Yintoni ukubala kweCoulomb?

Ukubala kweCoulomb yindlela elandelela umrhumo wombane ongena nangaphandle ebhetrini ngokuqhubekeka ukulinganisa umsinga kunye nokuwuhlanganisa ngokuhamba kwexesha. Obu buchule buvumela iinkqubo zolawulo lwebhetri ukuba ziqikelele umthamo oseleyo kunye nemeko yentlawulo ngaphandle kokulinganisa ngokuthe ngqo amandla agciniweyo.

Umthetho-siseko osisiseko wokubala icoulomb ubandakanya ukujonga amp{0}}yure nganye engena okanye eshiya ibhetri. Isichasi sengqiqo echanekileyo silinganisa ukuhamba kwangoku, kwaye isekethe ezinikeleyo idibanisa le milinganiselo ngamaxesha onke. Xa utshaja ibhetri kwii-amps ezi-2 ngeeyure ezi-3, inkqubo ibala iiyure eziyi-6 amp{6}} ezongeziweyo kumthamo webhetri. Ngexesha lokukhupha, inkqubo ibuyela umva, ithatha amp{8}}iiyure njengoko iphuma ngoku.

Iitshiphusi zolawulo lwebhetri zenza olu balo ngokuqhubekayo, ngokuqhelekileyo isampuli zangoku ezingamawakawaka ngesekhondi. Ifomula yokudibanisa iqonde ngqo: utshintsho kwintlawulo lulingana nangoku luphindaphindwe ngexesha, lulungelelaniselwe ukusebenza kakuhle kwe-coulombic. Ukusebenza kakuhle kweCoulombic kubala into yokuba ayizizo zonke iintlawulo ezigcinwe ngexesha lokutshaja ezinokufunyanwa ngexesha lokukhupha{2}}ilahleko yenzeke ngenxa yokuchasana kwangaphakathi, ukusabela kwamacala, kunye nokutshatyalaliswa kobushushu.

Ukuphunyezwa kwale mihla kusebenzisa i-16-bit okanye i-analog ephezulu{2}}ukuya{8}}iziguquli zedijithali ezidityaniswe nezilawuli ezincinci. I-Maxim MAX17303X+ kunye ne-Renesas RAA489206 imele izisombululo ze-hardware eziqhelekileyo, eziquka iiprosesa ezifakelweyo eziphatha imisebenzi yezibalo. Ezi chips igcina ibhetri parameters kwinkumbulo non-iguquguqukayo, ukuqinisekisa data iyaqhubeka nokuba ibhetri idrink ngokupheleleyo.

Coulomb Counting

Ukutshaja ibhetri ye-Lithium ion kuxhomekeke kakhulu ekubaleni okuchanekileyo kwe-coulomb ukunqanda ukutshaja kakhulu kunye nokwandisa ubomi bebhetri. Ngexesha elingaguqukiyo {{1}inqanaba langoku lokutshaja, ukubala kwe-coulomb kulandelela ngqo ukuba yimalini intlawulo engena kwiiseli zebhetri. Njengoko ibhetri isondela kumthamo ogcweleyo kunye notshintsho ukuya rhoqo-ekutshajisweni kwevoltage, umsinga ohlayo kufuneka ulinganiswe ngokuchanekileyo ukumisela ukuba ukutshaja kugqityiwe.

Iinkqubo zolawulo lwebhetri zisebenzisa idatha yokubala i-coulomb ukwenza izigqibo ezibalulekileyo zokutshaja. Ukuba inkqubo ibhaqa ukuba i-2.3 amp{2}}iiyure zongeziwe ngexesha lokutshaja kwaye umthamo webhetri okaliwe yi-2.5 amp-iiyure, iyazi ukuba ibhetri ihlawuliwe malunga ne-92%. Olu lwazi luthintela imeko eyingozi yokutyhala okwangoku kwiseli ye-lithium ion egcwele ngokupheleleyo, enokukhokelela ekubalekeni kwe-thermal.

Indlela iba luncedo ngakumbi-kusetyenziso lokutshaja apho imisinga yokutshaja inokufikelela kwi-3C okanye ngaphezulu. Kwezi zilinganiso, iindlela zoqikelelo olusekwe kwi-voltage{3} ziyasilela ngenxa yokuhla kwamandla ombane amakhulu kuxhathiso lwangaphakathi. Ukubala kwe-Coulomb kuhlala kuthembekile kuba ilinganisa ngokuthe ngqo ukukhutshelwa kwentlawulo yokwenyani kungakhathaliseki ukuguquguquka kwamandla ombane.

Ukutshaja izinto ezisebenzayo ekubaleni ngokwahlukileyo kwizigaba ezahlukeneyo. Ibhetri ye-lithium ion ingabonisa ukusebenza kakuhle kwe-99% ngexesha lokutshaja-okusezantsi kodwa yehle ukuya kuma-95% ngamaqondo aphezulu ngenxa yokonyuka kokuveliswa kobushushu. Iisistim ezikwinqanaba eliphezulu lolawulo lwebhetri zilungelelanisa i-algorithms yokubala ye-coulomb ngokusekelwe kwiqondo lokwenyani{5}}lexesha kunye nemilinganiselo yangoku.

Imeko yentlawulo imele umthamo okhoyo njengepesenti yomthamo omkhulu. Ukubala kwe-Coulomb kubala i-SOC ngokwahlula intlawulo eqokelelweyo ngomthamo opheleleyo webhetri. Ukuba i-50 amp-yeyure yebhetri izise 15 amp-iiyure ukususela ekutshajweni okupheleleyo, iSOC ilingana nama-70%.

Ubalo lufuna ukwazi indawo yokuqala. Iisistim zebhetri zikholisa ukuqala ngeSOC xa ibhetri ifika kwindawo eyaziwayo-inokuthi igcwale ngokupheleleyo (iboniswa ngokufikelela kumda wevolthi yentlawulo ngokuncinci okwangoku) okanye ikhutshwe ngokupheleleyo (ukubetha{2}}i-voltage cutoff esezantsi). Vula-imilinganiselo yombane wesetyhula ngexesha lokuphumla inokubonelela ngamanqaku okulinganisa ngokujonga iitafile ezibonisa imephu yombane kwiSOC.

Ubushushu buchaphazela kakhulu amandla ebhetri kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwe-coulombic. Ibhetri ye-lithium ion inokubonelela nge-100 amp{2}}iiyure kwi-25℃kodwa kuphela 80 amp-iiyure kwi -10 degree. Ukuphunyezwa okunzima kubandakanya imbuyekezo yobushushu, ukulungelelanisa umthamo osebenzayo ngokusekelwe kufundo lwe-thermistor.

Ukuguga kwebhetri kwenza uqikelelo lwe-SOC lube nzima kubomi bebhetri. Ipakethi yeminyaka emibini{{1}{2}}yebhetri ubudala inokugcina kuphela i-85% yomthamo wayo wokuqala. Ngaphandle kohlengahlengiso lwamaxesha athile, ukubalwa kwe-coulomb kuseza kubala i-SOC ngokusekwe kumthamo wokuqala we-100%, okukhokelela kuqikelelo olungachanekanga ngokwandayo. Iisistim ezininzi zilungisa oku ngemeko{7}}ye{8}}yealgorithms yezempilo elandelela ukuthotywa kwamandla ngaphezulu kwentlawulo{9}}imijikelo yokukhupha.

Imithombo yemposiso engundoqo emihlanu ichaphazela ukuchaneka kokubala kwe-coulomb. Iimposiso zangoku zoluvo zimele oyena mnikeli ubalulekileyo{1}}kwanayimpazamo eyi-10 ye-milliamp yokulinganisa iqokelela ukuya kwii-0.24 amp{4}}iiyure kwiiyure ezingama-24. Kwibhetri yeyure ezingama-50 amp{8}, oku kuguqulela kwimpazamo ye-SOC eyi-0.5% ngosuku.

Iimpazamo zoqikelelo lokudityaniswa zivela kubume besampulu ecacileyo yeenkqubo zedijithali. Ukusebenzisa udibaniso oluxande kunye nesampulu engaqhelekanga yazisa iimpazamo xa ikhoyo itshintsha ngokukhawuleza. Isithuba sesampulu esi-1{4}sesibini sivelisa impazamo encinci ngomthwalo otshintsha kancinane kodwa unokuphoswa ziinkcukacha ezibalulekileyo ngexesha lespikes zamandla ngesiquphe. Iinkqubo zanamhlanje zihlala zisebenzisa iindlela zokudibanisa ezikumgangatho ophezulu njengetrapezoidal okanye umthetho kaSimpson ukunciphisa ezi mpazamo.

Ukungaqiniseki komthamo webhetri kubangelwa kukwahluka kwemveliso, iziphumo zobushushu, kunye nokuguga. Iiseli ezimbini ezisuka kwibhetshi enye yemveliso zinokwahluka ngo-2-3% ngokomthamo wokwenene. Oku kungaqiniseki kuguqulela ngokuthe ngqo kwimpazamo yoqikelelo lwe-SOC-ukuba uyakholelwa ukuba ibhetri inama-50 amp-iiyure kodwa eneneni ibamba 49, iSOC yakho iya kuba phezulu ngocwangco nge-2%.

Ixesha le-oscillator drift lichaphazela ixesha lexesha lokudityaniswa kwangoku. I-crystal oscillator ene-50 ppm ichanekile yazisa kuphela iimpazamo ezincinci kwixesha elifutshane kodwa inokuqokelela kwiiveki okanye kwiinyanga zokusebenza okuqhubekayo. Iqondo lobushushu-i-oscillator yekristale ehlawulelweyo yehlisa lo mthombo wemposiso ukuya kumanqanaba angahoywanga kwizicelo ezininzi.

Iimpazamo ezongezelekayo zibonisa owona mceli mngeni wokubala i-coulomb. Ngokungafaniyo nemilinganiselo ekhawulezileyo ephinda isetwe ngokufunda ngakunye, iimpazamo zokuhlanganisa ziyadibana ngokuhamba kwexesha. Impazamo ye-1% kumjikelo ngamnye iba yimpazamo eyi-10% emva kwemijikelo elishumi ngaphandle kokuba isistim ihlaziywa ngokutsha. Uphando olupapashwe kwi-Energies (2021) lubonise ukuba ixesha{6}}iimpazamo ezongezelekayo zinokunika uqikelelo lwe-SOC "lungekho mthethweni ngokupheleleyo" kwithuba elongeziweyo ngaphandle kokulungiswa.

Ukuchaneka okuqhelekileyo kuluhlu ukusuka kwi-3{3}}4% ekuphunyezweni okusisiseko ukuya ngaphantsi kwe-2% kunye ne-algorithms ephuculweyo. Iinkqubo ezidibanisa ukubala kwe-coulomb kunye nombane{7}ulungiso olusekwe kusetyenziswa izihluzo ze-Kalman zifezekisa ukuchaneka ngaphantsi kwe-1%. I-PowerTech Systems ibika iimpazamo zokulinganisa ngaphantsi kwe-1% kwiimveliso zabo ze-coulomb zorhwebo ze-lithium-ion izicelo.

Iisistim zolawulo lwebhetri zidibanisa ukubala kwe-coulomb njengowona msebenzi uphambili ecaleni kokulinganisa kweeseli, ulawulo lwe-thermal, kunye neesekethe zokukhusela. Inzwa yangoku, ngokuqhelekileyo i-shunt resistor echanekileyo ukusuka kwi-0.5 ukuya kwi-5 milliohms, ihleli kwindlela ephambili yangoku. IHolo{4}}iziphumo zoluvo zibonelela ngolunye usetyenziso oluphezulu{5}} lwangoku, ukubonelela ngokwahlulwa kwegalvanic kunye nokuphelisa iinkxalabo zokulahla amandla.

I-Microcontroller firmware isebenzisa i-algorithm yokudibanisa kwaye ilawula iindlela zokulinganisa. Ngexesha lokulayita kwesithuthi okanye ukuqaliswa kwesixhobo, i-BMS ifunda i-SOC yokugqibela egciniweyo kwimemori engelona xesha liguqukayo. Ithi ke iqale ukubala ii-coulombs ukusuka kule ndawo yokuqala. Isixokelelwano sigcina uhlaziyo ngamaxesha athile{4}}olunye uzalisekiso lubhalela kwinkumbulo edanyazayo rhoqo ngemizuzu embalwa ukuqinisekisa ilahleko encinci yedatha ngexesha lophazamiseko lombane olungalindelekanga.

Ii-BMS zeemoto kwizithuthi zombane zisebenzisa i-coulomb counting ephucukileyo yomiliselo. Inkqubo yolawulo lwebhetri kaTesla, umzekelo, iisampulu zangoku kumazinga e-kilohertz kwaye isebenzise izigaba ezininzi zokucoca ukunciphisa ingxolo yenzwa. Inkqubo igcina izinto zokubala ezihlukeneyo ze-coulomb kwimodyuli nganye okanye iqela leseli, ivumela ukubonwa komthamo ongahambelaniyo onokubonisa iiseli ezingaphumeleli.

Iinkqubo zebhetri yemizi-mveliso yokugcina igridi okanye unxibelelwano lufuna ukuthembeka okuphezulu. Ezi zicelo zihlala zisebenza kabini okanye kathathu imvamyo engafunekiyo yangoku, ithelekisa abenzi boluvo abaninzi ukubona ukusilela. Xa ukufundwa kwenzwa kuhlukana ngaphaya kokunyamezela okwamkelekileyo, inkqubo inokuchonga kwaye ihlukanise i-sensor ephosakeleyo ngelixa iqhubeka nokusebenza kwiinzwa eziseleyo.

Uhlengahlengiso lwamaxesha luyimfuneko ekugcineni-uchaneko lwexesha elide. Eyona ndlela ilula ihlawulisa ngokupheleleyo ibhetri de ukutshaja kwangoku kuhla ngaphantsi komqobo (ngokuqhelekileyo C/20), emva koko kusetelwe ngokutsha i-SOC ukuya kwi-100%. Ngokufanayo, ukukhupha kwi-low-ye-voltage cutoff kusetha kwakhona i-SOC ukuya kwi-0%. Izixhobo ezininzi zabathengi zenza olu lungelelwaniso ngokuzenzekelayo yonke imijikelo yentlawulo ye-20-30.

Vula-ulungelelwaniso lombane wesekethe lubonelela ngamathuba olungiso rhoqo. Emva kokuba ibhetri iphumle imizuzu engama-30 ukuya kwiiyure ezininzi, i-terminal voltage iyazinza kwixabiso layo lokwenyani elivuliweyo{3}}lesekhethi. I-BMS ingabhekisa kwi-OCV-itafile yokujonga ye-SOC ukumisela eyona SOC kwaye ilungise nayiphi na impazamo yokubala i-coulomb. Le ndlela isebenza ngcono ngeekhemistri zebhetri ezibonisa amandla ombane aqinileyo{7}}unxulumano lweSOC, olufana ne-lithium nickel cobalt manganese oxide (NMC).

I-algorithms yokubala ye-coulomb eyomeleziweyo ibandakanya ulungiso olusebenzayo lwe-coulombic. Uphando nguNg et al. (2009) ibonise ukuba ukubalwa kwentlawulo kunye nokukhutshwa ngokufanelekileyo ngokwahlukileyo kuphucula ukuchaneka kakhulu. Ngexesha lokutshaja, iibhetri ze-lithium ion ngokuqhelekileyo zibonisa ukusebenza kakuhle kwe-98-99.5%, ngelixa ukukhutshwa kokusebenza kusondela kwi-99.8-99.9%. La maxabiso ayahluka ngokweqondo lobushushu, izinga langoku, kunye nemeko yempilo.

I-Kalman filter fusion idibanisa ukubala kwe-coulomb kunye nemilinganiselo yombane ngexesha lokwenyani. Isihluzi silinganisa iindlela ezimbini zoqikelelo ngokusekwe kukungaqiniseki kwazo kumzuzu ngamnye. Kwimisinga ephezulu apho imilinganiselo yombane ingathembekanga ngenxa yokuhla okukhulu kwe-IR, isihluzi sithemba ukubala kwe-coulomb ngaphezulu. Ngexesha lokuphumla, imilinganiselo yombane ifumana ubunzima. Le ndlela yokulungelelanisa ifezekisa ezona ndlela zimbini.

I-algorithms yokufunda koomatshini imele umda wokusika we-SOC uqikelelo. Uthungelwano lwe-Neural oluqeqeshelwe amawaka entlawulo{1}}lomjikelo wokukhupha lungafunda ibhetri{2}}indlela zokuziphatha ezithile eziphoswa yimizekelo elula. Ezi nkqubo zinokuqikelela xa iimpazamo eziqokelelweyo zinokubaluleka kwaye ziqalise iindlela ezifanelekileyo zokulinganisa.

Coulomb Counting

IVoltage{{0}esekelwe kuqikelelo lwe-SOC iyasokola kunye neebhetri ze-lithium iron phosphate (LFP), ezigcina iigophe zombane ezisicaba ngokumangalisayo ukunqumla i-20-90% ye-SOC. Utshintsho lwe-50-100 millivolts kuphela lwenzeka kulo lonke uluhlu. Ukubala kweCoulomb kusebenza ngokulinganayo kungakhathaliseki iimpawu zombane wekhemistri yebhetri.

Indlela isebenza ngokuqhubekayo ngexesha lokutshaja kunye nokukhupha ngaphandle kokufuna ukuba ibhetri iphumle. I-Voltage-iindlela ezisekwe kwi-voltage zifuna ukuba ibhetri ihlale ingasebenzi kangangemizuzu engama-30 ukuya kwiiyure ezininzi ukufumana ufundo oluchanekileyo oluchanekileyo-lombane wesekethe. Kwizicelo zezithuthi zombane apho imoto inokuqhutywa amaxesha amaninzi ngemini, loo maxesha okuphumla awafane enzeke ngokwendalo.

Iimfuno zokubala zihlala zithobekile xa kuthelekiswa nemodeli{{0}esekelwe kwiindlela. Uphumezo olusisiseko lokubala lwe-coulomb lufuna kuphela uphinda-phindo kunye nemisebenzi yokongeza, lula ukuphathwa ngokungabizi kakhulu kwe-8-bit microcontrollers. Izihluzi ze-Kalman okanye iindlela zothungelwano lwe-neural zifuna iiprosesa ze-32-bit ezinamandla okudada okudadayo kwaye zisebenzisa amandla amaninzi kakhulu.

Iziphumo zobushushu zichaphazela ukubala kwe-coulomb ngotshintsho lwesikhundla kunomgaqo womlinganiselo ngokwawo. I-Voltage{{1}indlela ezisekwe kwi-indlela zinengxaki kuzo zombini iqondo lobushushu-utshintsho lwesakhono esixhomekeke kunye namaqondo obushushu-ukutshintsha kwamandla ombane axhomekeke, oko kubenza bantsokothe ngakumbi ukuhlawula ngokuchanekileyo.

Imfuno ye-SOC yokuqala echanekileyo imele ukubala kwe-coulomb owona mda usisiseko. Ukuba inkqubo iqala ngexabiso elingachanekanga le-SOC, zonke izibalo ezilandelayo ziyidla ilifa le mpazamo. Iisistim zebhetri eziphelelwa ngamandla ziphulukana ngokupheleleyo nendawo yazo yesalathiso ye-SOC, inyanzelise ukuthembela kwimilinganiselo yombane ngexesha lokuqalisa okulandelayo.

Ukuzikhupha ngokwakho{0}} kudala umsele ofihliweyo wangoku ukubala kwe-coulomb akunakulinganiswa ngokuthe ngqo. Iibhetri ze-ion zeLithium zizikhupha ngokwazo kwi-2-5% ngenyanga kwiqondo lobushushu begumbi, zinyuka kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu. Kwixesha elongeziweyo logcino, le lahleko yesakhono ingajongwanga ibangela ukuba i-SOC ikhukuliseke phezulu kunexabiso lokwenyani.

Ukukhukuliseka kwenzwa kubomi bemveliso ngokuthe ngcembe kwehlisa ukuchaneka. Inzwa yangoku ene-1% yokuchaneka kokuqala inokukhukuliseka iye kwi-2-3% kwiminyaka emihlanu ngenxa yokuguga kwecandelo. Usetyenziso lweemoto luchaza uzinzo lwesivamvo kwiminyaka eyi-15 kunye neqondo lobushushu ukusuka kwi--40℃ukuya kwi- +85℃, efuna ukukhethwa kwecandelo ngononophelo kunye noyilo lwesekethe.

Umthamo webhetri uphela ngexesha lobomi bubonisa umngeni wokulinganisa oqhubekayo. Ibhetri ingaphulukana ne-20% umthamo kwimijikelo eyi-1000. Ngaphandle kokuba i-BMS ngamaxesha athile iphinda iphonononge esona sikhundla sikhoyo, izibalo ze-SOC ziba nethemba elikhulayo, okunokuvumela iimeko ezinobungozi zokukhupha ngaphezulu.

Ukutshatyalaliswa kwamandla oluvo lwangoku kusetyenziso oluphezulu{0} lwangoku luba yingxaki. I-100-i-amp yokukhupha yangoku nge-1-milliohm isichasi soluvo sichitha iiwatts ezili-10. Oku kubonisa i-0.3% yokulahlekelwa kwamandla kwi-3.3-kilowatt inkqubo-engabalulekanga kodwa ayinanto. Ii-shunts ezixhathisayo ezisezantsi zinciphisa ilahleko kodwa zinciphisa ukuchaneka komlinganiselo kwimisinga ephantsi.

Iindlela zeHybrid ezidibanisa ukubala kwe-coulomb kunye neendlela ezihambelanayo zifezekisa ukusebenza okuphezulu. Isihluzo esandisiweyo se-Kalman (EKF) sisebenzisa imodeli yesekethe elingana nebhetri ukuqikelela ukuziphatha kwamandla ombane ngokusekelwe kubalo lwe-coulomb, emva koko ilungise uqikelelo lwe-SOC olusekwe kumahluko phakathi kombane oqikelelweyo kunye nomlinganiso wombane. Oku kudala i{2}}indlela yokuzilungisa ebopha iimpazamo zoqokelelo.

I-electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) inokuncedisa ukubalwa kwe-coulomb kuvavanyo lwemeko yempilo. Ngokulinganisa i-impedance yebhetri kwiifrikhwensi ezininzi, inkqubo ibonisa ukukhula kwangaphakathi kokuxhathisa kunye nokuphelelwa amandla. Olu lwazi luhlaziya umthamo weparamitha kwizibalo zokubala ze-coulomb, zigcina ukuchaneka njengoko ubudala bebhetri.

Uthungelwano lwe-neural eyenziweyo luqeqeshelwe kwintlawulo yembali{0}}idatha yokukhupha inokuqikelela iipateni zokuthotywa komthamo. Olu qikelelo luvumela uhlengahlengiso olusebenzayo ngaphambi kokuba iimpazamo zibe zibalulekileyo. Abanye abaphandi baxela ukuchaneka koqikelelo lwe-SOC ngaphakathi kwe-1% besebenzisa ukubala kwe-coulomb edibeneyo kunye neendlela zenethiwekhi ye-neural.

Uhlahlelo lombane olwahlukileyo ngexesha lokutshaja lubonelela ngamanqaku ohlengahlengiso ngaphandle kokufuna intlawulo epheleleyo{0}}imijikelo yokukhupha. Iimpawu zeempawu kwijika le-dV/dQ zenzeka kumaxabiso athile e-SOC kungakhathaliseki ukuba amandla aphelileyo, okwenza ukuba ukuzimisela kwe-SOC ngokupheleleyo. Le ndlela isebenzayo ngokukodwa nge-lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide chemistries.

I-ICs yokubala i-coulomb ezinikeleyo idibanisa yonke imisebenzi eyimfuneko kwi-chip enye. Uluhlu lwe-BQ lwe-Texas Instruments ' kunye nosapho lwe-STMicroelectronics' STC31xx ngumzekelo wale ndlela, ine-16-bit ADCs, indibaniselwano yangoku, imvakalelo yobushushu, kunye ne-I²C/SPI ujongano. Ezi chips zinciphisa ukuntsokotha koyilo kunye nendawo yebhodi ngelixa iphucula ukuchaneka komlinganiselo ngokusebenzisa i-algorithms yembuyekezo yobunini.

Ukukhetha isixhasi seSense kubandakanya ukuchaneka kokulinganisa ngokuchasene nokulahla amandla. I-0.5-i-milliohm resistor kwi-100-isicelo se-amp ichitha iiwathi ezi-5 kodwa ivelisa kuphela i-50 millivolts egcweleyo{11}}uphawu lwesikali, ifuna i-amplifiers ephezulu{15}}enokungenwa yingxolo. I-5-milliohm resistor inikeza i-500 millivolts uphawu kodwa ichitha i-50 watts-engamkelekanga kwizicelo ezininzi. Uyilo lwemoto oluqhelekileyo lusebenzisa i-0.1-1.0 milliohm resistors kunye ne-amplifiers eyahlukileyo enika i-80-100 dB ukulahlwa kwendlela eqhelekileyo.

Iholo-iziphumo zangoku zezivamvo zinqanda umba wokulahla amandla ngokupheleleyo ngokulinganisa umhlaba wemagnethi kunokuhla kwamandla ombane. Nangona kunjalo, bazisa iimpazamo ze-offset (ngokuqhelekileyo i-50-i-200 mA kwi-automotive{4}}i-sensors ze-grade), i-drift kunye neqondo lokushisa, kunye nexabiso elingaphezulu kunezisombululo ezisekelwe kwi-shunt. Izicelo ezingaphezulu kwe-amps ezingama-200 ziya zithandeka ngakumbi izinzwa zeHolo ngaphandle kwezi zithintelo.

I-Analog-ukuya{1}}ukukhetha isiguquli sedijithali sichaphazela ngokuthe ngqo ukuchaneka. I-12-bit ADC elinganisa i-100-i-amp epheleleyo{8}}isikali sangoku ibonelela ngokuqikelelwa kwe-25-isisombululo se-milliamp-eyamkelekileyo kwizicelo zamandla aphezulu kodwa azanelanga kwizixhobo ezinomgangatho wemiliamp engasebenziyo imisinga. Iinkqubo zolawulo lwebhetri zanamhlanje zihlala zisebenzisa i-16-bit okanye i-24-bit converters ukuphatha uluhlu oluguqukayo ukusuka kwimisinga yokulala ye-microamp ukuya kumakhulu e-amps ngexesha lomthwalo ophakamileyo.

Coulomb Counting

Ukuphunyezwa kwezithuthi zombane kubonisa ukubalwa kwe-coulomb kwisikali. Inkqubo yokulawula ibhetri yeNissan Leaf ilandelela ukuhamba kwentlawulo yeqela ngalinye, ivumela isithuthi ukuba sibonise uqikelelo loluhlu kunye nokuqalisa izilumkiso phambi kokuba ibhetri iphele. Emva kwamakhulu eentlawulo{2}}zomjikelo wokukhupha, inkqubo igcina i-SOC ichanekile ngaphakathi kwe-3-5% ngohlaziyo lwamaxesha ngamaxesha ngexesha lokutshaja ngokupheleleyo.

Iigeyiji zebhetri ze-smartphone zisebenzisa umiliselo olulula lokubala lwe-coulomb olunyanzelwa ziindleko kunye nokusetyenziswa kwamandla. Ezi nkqubo ngokuqhelekileyo zifezekisa ukuchaneka kwe-5-10%, okwaneleyo ukubonisa imivalo yezinga lebhetri emine okanye emihlanu kodwa ingachanekanga kunokuphunyezwa kweemoto. Uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali lwamandla esekethe yokulinganisa amafutha kufuneka luhlale ngaphantsi kwe-microamps ezili-100 ukuphepha i-parasitic drain ebalulekileyo.

Igridi-isikali sogcino lwebhetri lufuna ukuchaneka okukhethekileyo ukuze kunyuswe intlawulo{1}}ukukhupha ishedyuli kunye nokubona iimodyuli ezisilelayo. Ezi nkqubo zisebenzisa i-rendundant sensing yangoku kunye nee-shunts ezimbini kunye nee-ADC ezininzi. Ii-algorithms zeSoftware ziyanqumla{4}}jonga imilinganiselo kunye nokungangqinelani kweflegi okudlula i-0.5%, ivumela ugcino oluqikelelweyo phambi kokuba kwenzeke ukusilela.

Usetyenziso lwasemkhosini kunye ne-aerospace lufuna ukuthembeka okuphezulu, rhoqo ukuphumeza ukuphinda-phindwe kathathu{0}}imvakalelo engafunekiyo ngengqiqo yokuvota. Inkqubo yokulawula ibhetri ithelekisa iisekethe ezintathu ezizimeleyo zokubala i-coulomb kwaye isebenzisa ixabiso eliphakathi. Ukuba nasiphi na isivamvo soluvo sitenxa ngaphaya kwemida eyamkelekileyo, ayihoywa ngelixa isixokelelwano sifaka isiphene sentshukumo yolungiso.

Uphando luyaqhubeka kwiindlela zokuphucula ukuchaneka kokubala kwe-coulomb ngaphandle kokongeza ubunzima be-hardware okanye iindleko. Ialgorithms eziqhelanisayo ezifunda ibhetri{1}}indlela yokuziphatha ethile ngexesha leshumi elinesibini lemijikelo ibonisa isithembiso sokunciphisa iimpazamo kubunzima{2}izixhobo eziveliswayo apho{3}}ulungelelwaniso lweyunithi lungenzekiyo.

Iinkqubo zolawulo lwebhetri ezingenazingcingo ziphelisa intambo yokubopha intambo edibanisa iseli nganye kumlawuli osembindini. Imodyuli nganye yeseli ibandakanya ikhawuntari yayo ye-coulomb kwaye ihambisa idatha ngeprotocol engenazingcingo. Olu lwakhiwo lunciphisa ubunzima kwizithuthi zombane kwaye lwenza lula ukudibanisa, nangona luzisa imingeni malunga nokuvumelanisa imilinganiselo emininzi ezimeleyo.

{0}Iibhetri zelizwe ezizinzileyo ezingena kwimveliso kwiminyaka embalwa ezayo zingafuna iindlela zokubala ze-coulomb ezilungisiweyo. Ezi bhetri zibonisa intlawulo eyahlukileyo-iimpawu zokukhupha kunye neendlela zokuguga xa kuthelekiswa neeseli zelithium{3}}zesiqhelo. Umgaqo osisiseko wokudibanisa okwangoku ekuhambeni kwexesha uhlala usemthethweni, kodwa amaqhinga okulinganisa kunye nezinto ezisebenzayo ziya kufuna ukuhlaziywa.

Ukudityaniswa nebhetri amawele edijithali kunika amathuba anomdla. Ngokugcina imodeli eneenkcukacha zokubala yemeko yebhetri nganye ngokusekwe kwimbali yayo epheleleyo, iinkqubo zinokufikelela ukuchaneka okungazange kubonwe ngaphambili kuqikelelo lwe-SOC. Ezi modeli zinokubandakanya ukubalwa kwe-coulomb njengegalelo elinye phakathi kwabaninzi, ukuxutywa kwedatha ukusuka kwimilinganiso yangoku, yombane, iqondo lobushushu, kunye ne-impedance.

Umbane webhetri awubonisi ngokuthe ngqo imeko yentlawulo kuninzi lwamachiza. Iibhetri zeLithium iron phosphate zigcina amandla ombane aphantse angaguquki ngapha kwama-20{2}}90% SOC, nto leyo eyenza amandla ombane -osekelwe kuqikelelo lungasebenzi. Nokuba neebhetri ze-lithium cobalt oxide ezinokulungelelaniswa okungcono kwe-voltage-SOC, ubudlelwane buyahluka ngobushushu, ubudala, kunye nomthwalo wangoku. Ukubala kwe-Coulomb kulandelela ukuhamba kwentlawulo yokwenyani kungakhathaliseki ukuziphatha kombane.

Ulungelelwaniso lwamaxesha luxhomekeke kwiimfuno zesicelo kunye nokunyamezela iimpazamo. Izixhobo zabathengi ngokuqhelekileyo zilinganisa yonke imijikelo eyi-20-30 epheleleyo ngokutshaja ukuya kwi-100%. Izithuthi zombane zinokulinganisa inyanga nenyanga okanye nanini na xa ibhetri ifika kwiindawo ezaziwayo. Usetyenziso olubalulekileyo olufuna ukuchaneka okuphezulu lunokulinganisa ngeveki okanye lusebenzise ulungiso oluqhubekayo ngohluzo lwe-Kalman ukunqanda uhlaziyo lwamaxesha ngokupheleleyo.

Ewe, ukubala kwecoulomb kusebenza ngokuqhubekayo kuwo omabini amacala. Ngexesha lokutshaja, yongeza i-coulombs njengoko ingena ngoku. Ngexesha lokukhupha, ikhupha ii-coulombs njengoko ikhoyo iphuma. Inkqubo ilungelelanisa ukuphumelela kwe-coulombic ezahlukeneyo kwicala ngalinye -ukuphumelela kwentlawulo ngokuqhelekileyo kuqhuba i-98-}99%, ngelixa ukukhutshwa kakuhle kudlula i-99.5% yeebhetri ze-lithium-ion.

Ukuchaneka kuthoba ukuba isixokelelwano asilandeli umthamo wokuphelelwa. Njengoko iibhetri zikhula, zilahlekelwa umthamo ngelixa i-algorithm yokubala i-coulomb iqhubeka isebenzisa ixabiso lomthamo wokuqala. Oku kubangela ukuba i-SOC eqikelelweyo ibe nethemba elikhulayo. Ukuphunyezwa kwe-BMS ephuculweyo ngamaxesha athile kulinganisa umthamo wangempela kunye nokuhlaziya iiparamitha zokubala, ukugcina ukuchaneka nangona ukuguga.

Impumelelo ebonakalayo yokubala i-coulomb isukela kwibhalansi yayo phakathi kokulula kunye nokuchaneka. Ngelixa ingagqibelelanga, ibonelela ngokuchaneka okwaneleyo kuninzi lwezicelo xa zidityaniswe nohlengahlengiso lwamaxesha. Indlela yokubala yobuchule iyenza ilungele ibhetri{2}izixhobo ezisebenza ngamandla apho igeyiji yamafutha ngokwayo kufuneka isebenzise amandla amancinci. Njengoko itekhnoloji yebhetri iguquka kwaye usetyenziso logcino lwamandla lusanda, ukubalwa kwe-coulomb kuya kuhlala kusisixhobo esisisiseko sokulawula iibhetri ezinokutshajwa kwakhona kuwo onke amacandelo emarike.