Yintoni iKhalenda yokuguga?

Ukuguga kweKhalenda kukulahleka kwesakhono okwenzeka kwiibhetri ze-lithium-iion ekuhambeni kwexesha, naxa zingasetyenziswa. Ngokungafaniyo neenkqubo zoomatshini ezinxiba kuphela ngexesha lokusebenza, ikhemistri yebhetri ihla ngokuqhubekayo ngenxa yokusabela kwe-electrochemical kumphezulu we-anode.

Oku kuthotywa kwenzeka nokuba i-EV yakho ihlala egaraji, ibhanki yakho yamandla ihlala kwidrowa, okanye iibhetri zokugcina igridi zihlala zingasebenzi. Inkqubo iqhutywa ngokuyinhloko yimiba emibini: ubushushu bokugcina kunye nemo yentlawulo (SOC).

Embindini wokuguga kwekhalenda kukho inkqubo eyenzekayo kwi-nanoscale. Xa ibhetri ye-lithium-iphumle, umaleko oqinileyo we-electrolyte interphase (SEI) kwi-anode uyaqhubeka nokukhula. Le filimu ekhuselayo, ngokuqhelekileyo i-100-120 nanometers ubukhulu, ifom ngexesha lomjikelo wokuqala wentlawulo kwaye ayiyeki ukukhula.

I-SEI inemigangatho emibini eyahlukeneyo. Uluhlu lwangaphakathi luqulethe i-inorganic compounds njenge-lithium carbonate (Li₂CO₃), i-lithium fluoride (LiF), kunye ne-lithium oxide (Li₂O). Umaleko wangaphandle uquka izinto eziphilayo ezifana ne-lithium ethylene dicarbonate. Zombini iileya zisebenza injongo ebalulekileyo{3}zivumela ii-ion ze-lithium ukuba zidlule ngelixa zivala ii-electron, zithintela iisekethe ezimfutshane.

Nangona kunjalo, olu khuseleko luza kwiindleko. Njengoko i-SEI ikhula ngokuhamba kwexesha, idla i-lithium esebenzayo ukusuka kwiseli. I-lithium ion nganye esetyenzisiweyo ibonisa amandla alahlekileyo. Uphando lwakutsha nje olusebenzisa i-stochastic simulations luqinisekisa ukuba ukukhula kwe-SEI kulandela iindlela zokusabela ezintsonkothileyo ezikhawulezayo phantsi kweemeko ezithile zokugcina.

Indlela yokukhula ilandela into abaphandi bayibiza ngokuba lixesha-ngumthetho wamandla oxhomekeke. Ekuqaleni, ukuphelelwa amandla kulandela ubudlelwane bomgca kunye nexesha. Njengoko i-SEI iya iba ngqindilili, i-electron tunneling kumaleko iba nzima ngakumbi, kwaye ukuthotywa kwenguqu ukuya kwisikwere-kubudlelwane bengcambu kunye nexesha. Kwixesha elide{5}}ugcino oludlula iminyaka emininzi, iinkqubo zokusasaza kunye nokufuduka zilawula, ezikhokelela kwiipateni ezintsonkothileyo zokuthotywa.

Ubushushu busebenza njengeyona nto iphambili yokukhawulezisa ukuguga kwekhalenda. Uphononongo luka-2024 oluthatha iminyaka eli-13 kunye neeseli zorhwebo ezingama-232 kuzo zonke iintlobo zeeseli ezisibhozo zibonakalise ukuba ubushushu bubuchaphazela kangakanani na ubomi bebhetri.

Kwiqondo lobushushu begumbi (20-25℃), iibhetri ze-lithium-zinokugcina umthamo ongaphezulu kwe-90% emva kweminyaka eyi-15 yogcino xa igcinwe kweyona SOC. Yandisa iqondo lobushushu ukuya kuma 40℃, kunye nokuphelelwa amandla kukhawuleza nge factor ye 2-3x. Kwi-degree ye-60, iiseli zifikelela kwimilinganiselo yazo yokuphela kobomi (i-80% umthamo) ngaphantsi kweenyanga ezintandathu.

Ubudlelwane bulandela i-equation ye-Arrhenius yabaninzi-kodwa ayizizo zonke-iikhemistri zebhetri. Iziphumo zakutsha zicela umngeni ekusebenzeni kwalo mthetho jikelele. Ezinye iintlobo zeeseli zibonisa ukuxhomekeka kobushushu obutenxa kakhulu kwingqikelelo yeArrhenius, ngakumbi kumaqondo obushushu agqithisileyo okanye ixesha elongeziweyo.

Iikhemistri ze-cathode ezahlukeneyo ziphendula ngokwahlukileyo kuxinzelelo lwe-thermal. Iibhetri zeLithium cobalt oxide (LCO) zibonisa obona buntununtunu bobushushu obuphezulu, ngakumbi ngaphezulu kwe-50% yeSOC. I-Nickel-i-manganese{4}}i-cobalt (NMC) kunye ne-nickel-i-cobalt{6}}i-aluminiyam (NCA) iikhemistri zibonisa ubuntununtunu obuphakathi, ngelixa i-lithium iron phosphate (LFP) ibonisa uzinzo olungcono lwe-thermal. Iiseli zeLithium titanate (LTO) zihlala zilelona qondo lobushushu{8}}ziyaxhathisa kwi-spectrum.

Kwisilicon-igraphite composite anodes{1}}ixhaphake ngokunyukayo{2}}kwibhetri yamandla{3}}imeko imbi kakhulu. Uphononongo lukaJanuwari 2025 lwafumanisa ukuba iibhetri ezinomxholo we-silicon nje we-10% zifumana ukuhla okuphindwe kane kubomi bekhalenda xa kuthelekiswa ne-graphite anode esulungekileyo. Ubume obusebenzayo be-silicon bukhawuleza ukukhula kwe-SEI, kunye nomxholo we-oksijini kwi-interphase ukwandisa amaxesha e-26 ngexesha lokugcinwa kwexesha elifutshane njengeeyure ze-72.

Calendar Aging

I-SOC ibonisa inguqu yesibini enkulu ekugugeni kwekhalenda. Ukugcina iibhetri kumanqanaba entlawulo ephezulu kudala umahluko onokubakho we-electrochemical oqhuba ukuphendula kweparasitic.

Ijiko lokuthotywa alikho mgca ngapha kwe-SOC. Uphando oluvavanya i-16 yamanqanaba ahlukeneyo e-SOC ukusuka kwi-0% ukuya kwi-100% ibonise imimandla yeplateau apho ukuphelelwa amandla kuhlala kufana kwi-20-30% yezithuba ze-SOC. Nangona kunjalo, ngaphezulu kwe-70% ye-SOC, ukuthotywa kwexabiso kunyuka kakhulu.

Kwi-100% ye-SOC kunye namaqondo obushushu anyusiweyo,{1}}amazinga okuzikhupha anyuka kakhulu. Uphononongo lweenyanga ze-21 zeeseli ze-NCA lubonise ukulahlekelwa kwamandla obunzima xa kugcinwa kwi-100% ye-SOC kunye ne-60 degree. Ukudibanisa kudala isaqhwithi esigqibeleleyo sokuthotywa ngokukhawuleza.

Okubangela umdla kukuba, i-SOC ephantsi kakhulu ayilunganga nayo. Ngelixa ukuthotywa kucotha xa kuthelekiswa ne-SOC ephezulu, ukugcina iibhetri kufutshane ne-0% kunokukhokelela kweminye imiba, kubandakanywa ukwanda kwangaphakathi kunye nobunzima bokuvuselela emva kwexesha elide.

Indawo eswiti kuninzi lweekhemistri zelithium-ihlala phakathi kwama-40{3}}50% SOC. Kweli nqanaba, amandla okuqhuba i-electrochemical ekukhuleni kwe-SEI kunciphisa ngelixa kugcinwa intlawulo eyaneleyo ukukhusela iingxaki ezinzulu ezinxulumene nokukhupha.

Ngelixa ikhalenda kunye nokuguga komjikelo zombini zinciphisa umthamo webhetri, zisebenza ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo kunye namaxesha.

Umjikelezo wokuguga uphumela kuxinzelelo lomatshini wokufakwa kwe-lithium kunye nokususwa ngexesha lokutshaja kunye nokukhupha. Umthamo uyatshintsha-ukuya kuma-280% kumasuntswana e-silicon-uqhekeke ngokwasemzimbeni umaleko we-SEI, uveza indawo entsha kwi-electrolyte kwaye ibangela ukwakheka kwe-SEI entsha. Le nkqubo idla i-lithium ngokukhawuleza kwaye ikhawuleza ukucima amandla.

Ukuguga kwekhalenda kwenzeka ngokucothayo kodwa ngokungenakuthintelwa. Nokuba kwiseli ezinzile ngokugqibeleleyo egcinwe kwi-voltage engaguqukiyo, ukuncipha kwe-electrolyte kuyaqhubeka. Iimpendulo ezisecaleni ziyaqhubeka kumazinga asezantsi, ngokuthe ngcembe ijiya i-SEI kwaye itye i-inventory ye-lithium.

Kwiinkqubo ezininzi zezithuthi zombane, ukuguga kwekhalenda kulawula ukuthotywa ngokupheleleyo. Ii-EVs zihlala zipakishwe malunga ne-96% yexesha. Nangona ukusetyenziswa rhoqo, alithium -ibhetri ye-ionunokufumana ama-300{1}}500 imijikelo yokukhupha intlawulo epheleleyo ngonyaka. Ubomi bomjikelezo weeseli zanamhlanje bunokufikelela kwi-1,200-2,000 imijikelezo, ukuguqulela kwi-4-6 iminyaka yokusetyenziswa okusebenzayo. Ngeli xesha, ukuguga kwekhalenda kusebenza ngokuqhubekayo kwibhetri yonke iminyaka eyi-10-15 yokuphila.

Ixesha{{0}elisekwe kuthelekiso lubonisa umngeni. Ukuba ibhetri ye-EV ijikeleza kanye ngemini-izinga eliphezulu lokusetyenziswa{3}}ingathatha 3-iminyaka emi-5 ukuze igqibe umjikelo wayo. Kodwa iwotshi yobomi bekhalenda iqala ukuphawula xa iseli yenziwe kwaye ayiyeki. Ngokwenyani, ukuguga kwekhalenda kumisela ukuba ibhetri ifike nini na esiphelweni-sobomi kwizicelo ezininzi.

Iindlela ezimbini eziphambili ziqhuba ukulahleka kwamandla ngexesha lokuguga kwekhalenda: ukulahleka kwe-lithium inventory (LLI) kunye nokulahlekelwa kwezinto ezisebenzayo (LAM).

I-LLI ilawula kumaqondo obushushu aphakathi (25-40 degree). Njengoko i-SEI ikhula, ibamba i-lithium ion kwi-inert compounds. Ezi ion azinakuphinda zithathe inxaxheba ekuhlawuleni{5}}ukukhupha iimpendulo, zinciphisa ngokufanelekileyo umthamo webhetri. Inkqubo ubukhulu becala ayinakuguqulwa-yakuba i-lithium ibe yinxalenye ye-SEI, ilahleka ngokusisigxina kwibhayisekile ye-electrochemical.

Kwiqondo lokushisa eliphezulu (ngaphezu kwama-60 degrees), i-LAM iba yinto ebalulekileyo. Izinto ezisebenzayo kuzo zombini i-electrode zenza utshintsho lwesakhiwo. Ukutshatyalaliswa kwetsimbi yenguqu kwi-cathode kunokutyhefa i-anode, ukubeka isinyithi esikhawulezisa ukukhula kwe-SEI. Ukuphazamiseka kwesakhiwo seCrystal kunciphisa amandla e-electrode ukulungiselela i-lithium, ngakumbi ukunciphisa umthamo.

Ibhalansi phakathi kwezi ndlela zihluka kunye neemeko zokugcina. I-impedance yakutshanje{{1}izifundo ezisekelwe kwizifundo zibonisa ukuba kwi-60 degree, iiseli zifumana zombini i-LLI kunye ne-LAM ngaxeshanye, ngelixa kwi-20-40 degree, i-LLI ithatha ngaphezu kwe-90% yokuphelelwa amandla.

Kwisilicon -equlathe anode, iintshukumo zeparasitic ziyaqina ngexesha logcino. Ukuphinda kusebenze okuphezulu kwemiphezulu yesilicon kukhokelela ekubolekeni kwe-electrolyte okuqhubekayo. Imilinganiselo ye-Isothermal microcalorimetry ityhila ukuba i-silicon passivation iphazamiseka ngokulula, nangaphandle kokukhwela ibhayisekile. Oku kudala ukwakhiwa kweekhemikhali zeentlobo ezinobungozi kwi-electrolyte, ebonakala njenge-spikes yokuvelisa ubushushu ebonisa ukuthotywa okuqhubekayo.

Omnye wemiba engumceli mngeni yokuqikelela ukuguga kwekhalenda kukwahluka okukhulu phakathi kweeseli, nokuba kuyilo olufanayo nakumenzi omnye.

Uphononongo lweminyaka eli-13 olukhankanywe ngaphambili lubonise umahluko omkhulu kumazinga okuthotywa phakathi kweeseli ekucingelwa ukuba ziyafana ezigcinwe phantsi kweemeko ezifanayo. Ezinye iiseli ziphulukene ne-15% yomthamo ngelixa ezinye ziphulukene ne-8% kuphela emva kwamaxesha okugcina afanayo. Oku kuguquguquka kwenza kube nzima uqikelelo lokwaluphala kunye noqikelelo lobomi obuluncedo kwiinkqubo zolawulo lwebhetri.

Ziliqela izinto ezifak’ isandla koku kusasazeka. Ukunyamezelwa kokuvelisa, nangaphakathi kweenkcazo eziqinileyo, kukhokelela kumahluko afihlakeleyo kubukhulu be-electrode, umthamo we-electrolyte, kunye nokwakheka kwe-SEI ngexesha lemijikelezo yokuqala. Olu tshintsho luncinci ludibanisa ngokuhamba kwexesha, ludala iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokuguga.

Impembelelo yezifundo zokwaluphala ngokukhawuleza ibalulekile. Iimodeli eziphuhliswe kwiisampulu ezincinci zisenokungaqikelela ngokuchanekileyo{1}}intsebenzo yehlabathi. Umsebenzi wakutsha nje obandakanya iindlela zokubala kunye nemizamo yokufunda koomatshini ukunika ingxelo ngoku mahluko, kodwa ukungaqiniseki kuhlala kuhambelana noqikelelo lwekhalenda.

Ukuqonda iindlela zokuguga zekhalenda kukhokelela ngokuthe ngqo kwizicwangciso ezisebenzayo zokugcina.

Kwixesha elide-ugcino oludlula iinyanga ezininzi, gcina ubushushu obuphakathi kwe 10-15℃. Oku kunciphisa kakhulu ukukhula kwe-SEI kinetics. I-Capacity fade kwi-15℃ingaba ngamaxesha angama-4-6 kancinci kuneqondo lokushisa, kunye namaxesha angama-10-15 aphantsi kune-35 degree.

Inqanaba lentlawulo ngexesha logcino kufuneka lijolise kwi-40-50% SOC. Oku kunciphisa amandla okuqhuba i-electrochemical reaction to parasitic reactions ngelixa unikezela ngentlawulo eyaneleyo ukuthintela ukukhupha ngaphezulu. Abavelisi abaninzi bathumela iiseli malunga ne-40% ye-SOC ngenxa yesi sizathu.

Kwii-EVs ezipakwe ixesha elongeziweyo, kunqanda ukushiya ibhetri igcwaliswe ngokupheleleyo. Ngelixa kufanelekile ukuba noluhlu oluphezulu olufumanekayo ngokukhawuleza, ukugcina kwi-80-100% ye-SOC kukhawulezisa ukuguga kakhulu. Uninzi lwee-EV zanamhlanje ziquka "imo yogcino" okanye vumela ukuseta umda wentlawulo ngokukodwa ngenxa yesi sizathu.

Kuphephe ubushushu obugqithisileyo kumacala omabini. Ngelixa ubushushu bukhawulezisa ukuwohloka, ukubanda okugqithisileyo kunokubangela eminye imiba. Ngaphantsi kwe-0 degree, ingozi ye-lithium plating iyanda ngexesha lokutshaja okungenzeka, kunye ne-electrolyte conductivity yehla. Ukuba ibhetri kufuneka igcinwe kwiimeko ezibandayo, qinisekisa ukuba ikwimodareyitha ye-SOC kwaye ayizutshajwa de ifudumale.

Ukutshaja kwakhona ngexesha{0}}lokugcina ixesha elide kuyimfuneko kodwa kufuneka kuncitshiswe. Ukuzikhupha -kancinci kancinci kuthoba iSOC kwiinyanga. Ukujonga kunye nokulungelelanisa intlawulo rhoqo nge-3{5}}6 kwiinyanga kuthintela ngaphezulu{6}}ukukhupha ngelixa unciphisa ukuthotywa okubangelwa ngumjikelo.

Ikhalenda yokuguga ibumba ubomi bebhetri ye-EV ngaphezu kokuba uninzi lwabanini lucinga. Ii-EV zanamhlanje zisebenzisa iinkqubo zolawulo lwe-thermal eziyinkimbinkimbi ngokukodwa ukulwa nale nto.

Iimoto zeTesla, umzekelo, iibhetri ezipholileyo naxa zipakiwe ukuba ubushushu be-ambient budlula imida ethile. Oku kutsala amandla kwibhetri ngokwayo, kudala urhwebo{1}}phakathi kwelahleko yoluhlu olukhawulezileyo kunye{2}}nogcino lwexesha elide. Kubushushu obugqithisileyo, ulawulo lwe-thermal lunokutya iipesenti ezininzi zomthamo webhetri ngeveki.

Iiwaranti zomenzi zibonisa ubunyani bekhalenda. Uninzi lwewaranti ze-EV zixela zombini umgama kunye nexesha umda{1}}ngokwesiqhelo iminyaka eyi-8 okanye i-100,000-150,000 yemayile, nokuba yeyiphi eza kuqala. Icandelo lexesha liyavuma ukuba ukuguga kwekhalenda kuya kuthoba ibhetri nokuba isetyenziswa.

Iindlela zokutshaja zinefuthe kakhulu ekugugeni kwekhalenda. Ukutshaja okukhawulezayo kwe-DC kuvelisa ubushushu, ukunyusa ubushushu bebhetri okwethutyana kunye nokukhawulezisa ukuthotywa ngexesha nakamsinyane emva kokutshaja. Uthelekiso lweminyaka eyi-8{4} phakathi kokutshaja okusemgangathweni kwe-AC kunye nokutshaja okukhawulezayo rhoqo kubonise i-10% yogcino lomthamo ongaphantsi weqela elikhawulezayo-elihlawuliswayo{6}uninzi lwalo mahluko ubangelwa kukuguga kwekhalenda enxulumene nobushushu kunoxinzelelo lwebhayisikile kuphela.

Ukufumana ubomi obude bebhetri, hlawulisa ukuya kwi-80% yokusetyenziswa kwemihla ngemihla kwaye uhlawule kuphela kwi-100% ngaphambi kohambo olude. Emva kokufikelela kwindawo oya kuyo, ukuba isithuthi siya kuhlala iintsuku, yehlisa i-SOC ibuyele kwi-40-60% ukuba kunokwenzeka. Olu qheliselo lulula lunokwandisa ubomi bebhetri ngeminyaka eyi-1-2 kwisithuba seminyaka eli-10 yobunini.

Iinkqubo zokugcina amandla ezimileyo zijongene nemingeni eyodwa yokuguga yekhalenda. Ngokungafaniyo nee-EVs ezijikeleza mihla le, iibhetri zegridi zinokuhlala kwindawo ephezulu ye-SOC ixesha elongeziweyo, zilinde ukunika amandla okugcina okanye ukuphendula kwiimfuno eziphakamileyo.

Inkqubo yokugcina amandla ebhetri inokuchitha i-90% yexesha layo ngaphezulu kwe-80% ye-SOC, ilungele ukukhutshwa xa ifuneka. Oku kudala uxinzelelo oluqatha lwekhalenda. Abasebenzisi kufuneka balungelelanise iimfuno zenkonzo yegridi ngokuchasene neendleko zokuthotywa kwebhetri.

Amaqhinga afanelekileyo abandakanya ulawulo lwe-SOC olusekwe kwiipatheni zokusetyenziswa ezilindelekileyo. Ukuba iincochoyi zemfuno zenzeka ngokuqikelelwa kwangaphambili, gcina iibhetri kwi-SOC ephakathi de kube kamsinya phambi kokuba zifuneke, emva koko uhlawule kwinqanaba lokusebenza. Oku kunciphisa ixesha elichithwe kwi-SOC ephezulu.

Ulawulo lobushushu lubaluleke kakhulu kufakelo olukhulu-. Inkqubo yeyure eyi-megawatt-esebenza kwi-40℃endaweni ye-25℃inokulahlekelwa yi-50,000-100,000 eyongezelelweyo yexabiso lomthamo kubomi bayo ngenxa yokuguga okukhawulezileyo kwekhalenda. Uyilo olululo lwe-HVAC luba yimfuneko yezoqoqosho.

Calendar Aging

Ukuqikelela ukuphelelwa amandla kufuna iimodeli zemathematika ezibamba ukuhlangana okuntsonkothileyo kwemiba eqhuba ukuhla.

Semi-imifuziselo yobungqina yongamele izenzo zangoku. Ezi zidibanisa ukuqonda ngokomzimba kweendlela zokuthotywa kunye neeparamitha ezifakwe amandla. Indlela eqhelekileyo isebenzisa ubudlelwane be-Arrhenius ngokuxhomekeka kobushushu, i-exponential okanye umthetho wamandla wokuxhomekeka kwe-SOC, kunye nomthetho wamandla wokuxhomekeka kwexesha:

Ilahleko yoMmandla=A × exp(Ea/RT) × f(SOC) × t^

Apho u-A eyinto yangaphambili -ye-exponential factor, i-Ea ngamandla okusebenza, i-R yirhasi engaguqukiyo, i-T bubushushu, f(SOC) imele ukuxhomekeka kwe-SOC, t lixesha, kwaye yi-exponent yexesha ngokuqhelekileyo phakathi kwe-0.5 kunye ne-0.75.

Nangona kunjalo, idatha ye-2024 equka iminyaka eyi-13 yedatha yokuguga iveze imida kule ndlela. Umthetho weArrhenius uyasilela ukuchaza ukuxhomekeka kobushushu ngokuchanekileyo kwiintlobo ezithile zeeseli, ngakumbi kumaqondo obushushu agqithisileyo. Ngokufanayo, ixesha elandiswayo lomthetho wamandla liyohluka kakhulu kwiikhemistri kunye neemeko, ukusuka ku-0.3 ukuya ku-1.0 endaweni yokuhlanganisana malunga ne-0.5 njengoko kucingelwa ngokwesiko.

Imifuziselo esekwe kwifiziksi ephucukileyo-ibandakanya iinkqubo ze-electrochemical ngokucacileyo. Ezi zilinganisa i-electron tunneling ngokusebenzisa i-SEI, i-lithium diffusion, kunye ne-electrolyte decomposition kinetics. Ngelixa kuqikelelwa kwikhompyuter, babonelela ngezakhono ezingcono zokuqikelela kuzo zonke iimeko ezahlukeneyo ngaphandle kokufaneleka okubanzi kobugcisa.

Iindlela zokufunda ngoomatshini zibonisa isithembiso sokuphatha iyantlukwano eyindalo kunye nokuntsonkotha okungahambiyo-kumgca wokuguga kwekhalenda. Uthungelwano lweNeural oluqeqeshelwe iiseti zedatha enkulu lunokuqikelela ubomi obusele buluncedo ngokuchaneka okuphuculweyo, nangona bengenalo ukutolika koomatshini befiziksi{2}}esekelwe kwiimodeli.

Le minyaka mibini idlulileyo iveze imbono ebalulekileyo kwiindlela zokuguga zekhalenda kunye nezicwangciso zokunciphisa.

Abaphandi e-MIT nakwezinye iindawo baqeshe i-electron microscopy ye-cryogenic ukufanisa i-SEI kufuphi{0}}nesisombululo seathom. Le mifanekiso ityhila i-nanostructure ene-heterogeneous ne-crystalline eyahlukileyo kunye nemimandla ye-amorphous. Ulungiselelo luchaphazela i-lithium -amazinga othutho lwe-ion kunye nokuzinza koomatshini, okuchaphazela ngokuthe ngqo amazinga okuguga.

Ubuchule be-Operando buvumela{0}}uqwalaselo lwexesha lokwenyani lwe-SEI evolution ngexesha logcino. Imakroskopu yokuphazamiseka kweReflection ibambe utshintsho lobukhulu be-SEI kwisikali see-angstroms, iveza ukuba ukukhula kwenzeka ngokugqabhuka okucacileyo kunokuqhubekeka. Oku kuphakamisa ukuba iinkqubo zokuqhekeka kunye nokulungiswa kwamaxesha zenzeka nangexesha lokuguga kwekhalenda.

Ubunjineli be-Electrolyte bubonisa isithembiso sokunciphisa ukuguga kwekhalenda. Izongezo ezifana ne-fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) ziguqula ukubunjwa kwe-SEI, ukudala ujongano oluzinzileyo oluxhathisa ukukhula okuqhubekayo. Iibhetri ezine-FEC-eziqulethe i-electrolyte zibonisa i-20-30% umthamo ocothayo wokuphela ngexesha logcino olwandisiweyo xa kuthelekiswa nokwakheka kwesiseko.

Kwi-silicon anode, iingubo zomphezulu ezifakwe phambi kwendibano yeeseli zinciphisa ubukhali bekhalenda. Iingqimba ezibhityileyo ze-aluminium oxide okanye ezinye iiseramics zibonelela ngesiseko esizinzileyo sokwakheka kwe-SEI, ukuthintela ukusabela kwe-parasitic okukhawulezayo okubethelela i-silicon engafakwanga. Iibhetri ezinesilicon egqunyiweyo zibonisa ubomi bekhalenda obusondela kobegraphite-kuphela anodi.

Ukwahlula ezi ndlela zimbini zokuthotywa kwenyani{0}}usetyenziso lwehlabathi kuhlala kungumngeni kodwa kubalulekile kulawulo oluchanekileyo lwebhetri.

Uhlalutyo oluhlukeneyo lombane lunikeza indlela enye. Iprofayili yombane ngexesha lomjikelo wokukhutshwa kwereferensi itshintsha ngokwahlukileyo kwikhalenda ngokuchasene nokuguga komjikelo. Ukuguga kwekhalenda kubangela ilahleko ye-lithium inventory, ebonakala njengokutshintsha okuthe tye kwigophe lombane olwahlukileyo. Ukuguga komjikelo kubangela ukulahleka kwezinto ze-electrode, ukuvelisa utshintsho oluthe nkqo. Ngokuthelekisa iimilo zegophe ekuhambeni kwexesha, iinkqubo zolawulo lwebhetri zinokuqikelela igalelo lemowudi nganye.

Uhlalutyo lwamandla okwandisa lubonelela ngeembono ezifanayo. Umthamo wokucwangcisa ngokuchasene nombane ngexesha lokukhupha ubonisa iincopho ezihambelana notshintsho lwesigaba kwizinto ze-electrode. Indlela ezi ncochoyi zitshintsha ngayo kwaye zinciphe ngokuhamba kwexesha ibonisa ukuba i-LLI okanye i-LAM iyalawula{2}}kwaye ke ukuba ikhalenda okanye umjikelo ukwaluphala yeyona nto iphambili.

Kwimodeli eqikelelweyo, ukwahlula iindlela kubalulekile kuba ukuqhubela phambili kwazo kuyahluka. Ukuguga kwekhalenda kulandela ixesha eliqikelelwayo{1}ngokusekwe kwiipateni ukuba ubushushu kunye neSOC zihlala zizinzile. Ukuguga komjikelo kuxhomekeke kwiipateni zokusetyenziswa ezinokutshintsha. Inkqubo yolawulo lwebhetri enokuthi ibole ukuthotywa okupheleleyo kwikhalenda kunye nenxalenye yomjikelo inokubonelela ngokuchaneka ngakumbi okushiyekileyo uqikelelo lobomi obuluncedo.

Ukuguga kweKhalenda kunefuthe elithe ngqo kuqoqosho kwibhetri{0}}exhomekeke kwiiteknoloji.

Kwii-EVs, ibhetri imele i-30-40% yeendleko zesithuthi. Ukuba ukuguga kwekhalenda kunciphisa umthamo ongaphantsi kwe-80% ngaphambi kokuba umnini aqokelele i-mileage ebalulekileyo, isiphakamiso sexabiso lezithuthi zombane zihlupheka. Oku kuchaphazela ngakumbi abaqhubi bemigama ephantsi kwiindawo ezishushu, apho ukuguga kwekhalenda kuqhubeka ngokukhawuleza ngelixa ukukhwela ibhayisekile kuhlala kuncinci.

Okwesibini -usetyenziso lobomi luxhomekeke ekuqondeni ukwaluphala kwekhalenda. Xa ibhetri ye-EV ifikelela kwi-70-}80% yomthamo wokuqala, ayisenakulungela usetyenziso lweemoto kodwa igcina ixabiso elibalulekileyo kwizicelo ezingafuneki kangako njengogcino lwamandla asekhaya okanye ummiselo wamaza egridi. Nangona kunjalo, ukuguga kwekhalenda kuyaqhubeka kwezi nkqubo-zobomi besibini. Imifuziselo echanekileyo yokuguga imisela ukuba ibhetri{9}}yesibini yobomi iya kubonelela ngeminyaka emi-5 okanye iminyaka eyi-10 yenkonzo eyongezelelweyo-umahluko omisela ukusebenza koqoqosho.

Iindleko zewaranti zabavelisi zixhomekeke kuqikelelo lwekhalenda yokuguga. Ukuwajongela phantsi amazinga okuthotywa kukhokelela ekutshintsheni kweebhetri ezixabisa kakhulu phantsi kwewaranti. Uqikelelo olugqithisileyo lukhokelela ekulinganisweni kwebhetri ngokungqongqo okonyusa ixabiso lesithuthi. Uphononongo lweminyaka eli-13 olubonisa ukuguquguquka okukhulu kunye nokutenxa kwiimodeli ezisemgangathweni lubonisa uqikelelo oluninzi lwewaranti lunokufuna uhlaziyo.

Kubasebenzi bokugcina igridi, ukuguga kwekhalenda kuchaphazela ngqo ingeniso. Inkqubo elahlekelwa yi-20% umthamo kwiminyaka eyi-10 ivelisa amandla amancinci kumjikelo ngamnye, inciphisa ingeniso evela kutyalo-mali lwenkunzi efanayo. Iindleko zokuthotywa komgangatho kufuneka zifakwe kubuchule bokubhida kwiinkonzo ezincedisayo kunye ne-arbitrage yamandla.

Ngelixa ukuguga kwekhalenda kuhlala kungenakuphepheka, uphando oluqhubekayo lujolise ekunciphiseni impembelelo yalo ngeendlela ezininzi.

Ukuqulunqwa kwe-electrolyte ephezulu kufuna ukudala ii-SEI ezizinzile ukusuka kumjikelo wokuqala. Abaphandi baphonononga ulwelo lwe-ionic, ii-electrolyte eziqinileyo, kunye neepakethi zokongeza ezinoveli ezicothayo ukukhula kojongano. Ezinye ii-electrolyte zovavanyo zibonisa i-50% yokuncipha kwikhalenda yokuguga xa kuthelekiswa nemeko yangoku-yo{4}}ye{5}}yobugcisa.

Ukuguqulwa komphezulu we-electrode kunika enye indlela. Ukusebenzisa iingubo ezikhuselayo okanye ukudala iileyile ze-SEI ezenziweyo ngaphambi kokuba indibano yeeseli iseke ujongano oluzinzileyo oluxhathisa ukukhula okuqhubekayo. Le ndlela ibonisa isithembiso sezinto eziphezulu-zezinto zamandla ezifana nesilicon kunye nentsimbi ye-lithium.

Uphuculo lwezicwangciso zolawulo lwebhetri lukhulisa iimeko zogcino kwiinkqubo zokwenyani zelizwe-. Ii-algorithms ezihlakaniphile zinokufunda iimpawu zokuguga kwebhetri nganye kwaye zihlengahlengise iipateni zokutshaja, iifestile ze-SOC, kunye nolawulo lobushushu ukunciphisa ukuthotywa. Ezinye iisistim ngoku ziqikelela kwangaphambili{3}}ubuchule bobume besithuthi{4}ukuya{5}}kwigridi yezicelo ezicutha ukuguga kwekhalenda ngama-25% kwiindlela eziqhelekileyo.

Iiprothokholi zovavanyo ezisemgangathweni ziyavela ukuze zibonakalise ngcono ukwaluphala kwekhalenda. Uvavanyo lokwaluphala olukhawulezileyo kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu kunye ne-SOC zibonelela ngedatha eluncedo, kodwa izifundo zamva nje ziyathandabuza ukuba ingaba iziphumo zixela ngokuchanekileyo na kwiimeko zokwenyani zelizwe. Iiprothokholi ezintsha zibandakanya iimeko zokugcina eziguquguqukayo kunye nobude bexesha elide lovavanyo ukuphucula ukuchaneka koqikelelo.

Calendar Aging

Iibhetri zanamhlanje ze-EV zilahlekelwa malunga ne-2-3% umthamo ngonyaka ukusuka kwikhalenda yokuguga phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo. Kwiimozulu ezishushu okanye iindlela zokugcina eziphantsi, oku kunokunyuka ukuya kwi-4-5% ngonyaka. Emva kweminyaka eyi-10, lindela i-20-30% ilahleko yomthamo nokuba uqhuba kancinci.

Hayi, ukuguga kwekhalenda akunakuguqulwa. Emva kokuba i-lithium ion idliwe ekubunjweni kwe-SEI, ayinakufunyanwa kwakhona. Nangona kunjalo, umthamo unokubonakala unyuka kancinci emva kokugcinwa ngenxa yeziphumo zokuphumla okanye utshintsho kwindawo ye-electrode, kodwa oku akuyonyani ukuguga kwekhalenda.

Ngokuqhelekileyo, ukuguga kwekhalenda ngokwayo akuchaphazeli ngokuthe ngqo ukhuseleko. Nangona kunjalo, ukonyuka kokuchasana kwangaphakathi ukusuka ekukhuleni kwe-SEI kunokwenza ukuba iibhetri zichaphazeleke ngakumbi ekubalekeni kwe-thermal ukuba ezinye iingxaki ziyenzeka. Iibhetri ezindala kufuneka zibekwe esweni ngononophelo ngakumbi ngexesha lokutshaja ngokukhawuleza okanye{2}}ukusebenza kwamandla aphezulu.

Phakathi kwe-10-15℃(50-59℃F) inciphisa ukuguga kwekhalenda ngelixa inqanda ukusebenza okucuthiweyo kunye nomonakalo onokuthi ube ngumkhenkce. Olu luhlu lweqondo lokushisa lunciphisa i-kinetics yokukhula kwe-SEI ngomlinganiselo we-4-6 xa kuthelekiswa nokugcinwa kweqondo lokushisa.

Iibhetri ze-LFP zibonisa ukumelana nokuguga kwekhalenda engcono kune-NMC okanye i-NCA, ngakumbi kwi-SOC ephezulu. Iiseli ze-LTO zibonisa eyona khalenda igugayo yeekhemistri ze-lithium eziqhelekileyo-zekhemistri. I-LCO ibonisa ukuguga kwekhalenda embi kakhulu, ngakumbi kumaqondo okushisa aphezulu kunye ne-SOC ngaphezu kwe-70%.

Gcina kwi-40-50% ye-SOC ixesha elide kuneveki. Ngelixa intlawulo epheleleyo ibonelela ngoluhlu olukhawulezileyo, ukuguga kwekhalenda ekhawulezileyo kwi-SOC ephezulu ukodlula olu ncedo lwezithuthi ezingazukuqhutywa rhoqo.

Ikhalenda yokuguga imele enye yezinto ezibalulekileyo ezithintelayo kwi-lithium -iteknoloji yebhetri ye-ion. Ukungathinteleki kwayo kuvela kubume be-electrochemical yogcino lwamandla -kwaezo mpendulo zibonelela ngamandla aphathwayo zikwaqhuba ukuhla kancinci kancinci. Ukuqonda iindlela, ukulawula iimeko zokugcina, kunye nokuphuhlisa izinto eziphuculweyo zihlala ziyimimandla esebenzayo yophando. Njengoko iibhetri zisiya zisiba sembindini weziseko zethu zamandla kunye neenkqubo zothutho, ukunciphisa ukuguga kwekhalenda kuthatha ukubaluleka okukhulu kwezoqoqosho kunye nokusingqongileyo. Iibhetri kwii-EV zanamhlanje zinokugqithisa izithuthi ngokwazo ukuba ukuguga kwekhalenda kunokulawulwa ngokwaneleyo ngoyilo olukrelekrele kunye nobuchule bokusebenza.