushu buchaphazela isantya sokutshaja ngaphezu kwayo nayiphi na enye into. Iibhetri zeLithium-zisebenza kakuhle phakathi kwe20-25 degree. Kwimozulu ebanda, i-chemistry yebhetri iyancipha, ikhulise ukuchasana kwangaphakathi. Isixokelelwano solawulo lwebhetri ngokuzenzekelayo sinciphisa ukutshaja kwangoku ukunqanda umonakalo. Ezinye ii-EVs zithatha i-50% ixesha elide ukuhlawulisa kwi-degree -10 xa kuthelekiswa namaqondo obushushu afanelekileyo.

Ngokuchaseneyo, iimeko ezishushu ze-ambient okanye umva{0}}ukuya{1}umva ukutshaja iiseshoni kunokubangela ukhuseleko lwe-thermal oluthomalalisa isantya sokutshaja. Ukuba ibhetri ipakethe idlula malunga ne 45℃, isixokelelwano solawulo siyakunciphisa igalelo lamandla ukuvumela ukupholisa, nokuba iplagiwe kwitshaja yamandla{4}ephezulu.

Ubume bentlawulo budala olona tshintsho lwesantya luqikelelwayo. Uninzi lwee-EVs zifikelela kwisantya esiphezulu sokutshaja phakathi kwe-10-20% ye-SOC, zigcine izantya eziphakamileyo kude kube malunga ne-50-60% ye-SOC, emva koko iqalise ukucofa. Nge-80% ye-SOC, isantya sokutshaja ngokuqhelekileyo siyehla ukuya kwi-30-50% yamazinga aphezulu. Ukusuka kwi-80-100% ihlala ithatha ixesha elide ukuya kwi-0-80%, yiyo loo nto uninzi lwabavelisi kunye neenethiwekhi zokutshaja zincoma ukukhupha iiplagi kwi-80% ekusebenzeni kakuhle kunye nembeko kwabanye abaqhubi.

Ubudala bemoto kunye nemeko yebhetri nazo zinefuthe ekuvunyweni kokutshaja. Njengoko iiseli ze-lithium{1}}zikhula, ukuxhathisa kwangaphakathi kuyanda. I-EV yeminyaka{{3}emithathu{4}}iminyaka ubudala inokwamkela i-10-15% yamandla angaphantsi kunaxa isentsha, nakwimeko efanayo yentlawulo kunye nobushushu. Oku kuhla kancinci kuqhelekile kwaye akubonisi ngxaki-yinyani yekhemistri yebhetri.

Iimeko zegridi kunye nomthwalo wesikhululo kuchaphazela ukusebenza kwakhona. Ukuba izithuthi ezininzi zihlawulisa ngaxeshanye kwisikhululo esinye, ezinye iinkqubo zisasaza amandla akhoyo kuwo onke amazibuko asebenzayo, zinciphisa isantya sokutshaja ngasinye. Ngexesha leemfuno zombane eziphezulu, izinto eziluncedo zinokucela izikhululo zokutshaja zinciphise ukutsalwa kwamandla, ngakumbi kwiindawo ezingenazo izithinteli zokugcina ibhetri.

Ukutshaja okukhawulezayo kweDC kuxabisa ngaphezulu kokubiza ekhaya{0}}ngokwesiqhelo 3{2}} 5 amaxesha aphezulu ngekilowatt-yure. Ukusukela ngo-2025, amaxabiso e-US akwi-avareji ye-$0.48 nge-kWh nganye kwiitshaja ezikhawulezayo zikawonke-wonke, nangona izikhululo zaseCalifornia zihlala zibiza i-$0.55-0.65 nge-kWh nganye. Xa kuthelekiswa, umbane wendawo yokuhlala uyi-avareji ye-$0.16 nge-kWh kuzwelonke, nto leyo eyenza ukutshaja kwekhaya kube kunoqoqosho ngakumbi xa kukho.

Izakhiwo zamaxabiso ziyahluka ngokothungelwano kunye nendawo. Ezinye izitishi zisebenzisa ngokuthe ngqo intlawulo ye-kWh- nganye, apho uhlawulela amandla okwenene athunyelwe{2}}eyona ndlela inobulungisa kuba ayizohlwayi izithuthi ezihlawulisa kancinane. Abanye bahlawulisa ngomzuzu, nto leyo enceda abanini bezithuthi ezinamazinga aphezulu okwamkelwa kodwa ixabisa ngaphezulu kwabo baneenkqubo eziphantsi{4}ezinamandla.

Ixesha-lo{1}}lokusebenzisa amaxabiso aya exhaphake kakhulu. Ukutshaja ngexesha lokuphumla{3}}ngeeyure zexabiso eliphezulu kunokubiza i-$0.40 nge-kWh nganye, ngelixa izinga eliphezulu lasemva kwemini lifikelela kwi-$0.60 ngekWh nganye okanye ngaphezulu. Ezinye izikhululo ezingama-366 zase-US zitshintshele kwixesha{8}}lo{9}}lokusebenzisa imifuziselo kwi-Q{10}} iyodwa, kunye ne-California ekhokelayo kolu hlobo.

Iinkqubo zobulungu zinokunciphisa iindleko. Uninzi lweenethiwekhi ezinkulu zokubiza zibonelela ngamanqanaba omrhumo asezantsi ngokwe{1}}amaxabiso eseshoni ukutshintshiselana ngemirhumo yenyanga. Amalungu e-Tesla Supercharger ahlawula malunga ne-$0.28 nge-kWh nganye, ngelixa abangengawo{4}}amalungu ahlawula i-$0.40-0.48 nge-kWh nganye ngokuxhomekeke kwindawo.

Iindleko eziphezulu zibonisa utyalo-mali olufunekayo kwiziseko zophuhliso. Iitshaja ezikhawulezayo ze-DC zibiza i-$50,000-$250,000 ngeyunithi nganye ngokuxhomekeke kwimveliso yamandla, xa kuthelekiswa ne-$500-2,000 yeetshaja zeNqanaba lesi-2 lokuhlala. Ufakelo longeza enye i-$ 50,000-$200,000 yokuphuculwa kwenkonzo yombane, umthamo we-transformer, kunye nokulungiswa kwendawo.

Izinto eziluncedo zihlala zenza iindleko eziyimfuneko{0}}intlawulo esekwe kumandla aphezulu atsalwa ngexesha lokuhlawula endaweni yamandla asetyenzisiweyo ewonke. Iyure enye exakekileyo kwisikhululo se-350 kW inokubangela iindleko zemfuno ye-$3,000-$5,000 ngenyanga, nokuba angakanani amandla athengisiweyo. Oku kwenza ukuba uqoqosho lwezikhululo lube ngumngeni kwiindawo ezisemaphandleni okanye kwiindawo ezinezithuthi eziphantsi.

Iisistim zogcino lwamandla ebhetri ziya zihambelane ngakumbi neetshaja ezikhawulezayo ze-DC ukuthomalalisa iintlawulo ezibangwayo kunye nokwenza ufakelo kwigridi{0}}indawo ezicinezelekileyo. Ezi bhetri zitshaja ngokucothayo ukusuka kwigridi ngexesha{2}}lokucinywa kweeyure, emva koko zongeze umbane wegridi ngexesha lokutshaja. Ixesha loMbane linika ingxelo yokuba iisistim ezixhasa ibhetri-zinokwehlisa imfuno yegridi ephezulu ngama-70%, zehlise iindleko zokusebenza zenyanga ngamawaka eedola.

Utshintsho olulandelayo lokutshaja lugxile ekubizeni ngokukhawuleza okugqithisileyo{0}ukunikezela nge80% yentlawulo ngaphantsi kwemizuzu eli-10. Oku kufuna inkqubela phambili elungelelanisiweyo kuzo zonke iibhetri, iitshaja, kunye neenkqubo zolawulo lobushushu.

Uphuculo lwekhemistri yebhetri luvumela ukutshaja ngokukhawuleza. Ukwenziwa kwe-lithium entsha - kusetyenziswa isilicon -i-anode ephuculweyo kunye nezongezo ze-electrolyte eziphambili zivumela amazinga aphezulu entlawulo ngaphandle kokufakwa kwe-lithium. Amaqela ophando abonise iireyithi zokutshaja eziyi-6C (intlawulo epheleleyo kwimizuzu eyi-10) ngamandla{6}}iiseli ezixineneyo ezigqitha kuma-250 Wh/kg, nangona ezi nkqubela zingekafumaneki kurhwebo.

Ulawulo lwe-Thermal innovation yenza ukutshaja ngokukhawuleza kusebenze. Uhlengahlengiso lobushushu obungasimetriki{1}}ukufudumeza iibhetri ngexesha lokutshaja emva koko uzipholise ngoko nangoko{2}}kuvumela iiseshini zamandla eziphezulu{3}}ngaphandle kokuthotywa okwenzeka xa iiseli zihlala zishushu ixesha elide. Ezinye ii-EVs ngoku zifudumeza iipakethi zebhetri ngelixa uqhuba usiya kwisikhululo sokutshaja, ulungiselela ukwamkelwa kwentlawulo.

Ulwakhiwo lwamandla ombane aphezulu luba semgangathweni. Ishishini litshintsha ukusuka kwi-400V ukuya kwiinkqubo zebhetri ze-800V, ezinciphisa iimfuno zangoku kwizinga elinikeziweyo lamandla. Kuba imveliso yobushushu ilingana nesquared yangoku, oku kuphinda-phindwe kabini kombane kunokunciphisa uxinzelelo lwe-thermal ngama-75% kumandla alinganayo, okwenza ukuba ukutshaja okuzinzileyo{5}}okuphezulu ngaphandle kokufudumeza kushushu.

Iisistim zokutshaja iimegawathi zezithuthi{0}ezinzima zingena kwi-pilot deployation. Umgangatho weCharIN's Megawatt Charging System ujolise kwi-1,000 kW kwiilori, ezifuna iibhetri ezinkulu kuneemoto zabakhweli. Izikhululo zokuqala ze-MCS zavela ngo-2024, kunye nokukhutshwa okubanzi okucwangcisiweyo ukuya ngo-2026-2027.

Imoto-uku{1}}Udibaniso lwegridi luyanda ngaphaya kwezilingo zangaphambili. Oku kuvumela ii-EVs ukuba zisebenze njengokugcinwa kwamandla asasazwayo, ukondla amandla abuyele kumakhaya okanye igridi ngexesha lemfuno ephezulu. Itshaja ezikhawulezayo ze-DC ziya zixhasa ukuhamba kombane okumacala omabini, zijika iindawo zokutshaja zibe yi-asethi yozinziso lwegridi enokufumana ingeniso ngexesha eliphezulu{4}}lamaxabiso.

Ubukrelekrele bokwenziwa buphucula imisebenzi yokutshaja. Iialgorithms zokufunda koomatshini ziqikelela iipateni zemfuno, uhlengahlengiso olutshintshayo amaxabiso, abaqhubi beendlela ukuya kwizikhululo ezikhoyo, kunye neebhetri zemiqathango esekelwe kumaxesha alindelekileyo okufika. Ezi nkqubo ziphucula amaxabiso osebenziso -okwangoku nje i-avareji eyi-16% kuzo zonke izikhululo zase-US{4}}ukwenza ukuba ufakelo lusebenze ngakumbi ngokwezoqoqosho.

DC Fast Charging

Ukutshaja okukhawulezayo kwe-DC kufuna isigaba sesithathu-inkonzo yombane yorhwebo ekholisa ukuzisa i-480V, ezo ndawo zokuhlala zingafane zixhaswe. Isixhobo sixabisa i-$50,000-$250,000, kunye ne-$50,{8}} yeziseko zombane. Iitshaja zasekhaya zeNqanaba lesi-2 zibonelela ngesantya esaneleyo sokutshaja ngobusuku ngeqhezu leendleko.

Iinkqubo zanamhlanje zolawulo lwebhetri zithintela iimeko zokutshaja eziyingozi. Uphando lubonisa umahluko omncinci wokuthotywa phakathi kokutshaja okukhawulezayo rhoqo kunye neNqanaba lesi-2 lokutshaja xa iinkqubo zokukhusela ubushushu zisebenza kakuhle. Ukutshaja ukuya kwi-80% kune-100% kunye nokuphepha ubushushu obugqithisileyo kunceda ukwandisa ubomi bebhetri nokuba yeyiphi indlela yokutshaja.

Iiseli zeLithium{0}}ziba sesichengeni soxinzelelo njengoko zisondela kumthamo opheleleyo. Inkqubo yokulawula ibhetri inciphisa ngamabomu ukutshaja ngoku ngaphezulu kwe-80% ukuthintela ukutshisa, i-lithium plating, kunye nokuthotywa okukhawulezileyo. Lo mlinganiso wokukhusela wandisa ubomi bebhetri bubonke nangona wenza i-20% yokugqibela ithathe phantse i-80 yokuqala.

Uninzi lweenkqubo zokukhangela zibandakanya iindawo zokutshaja, okanye sebenzisa usetyenziso oluzinikeleyo olunje ngePlugShare, iChargePoint, okanye iSicwangciso esiNgcono seNdlela. Ezi ntlobo zetshaja zibonisa, lokwenyani{1}}ubukho bexesha, amaxabiso, kunye nophononongo lomsebenzisi. Ii-EVs ezininzi zinezicwangcisi zohambo ezakhelwe{3}ezihamba ngokuzenzekelayo zidlula kwiindawo zokutshaja ezifanelekileyo ngokusekwe kwinqanaba lebhetri yakho kunye nendawo oya kuyo.

Ukutshaja ngokukhawuleza kwe-DC kuzalisa indima ethile kwi-ecosystem ye-EV kunokutshintsha indawo yokutshaja ekhaya. Ukusetyenziswa kwemihla ngemihla, iNqanaba lesi-2 lokutshaja ebusuku ekhaya okanye emsebenzini libonelela ngesona sisombululo sifanelekileyo kunye nesoqoqosho. Ukutshaja ngokukhawuleza kubaluleka kuhambo olude, ukonyusa ngokukhawuleza-ukunyusa ngexesha leentsuku ezixakekileyo, okanye kubaqhubi abangenalo ufikelelo lokutshaja ekhaya.

Itekhnoloji iyaqhubeka nokuphucula ngokukhawuleza. Izantya zokutshaja ebezibonakala zingenakwenzeka kwiminyaka emihlanu eyadlulayo ngoku zisemgangathweni, kwaye ukuxinana kweziseko zophuhliso kukhula ngenyanga. Njengoko ikhemistri yebhetri iqhubela phambili kwaye -iitshaja zamandla ezisetyenziswayo zisasazwa, amava okutshaja aya kuhambelana nokukhula kokulungelwa kokugalela amafutha emveli.

Kubanikazi be-EV bangoku kunye nabo baqwalasela ukutshintshela, ukutshaja ngokukhawuleza kwe-DC kususa ukuxhalaba koluhlu njengesithintelo esisebenzayo. Uthungelwano lufikelele kubunzima obukhulu kwiimarike ezininzi eziphuhlileyo, kunye nokhuselo olwaneleyo{1}}lohambo olude kunye nabaqhubi basezidolophini abaxhomekeke ekuhlawulisweni koluntu. Ukuqonda indlela yokusebenzisa ezi zixokelelwano ngokusebenzayo{3}ukutshaja ukuya kwi-80%, ukuthatha ithuba le-thermal preconditioning, kunye neseshini zexesha ngexesha lokungabikho{5}}kweeyure eziphakamileyo{6}}kukhulisa zombini impilo yebhetri kunye noqoqosho lokutshaja.

Itekhnoloji yebhetri ye-lithium ion yebhetri enika amandla ii-EVs zanamhlanje ingqineke yomelele ngokwaneleyo ukuba itshaje ngokukhawuleza ngelixa igcina amaxabiso okuthotywa okwamkelekileyo kubomi bezithuthi eziqhelekileyo. Idityaniswe nokwandisa iziseko zophuhliso kunye neendleko zezixhobo eziwayo, ukutshaja ngokukhawuleza kwe-DC kutshintsha ukusuka kwiprimiyamu ukuya kwinto eqhelekileyo elindelekileyo eyenza ukuba izithuthi zombane zisebenziseke kwizigidi zabaqhubi abangakumbi.