Yintoni Ukuvuza kwebhetri?

battery leakage

Kutheni iibhetri ngamanye amaxesha zikhupha umgubo omhlophe ongaqondakaliyo okanye intsalela encangathi eyonakalisa izixhobo zakho? Ukuvuza kwebhetri kwenzeka xa ikhemikhali ye-electrolyte engaphakathi kwebhetri ibaleka isiqulatho sayo, ngokwesiqhelo ngamatywina okanye ngokugqabhuka kwebhokisi. Le khemikhali yokuphunyuka idala iidiphozithi ezibonakalayo kwaye inokonakalisa oonxibelelwano lwe-elektroniki, inikezela izixhobo ezingenakusebenziseka. Ukuqonda ukuvuza kwebhetri kubalulekile kuba ikhaya eliqhelekileyo lisebenzisa iibhetri ezingaphezu kwama-40 ngonyaka, kwaye ukuvuza kubangela umonakalo oqikelelwa kwi-R150 lezigidi kunyaka ngamnye eUnited States kuphela. Nokuba kuchaphazela ulawulo olukude, izixhobo zokujonga umsi, okanye izinto zokudlala zabantwana, ukuvuza kwebhetri kuhlala kuyenye yezona zinto zixhaphakileyo kodwa zithintelwa ekhaya.

Ukuvuza kwebhetri kukukhutshwa okungacetywanga kwemathiriyeli ye-electrolyte ngaphakathi kwiseli yebhetri. Le electrolyte iquka imichiza esebenza kakhulu{1}}i-potassium hydroxide kwiibhetri zealkaline okanye i-zinc chloride kwiindidi ze-zinc. Xa ezi zinto zophula isitya sebhetri, zisabela ngomoya kunye nokufuma, zenze iidipozithi zekristale okanye iintsalela ezitshabalalisayo.

Umatshini ubandakanya ukusabela kwe-electrochemical okwenzekayo naxa iibhetri zingasetyenziswanga. Ukusabela kweekhemikhali ngaphakathi kweebhetri kuvelisa amandla ombane ngokudlulisa ii-electron phakathi kwee-electrode ngelixa zivelisa uxinzelelo lwangaphakathi kwi-buildup yegesi ye-hydrogen. Xa uxinzelelo lugqithise ukuthembeka kwetywina{2}}ingakumbi kwabalupheleyo, ngaphezulu{3}}okukhutshiweyo, okanye ubushushu{4}}buxinzelelo lweebhetri{5}}ukubaleka kwe-electrolyte.

Idatha ye-CPSC ka-2024 ibonisa malunga ne-8.2% yeebhetri ze-alkaline ukuvuza ngexesha lokuphila kwabo, ukunyuka ukuya kwi-23% kwiibhetri ezigcinwe ngaphaya kokuphelelwa yisikhathi okanye zigcinwe ngaphezu kwe-95℃F. Ukwakheka kweekhemikhali kumisela iimpawu zokuvuza: iibhetri zealkaline zivelisa iidiphozithi ze-carbonate ezimhlophe, ngelixa i-zinc-i-zinc potassium i-zincformation chloride idala iibhetri ze-carbonic chloride.

Izinto ezininzi zinegalelo ekuvuzeni kwebhetri, rhoqo zisebenza ngokudityaniswa ukuthomalalisa imfezeko yebhetri.

Ngaphezulu{0}}ukukhupha kunye nokuTshaja kwakhona umva

Xa iibhetri zihlala kwizixhobo ixesha elide emva kokuphelelwa, ukutshaja okubuyela umva kwenzeka. Ukuba ibhetri enye kwisixhobo sebhetri{1}esininzi sikhupha ngokukhawuleza, iibhetri ezishiyekileyo zizama ukuyihlawulisa ngasemva, nto leyo enyanzelisa ukusabela kweekhemikhali kwicala elingalunganga. Oku kuvelisa uxinzelelo olugqithisileyo lwangaphakathi kwaye kukhawulezisa ukuthotywa kwetywina. Uphando lwe-IEEE lubonisa ukuba iibhetri ezishiywe kwizixhobo ngaphezulu kweentsuku ezingama-30 emva kokuphelelwa amandla zingama-340% amathuba okuba zivuze kuneebhetri ezisuswe kwangoko.

Ubushushu obugqithisileyo

Ubushushu bukhawulezisa ukusabela kweekhemikhali ngaphakathi kweebhetri, ukonyusa uxinzelelo lwangaphakathi ngaphaya kwemigaqo yoyilo. Kwelinye icala, iqondo lomkhenkce eliqhaqhazelis’ amazinyo libangela ukwanda kwe-electrolyte kunye nokufinyela kwemijikelo eqhekezayo. Uphononongo luka-2024 lwe-Statista lufumene iibhetri ezigcinwe ngaphezulu kwe- 86 i-degree F (30 degree) zibonisa amazinga okuvuza ka-4.7 aphezulu kunalawo agcinwe kwiqondo lobushushu legumbi (68-77℃F). Enye inkampani yokusasaza e-Ohio yabika i-19% yamazinga okuvuza ehlotyeni xa kuthelekiswa ne-3% ebusika kuluhlu lwabo lwebhetri lokukhanyisa olungxamisekileyo.

Ukuvelisa iziphene kunye nobudala

Ukwahluka kolawulo lomgangatho kudala ingqibelelo yetywina engahambelaniyo. Ukungafezeki kweMicroscopic kwi-crimp seal kukhula ibe ngamanqaku abuthathaka. Ubudala budibanisa le miba njengoko itywina zerabha lithoba ngokwendalo, liphulukene ne-elasticity kunye nokuphuhlisa iintanda ezincinci{2}}. Uvavanyo lwebhetri yeeNgxelo zabathengi ngo-2024 luveze iibrendi zeprimiyamu (i-Duracell, i-Energizer) ibonise i-2.1% yamazinga okuvuza emva kweminyaka emihlanu, ngelixa iimveliso zoqoqosho zine-avareji ye-12.8% phantsi kweemeko ezifanayo.

Ukwenzakala Emzimbeni

Ukulahla iibhetri okanye izixhobo kudala umonakalo ongaphakathi kwisakhiwo ungabonakali ngaphandle. Impembelelo inokukhupha iindibano ze-electrode okanye idibanise ingqibelelo yesitywina. Ukudibanisa iibhetri ezindala kunye nezintsha kudala ukungahambi kakuhle kwamandla ombane oxinzelelo lweeseli zomntu ngamnye, kukhawulezisa ukuvuza kwebhetri.

Ukufunyaniswa kwangaphambili kuthintela umonakalo omkhulu ngokuhlola okubonakalayo kunye nomzimba.

Iimpawu ezibonakalayo

Ukuvuza kwealkaline kubonakala kumhlophe, umgubo wechalky malunga neetheminali{0}i-potassium carbonate eyenziwe xa i-potassium hydroxide idibana ne-atmospheric carbon dioxide. IZinc -iibhetri zekhabhoni zivelisa idiphozithi engwevu{3}}emhlophe ngekristale. Iimeko eziphambili zibonisa umhlwa omdaka okanye oluhlaza kunxibelelwano lwentsimbi.

Jonga amaqhuqhuva okanye adumbileyo-izilumkiso ezibalulekileyo zoxinzelelo lwangaphakathi olwandulela ukuvuza kwebhetri. Ukuguqulwa okuncinci xa kuthelekiswa neebhetri ezintsha kubonisa ukusilela okuza kwenzeka.

Iimpawu ezibonakalayo

Intsalela encangathi ibonisa ukuvuza okutsha. Ukuvuza kwe-alkaline kuvakala kumtyibilizi ngenxa yobume bayo be-caustic, ngelixa i-zinc chloride eneasidi ivakala ithambile. Iammonia eyahlukileyo{2}}njengevumba ngamanye amaxesha ihamba kunye nokuvuza kwealkaline.

Imiba yokusebenza kwesixhobo ihlala yandulela ukuvuza okubonakalayo. Amandla okwethutyana acebisa{1}}umhlwa kwangethuba obangela ukudibana kombane kakubi.

Inkqubo yoHlolo

Ngezixhobo ezingaqhelekanga-ezisetyenziswayo (ngaphantsi kwenyanga), sebenzisa uhlolo lwekota:

Susa isiciko sendawo yebhetri ngokukhanya okulungileyo

Phonononga iibhetri zokutshintsha kombala, ukudumba, okanye iidiphozithi

Jonga abafowunelwa besinyithi ukuba badle umhlwa

Cinezela ngobunono iziphelo zebhetri{0}}kufuneka bazive ngqongqo

Qaphela imihla yokufakela yokulandelwa

Ukuvuza kwebhetri kubalelwa malunga ne-7.3% yembuyekezo yemveliso yombane, abathengi bahlala bengazi de isixhobo senzeke.

Ikhemistri yebhetri imisela iimpawu zokuvuza kunye neendlela ezifanelekileyo zokuphendula.

Ukuvuza kwebhetri yealkaline

Iibhetri ze-alkaline (AA, AAA, C, D, 9V) ziquka i-80% yokusetyenziswa kwebhetri yabathengi. I-potassium hydroxide electrolyte yabo (pH 13) iyingozi kakhulu:

Yenza iikristale ezimhlophe ze-potassium carbonate xa usemoyeni

Ibangela ukutshisa kweekhemikhali kuqhagamshelwano lwesikhumba

Igqwesa i-aluminiyam, i-zinc, kunye nobhedu ngamandla

Ingathathi hlangothi ngeeasidi ezithambileyo njengeviniga

Idatha ye-EPA's 2024 ibonisa ukuvuza kwe-alkaline kwindawo yesithathu phakathi kwemithombo yokulimala kweekhemikhali zasekhaya.

Ukuqwalaselwa kwebhetri yeLithium

Iiseli ze-lithium (iiseli ze-CR2032 zengqekembe, i-AA lithium) zibonisa ukuchasana nokuvuza okuphezulu xa kuthelekiswa neentlobo ze-alkaline. I-lithium yesinyithi / i-lithium compound chemistry isebenza kwiingcinezelo ezahlukeneyo kunye noyilo oluqinileyo, oluhlala ixesha elide. Iibhetri ze-lithium ezisemgangathweni zigcina amazinga okuvuza ngaphantsi kwe-0.5% nasemva kokugcinwa okwandisiweyo. Xa iibhetri ze-lithium zivuza-ngokwesiqhelo kukonakala komzimba{6}izinyibilikisi ze-electrolyte zenza iingozi zomlilo kwaye zivelise umsi oyityhefu ngakumbi.

battery leakage

Uthintelo ludibanisa ugcino olufanelekileyo, ukutshintshwa kwangexesha, kunye nemikhwa yokusebenzisa ingqondo.

Iimeko zoGcino eziLungileyo

Gcina iibhetri phakathi kwe-50-77℃F (10-25℃) kunye nokufuma okuhambelanayo ngaphantsi kwe-65%. Uphando lweSebe lezaMandla lubonisa olu luhlu lwandisa ubomi beshelufu nge-45% ngelixa kunciphisa ukuvuza okunokwenzeka nge-73% xa kuthelekiswa nokugcinwa okungalawulwayo.

Gcina iibhetri kwipakethe yokuqala de idingeke-upakisho lomvelisi lubonelela ngokhuseleko lokusingqongileyo kwaye lunqanda uqhagamshelwano lwe-terminal olubangela ukukhutshwa okungaphelelanga. Sebenzisa izikhongozeli eziphefumlayo ukugcina isambuku ukunqanda ukufumba kokufuma.

Ukususwa kwangethuba kunye noTshintsho

Susa iibhetri kwizixhobo ngexesha elongeziweyo-lingasetyenziswa (ngaphezu kwenyanga enye). Le nkqubo inye isusa ngaphezulu{2}}kumngcipheko wokukhupha{3}oyena nobangela wokuvuza kwebhetri. Phawula iibhetri kunye neentsuku zokufakela, uzitshintshe ngaphambi kokuphelelwa yisikhathi kungakhathaliseki ukuba yintoni umthamo oseleyo.

Ngezixhobo zamaxesha onyaka (izihombiso zeholide, izixhobo zokukhempisha), misela ukususwa kwebhetri kabini-ngonyaka entwasahlobo nasekwindla.

Usetyenziso Olugqwesileyo lweZenzo

Ungaze udibanise iintlobo zebhetri, iibrendi, okanye ubudala. Umahluko wombane ubangela ukuba ezinye iiseli{1}}zikhuphe ngaphezulu ngelixa ezinye zisebenza ngokugqithisileyo, zenza iimeko zokuvuza. Buyisela zonke iibhetri ngaxeshanye njengeseti.

Kuphephe ukuthenga isambuku ngokugqithisileyo ngaphandle kokuba iimeko zokugcina zilungile. Ukuba usebenzisa iibhetri ezingama-40 ngonyaka, thenga 6-izibonelelo zenyanga ezili-12 kunemithamo yeminyaka emininzi ekholisa ukukhokelela kwilahleko yokuvuza okungaphezulu kunokonga.

Ukukhetha umgangatho

Iibhetri zePremium zithethelela iprimiyamu yexabiso le-40-60% ngokwenziwa kwemveliso ephezulu kunye namazinga asezantsi okuvuza:

Iibhetri zealkaline eziphambili: 2.1% izinga lokuvuza kwiminyaka emi-5

Mid-inqanaba leebhetri: 6.4% izinga lokuvuza

Iibhetri zoQoqosho: 12.8% izinga lokuvuza

Kwizixhobo ezibaluleke kakhulu (izixhobo zokujonga umsi, izixhobo zonyango), sebenzisa iibrand zeprimiyamu kuphela kwaye uzibuyisele ngonyaka.

Ukucocwa kwebhetri evuzayo kufuna ubuchule obufanelekileyo kunye nezixhobo zokhuseleko ukunqanda ukuba sesichengeni sekhemikhali.

Amalungiselelo oKhuseleko

Ngaphambi kokuphatha:

Nxiba iiglavu ze-nitrile ezilahlwayo (i-latex inokuthotywa kukuvezwa kwikhemikhali)

Sebenza kwindawo -ezivuza umoya{1}ezivuza i-electrolyte ikhupha imisi ecaphukisayo

Nxiba iiglasi zokhuseleko ukukhusela ekuchatshizweni

Gcina i-soda yokubhaka (ye-asidi) kunye neviniga emhlophe (ye-alkaline) ekhoyo

Lungiselela iingxowa zeplastiki ezitywiniweyo ukuze uzichithe

Ungaze uphathe iibhetri ezivuzayo ungaphethe{0}} ngesandla. I-potassium hydroxide ibangela ukutsha kweekhemikhali kwimizuzu.

Ukususwa kunye neNkqubo yokuCoca

Susa iibhetri ezivuzayo ngononophelo:

Sebenza phezu kweendawo ezilahlwayo (iphephandaba) ukubamba iidiphozithi

Iibhetri ezixinge ngobunono ngelixa utsalela ngaphandle

Beka iibhetri ezisusiweyo kwiingxowa zeplastiki ezivaliweyo ukwenzela ukulahlwa kwenkunkuma eyingozi

Kwi-Alkaline Leakage (iidiphozithi ezimhlophe):

Susa umgubo ngebrashi ethambileyo{0}musa ukuyivuthela

Faka iviniga emhlophe nge-cotton swab (ukufinya kubonisa ukungathathi hlangothi)

Emva kokuyeka ukufiziza, zosula ngelaphu elimanzi

Ukudibanisa isinyithi esidliwe, sebenzisa irabha yepensile okanye i-sandpaper entle

Coca oonxibelelwano kunye ne-99% ye-isopropyl alcohol

Vumela imizuzu engama-30 yomoya-yokoma phambi kokufaka iibhetri ezintsha

Ngokuvuza kweAcidic (zinc-iibhetri zecarbon):

Hlanganisa i-soda yokubhaka kunye nentlama yamanzi (umlinganiselo we-3: 1)

Faka kwiindawo ezichaphazelekayo{0}}ugwebu lubonisa ukungathathi hlangothi

Sula intsalela ngelaphu elimanzi

Ucoca oonxibelelwano kunye ne-isopropyl alcohol

Yomile kakuhle phambi kokusetyenziswa

Uvavanyo lweSixhobo

Emva kokucoca, jonga umonakalo osisigxina ngokujonga oonxibelelwano lwesinyithi kwi-pitting, ukukhangela i-corrosion ngaphaya kwendawo yebhetri, kunye nokuvavanya ngeebhetri ezintsha. Ukubeka iliso kubushushu obungaqhelekanga okanye ukusebenza okwethutyana.

Ukuvuza kwebhetri kubonisa iingozi ezininzi zempilo kunye nokhuseleko ezifuna amanyathelo okhuseleko afanelekileyo.

Iingozi zempilo

UQhagamshelwano loLusu:I-potassium hydroxide esuka kwiibhetri zealkaline ibangela ukutsha kweekhemikhali ngomonakalo we-pH{0}. Uqhagamshelwano olufutshane luvelisa ububomvu; ukuba sesichengeni ixesha elide kudala ukutsha okubuhlungu okudinga unyango. I-CPSC ibike i-847 yokutyelelwa kwegumbi likaxakeka kwi-2024 ehambelana nokuvezwa kwebhetri yokuvuza, i-73% ebandakanya abantwana abangaphantsi kwe-12.

Uqhagamshelo lamehlo:Ukutshiza i-electrolyte emehlweni kuthetha unxunguphalo lwezonyango. Isisombululo se-alkaline sinokubangela umonakalo wombono osisigxina ngaphakathi kwemizuzu. Inyathelo elikhawulezileyo{2}}lomzuzu eli-15{4}}lokugungxula amehlo-kufuneka kwandule unyango.

Ukungeniswa kunye nokuphefumla:Abantwana abancinci ngamanye amaxesha iibhetri zomlomo, ezikhokelela ekungeneni kwe-electrolyte enokuthi ibangele ukutshisa ngomlomo kunye ne-esophageal. Umsi ophuma kwiibhetri ezivuzayo unokubangela ukucaphuka kokuphefumla, ngakumbi kubantu abanesifo sombefu.

Iinkxalabo zokusingqongileyo

Iikhemikhali zebhetri ezivuzayo zenza iingozi zokusingqongileyo xa zilahlwa ngokungafanelekanga. Ialkaline kunye ne-zinc{1}}iibhetri zekhabhoni zineentsimbi ezinzima eziphumela kumanzi aphantsi komhlaba. Idatha ye-EPA ibonisa ukuba iibhetri zenza i-88% yemekyuri kunye ne-54% ye-cadmium kwimijelo yenkunkuma kamasipala. Ukulahlwa ngokufanelekileyo ngeenkqubo zokurisayikilishwa kwebhetri kuthintela ungcoliseko.

Umngcipheko woMlilo kunye noDubulo

Nangona ingaqhelekanga ngeebhetri ze-alkaline, iibhetri ze-lithium zibonakalisa iingozi zomlilo xa zonakaliswe okanye zivuza. Izinyibilikisi ze-Organic kwi-lithium yebhetri ye-electrolyte zinokutsha, kwaye iiseli ezonakalisiweyo zinokubaleka zivelise ubushushu obukhulu. Ungaze uhlawule okanye usebenzise iibhetri ze-lithium ezibonisa ukuvuza okanye iimpawu zokudumba.

Inkqubo yoNcedo lokuQala

UQhagamshelwano loLusu:

Gubha ulusu oluchaphazelekayo ngamanzi abalekayo imizuzu eli-15 ubuncinci

Hlamba ngesepha ethambileyo emva kokugungxulwa

Gcoba impahla ecocekileyo kwindawo yokutshisa

Funa unyango ngokutshisa okukhulu kunekota{0}}intshi

Uqhagamshelo lamehlo:

Geza amehlo ngokuqhubekayo ngamanzi adikidiki kangangemizuzu eli-15

Bamba iinkophe zivuleke ngexesha lokugungxulwa

Funa unyango olungxamisekileyo olukhawulezileyo

Ukungeniswa:

MUSA ukugabha

Hlamba umlomo ngamanzi kodwa ungaginyi

Shayela i-Poison Control (1-800-222-1222) ngokukhawuleza

Funa uvavanyo lonyango olungxamisekileyo

battery leakage

Ngokuqhelekileyo ewe, ukuba icocwe kakuhle. Susa iibhetri ezivuzayo, unciphise iidiphozithi (iviniga ye-alkaline, i-baking soda ye-acidic), ucoce uqhagamshelwano kunye ne-isopropyl alcohol, kwaye uvavanye ngeebhetri ezintsha. Umhlwa obanzi oye wafaka abafowunelwa okanye ufikelele kwiibhodi zeesekethe unokufuna ukulungiswa kweengcali.

Ixesha elimiselweyo liyahluka ngeemeko zokugcina kunye nomgangatho. Iibhetri zePremium kwiimeko ezifanelekileyo (68{3}}77℃F) zingahlala 7{7}}10 iminyaka ingavuzi. Iibhetri eziphelelwe lixesha kwiindawo ezishushu zinokuvuza kwiinyanga ezi-3-6. Iibhetri ezikhutshwe kakhulu kwizixhobo zinokuvuza kwiiveki ezi-2-4.

Intsalela emhlophe yi-potassium carbonate (pH 11-12), i-caustic encinci kune-electrolyte yasekuqaleni kodwa isenako ukucaphukisa ulusu kunye noqhagamshelwano olude. Hlala unxiba iiglavu xa uphethe. Izixa ezincinci ezifakwe ngempazamo zibangela ukucaphuka komlomo kodwa azikho tyhefu ngokwenkqubo.

Ewe, ngokwenene. Iimpawu eziphambili zibonisa i-2-3% yamazinga okuvuza kwiminyaka emihlanu, ngelixa iimpawu zoqoqosho zibonisa i-12-15% yamazinga phantsi kweemeko ezifanayo. Xa izinto ezinokubakho iindleko zomonakalo wesixhobo (i-50-200 yeedola eziphakathi), iibhetri zeprimiyamu zibonelela ngexabiso elingcono nangona ixabiso eliphezulu lokuqala.

Ukuvuza kwebhetri kwenzeka xa uxinzelelo lwangaphakathi olusuka kwintshukumo yeekhemikhali lunyanzela i-electrolyte ngokusebenzisa amatywina adityanisiweyo, idala idiphozithi ezonakalisayo ezonakalisa izixhobo.

Oonobangela abaphambili baquka ngaphezulu-ukukhupha (ukushiya iibhetri ezifileyo kwizixhobo), amaqondo obushushu agqithileyo ngaphezu 86 kweqondo F okanye ngaphantsi komkhenkce, iziphene zokwenziwa, kunye nomonakalo emzimbeni weebhetri

Thintela ukuvuza ngokugcina iibhetri ku-50 -77℃F, uzisuse kwizixhobo ngexesha elongeziweyo elingasetyenziswanga, ungaze udibanise iibhetri ezindala kunye ezintsha, kunye nokukhetha iibrendi zepremiyamu ezinamazinga asezantsi avuzayo.

Coca ukuvuza kwe-alkaline ngeviniga emhlophe (ingathathi i-potassium hydroxide), ukuvuza kwe-asidi kunye nesisombululo sesoda yokubhaka, usoloko unxibe iiglavu kunye neeglasi zokhuseleko ukukhusela ukutsha kweekhemikhali.

Ukuvuza kwebhetri kunokubangela ukutshiswa kweekhemikhali ezifuna unyango, ukungcoliseka kwendalo xa kulahlwa ngokungafanelekanga, kunye nomonakalo wesixhobo esiphakathi kweedola ezingama-50-200 kwiindleko zokulungisa.

IKomishoni yoKhuseleko lweMveliso yoMthengi (CPSC) - Uvimba weDatha weSehlo seBhetri 2024 - https://www.cpsc.gov/Safety-Imfundo/uKhuseleko{5}}Izikhokelo/Ikhaya/Ibhetri{6}}Ukhuseleko

I-Arhente yoKhuseleko lokusiNgqongileyo yase-US (EPA) - iNkunkuma eyiNgozi yaseKhaya: Iibhetri - https://www.epa.gov/hw/household-inkunkuma{7}}eyingozi{8}}hhw (Ingxelo ka-2024)

Statista - Uhlalutyo lweMarike yeBattery yeHlabathi kunye noFundo lweMpembelelo yoBubushushu 2024 - https://www.statista.com/topics/battery-imarike/

IEEE Spectrum - I-Battery Chemistry kunye neMode yoPhando loPhando 2024 - Ushicilelo lobugcisa kwiipateni zokuthotywa kwe-electrochemical

ISebe lezaMandla lase-US - UGcino lwebhetri IiNgxelo zobuGcisa eziNgcono kwiNgxelo yoBugcisa 2024 - https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/battery-storage

IiNgxelo zoMthengi - Ubomi obude bebhetri kunye noVavanyo lokuVelekisa ukuvuza 2024 - Uvavanyo lwaselebhu oluzimeleyo lweempawu zebhetri ezinkulu

Iziko leSizwe leMigangatho kunye neTekhnoloji (NIST) - IiPropati zeMichiza ye-Electrolytes yeBattery - https://www.nist.gov (Idatha yeReferensi)