Yintoni iiModyuli zebhetri?

Iimodyuli zebhetri ziindibano eziphakathi ezidibanisa iiseli ezininzi zebhetri kuthotho okanye ulungelelwaniso oluhambelanayo ukuze kuphunyezwe amandla ombane aphezulu kunye neziphumo zomthamo. Ezi yunithi zibandakanya iiseli ngokwazo, uqhagamshelo lombane olunje ngeebhasi, iBattery Management System (BMS), amacandelo olawulo lobushushu, kunye nezindlu ezikhuselayo.

Kuluhlu lweenkqubo zebhetri, iimodyuli zisebenza njengebhulorho ebalulekileyo phakathi kweeseli ezizimeleyo kunye neepakethi zebhetri ezipheleleyo. Iseli ye-ion ye-lithium- idla ngokuvelisa i-3.2 ukuya kwi-3.7 volts, kodwa izicelo ezifana nezithuthi zombane zifuna i-400 ukuya kwi-800 volts. Iimodyuli zisombulula le gap yombane ngokudibanisa iiseli ngobuchule ngelixa zigcina ubungakanani obulawulekayo kunye nokusebenza.

Iimodyuli zebhetri ziqulathe amacandelo amaninzi adibeneyo asebenza kunye ukuqinisekisa unikezelo lwamandla olukhuselekileyo nolusebenzayo.

Isiseko siquka iiseli zebhetri ezilungiselelwe kwiipateni ezithile. Ezi seli zinokuba yi-cylindrical (njenge-18650 okanye iifomati ze-21700), i-prismatic (iibhloko ezixande), okanye isikhwama (i-flexible flat packaging). Ukhetho luxhomekeke kwiimfuno zobuninzi bamandla, iimpawu ze-thermal, kunye nemiqobo yoyilo lwesithuthi. Iiseli zePrismatic zongamele i-48.4% yentengiso yezithuthi zombane ngo-2024 ngenxa yendawo-yazo ezisebenzayo zokupakisha kunye nokuphuculwa kweempawu zolawulo lobushushu.

Ukudibanisa kombane kwenza inkqubo yokujikeleza kweemodyuli. Iibhasi ezenziwe ngobhedu okanye i-aluminiyam yekhonkco yeetheminali zeeseli ezibaliweyo -kuqwalaselo olunxuseneyo. Imidibaniso yeeSeries iphinda-phinda amandla ombane ngelixa uqhagamshelo olunxuseneyo lunyusa umthamo. Imodyuli ye-EV eqhelekileyo inokudibanisa iiseli ezili-12 kuthotho (uqwalaselo lwe-1P12S) ukufezekisa malunga ne-44 volts, kunye neemodyuli ezininzi emva koko zidityaniswe kwipakethi.

ISistim yoLawulo lwebhetri imele umaleko wobuntlola. I-hardware ye-BMS ijonga i-voltage kwiiseli nganye, ilandelela ubushushu kwiindawo ezininzi, ilinganisa ukuhamba kwangoku, kwaye ibala imeko yentlawulo. Iiyunithi zale mihla ze-BMS zinxibelelana ngemigaqo yebhasi ye-CAN, ivumela utshintshiselwano ngedatha yexesha lokwenyani kunye neenkqubo zolawulo lwezithuthi. Inkqubo ilungelelanisa iiseli ngexesha lokutshaja ukuthintela ukukhukuliseka kwamandla ombane phakathi kweeyunithi, ezinokuthi ngenye indlela zinciphise ubomi bepakethi ngama-20-30%.

Izibonelelo zolawulo lwe-Thermal zilawula ubushushu bokusebenza. Uninzi lweemodyuli zibandakanya iipleyiti zokupholisa zolwelo okanye amajelo omoya. Iinkqubo zokupholisa ulwelo zijikelezisa i-glycol{2}esekwe kwi-coolant ngokusebenzisa iipleyiti ze-aluminiyam ekudibaneni ngokuthe ngqo kwe-thermal kunye neeseli, igcina ubushushu obufanayo ngaphakathi kwe-2-3 idigri kuyo yonke imodyuli. Oku kuchanekileyo kuthintela iindawo ezishushu zendawo ezibangela ukuthotywa kwe-thermal okanye, kwiimeko ezinzima, iziganeko zokubaleka kwe-thermal.

Izindlu zemodyuli zibonelela ngokhuseleko lomatshini kunye nokuhlukaniswa kombane. Manufacturers typically use flame-retardant polymers such as polypropylene or polycarbonate blends. Isingxobo kufuneka simelane nokungcangcazela, amandla eempembelelo ngexesha lokuntlitheka, kunye nokuvezwa kwendalo ngelixa ukhusela ukungena kokufuma okunokonakalisa imidibaniso.

Battery Modules

Indlela iiseli ezinxibelelana ngayo kwiimodyuli zibumba iimpawu zokusebenza.

Uqwalaselo lwe-Series lunyusa amandla ombane ngokudibanisa i-terminal evumayo yeseli enye ukuya kwelandelayo. Xa iiseli ezine ze-3.2V ze-lithium ze-iron phosphate zidibanisa kuthotho, iziphumo zemodyuli 12.8V ngelixa zigcina enye - yokukala umthamo weseli. Izithuthi zombane zisebenzisa uqhagamshelo oluluthotho kakhulu kuba amandla ombane aphezulu anika amandla unikezelo lwamandla olusebenzayo kunye neegeyiji zocingo ezincitshisiweyo zangoku kunye ezincinci.

Ulungelelwaniso olunxuseneyo lukhulisa umthamo ngokudibanisa zonke iitheminali ezivumayo kunye kunye nazo zonke iitheminali ezingalunganga kunye. Ukuba iiseli ezintathu ze-50Ah ziqhagamshela ngokunxuseneyo, imodyuli ibonelela nge-150Ah kumbane weseli enye{3}}. Amalungiselelo anxuseneyo afanele izicelo ezifuna ixesha elongeziweyo lokuqhuba kumandla ombane asezantsi, njengogcino lwamandla aphathwayo okanye iinkqubo zamandla ezigcinayo.

Uthotho-udibaniso olunxuseneyo lukhulisa zombini amandla ombane kunye nomthamo. Imodyuli ye-2P12S idibanisa iiseli ezimbini ngokuhambelanayo, emva koko idibanisa ishumi elinesibini kwezi zibini zihambelanayo kuthotho. Oku kuvelisa umthamo ophindwe kabini kumthamo weseli enye ngamaxesha alishumi elinesibini ombane wayo. Ukuba bhetyebhetye koluhlu{6}}loyilo olunxuseneyo luvumela abavelisi ukuba balinganise iinkqubo zebhetri ngokuthe ngqo kwiimfuno zesicelo.

Ukunyuka kolwakhiwo lweemodyuli kufumene amandla ngo-2024 njengoko abavelisi bafuna izisombululo eziguquguqukayo, ezinobunzima. Idatha yoshishino ibonisa uthotho -uyilo olunxuseneyo lukhule lwaduma ngenxa yezizathu ezibini eziphambili: imida yokulawula ukuhamba ngenqwelomoya ithwala{3}}kwiibhetri ukuya kwiiwathi eziyi-100-iiyure, ukwenza iipakethi zemodyuli ezineeyunithi eziguqukayo zisebenziseke ngakumbi, kwaye usetyenziso lwezixhobo zangaphandle ziyazuza kwindawo{6}}imodyuli ezibuyiselwayo ezinciphisa ixesha lokuphumla.

I-lithium eyahlukileyo{0}}iikhemistri zeion zenza iimodyuli ezinenkangeleko yokusebenza eyahlukileyo.

Iimodyuli zeNickel Manganese Cobalt (NMC) zinikezela ngoxinaniso lwamandla aphezulu, ngokwesiqhelo 150-220 Wh/kg kwinqanaba lemodyuli. Oku kubenza balungele izithuthi zombane zabakhweli apho ububanzi beyunithi nganye buqhuba ukwamkelwa kwabathengi. Iiseli ze-NMC zibonelela ngemveliso yamandla eyomeleleyo yokukhawulezisa ngelixa igcina ubomi bomjikelo obufanelekileyo we-1,000-2,000 imijikelo yokukhupha intlawulo epheleleyo. Nangona kunjalo, zifuna ulawulo olucokisekileyo lwe-thermal ngenxa yokuzinza okuphantsi kwe-thermal xa kuthelekiswa nezinye iikhemistri.

Iimodyuli zeLithium Iron Phosphate (LFP) zibeka phambili ukhuseleko kunye nokuphila ixesha elide. Uxinzelelo lwamandla lubaleka ngaphantsi kwe-90-140 Wh/kg, kodwa iimodyuli ze-LFP zimelana ne-3,000-5,000 imijikelo phambi kokufikelela kwi-80% umthamo. Ukuzinza kwabo okukhethekileyo kwe-thermal kubenza badume kwiimoto zorhwebo, iibhasi, kunye nokugcinwa kwamandla okumileyo. Iimodyuli ze-LFP zilawula imveliso ye-EV yaseTshayina ngo-2024, ngelixa abavelisi baseNtshona besanda bezamkela kwiimodeli zokungena kunye nomgangatho ophakathi.

Iimodyuli zesodium -zivele njengenye itekhnoloji ngo-2024. Iinkampani ezifana ne-BYD zenze i-30 yeebhiliyoni zeerandi kwizibonelelo zemveliso ye-ion ye-GWh ye-30 ye-sodium. Ezi modyuli zisebenzisa i-sodium eninzi kunokuba i-lithium, ukunciphisa iindleko zempahla eluhlaza kunye nokuba sengozini yokubonelela. Iiseli zeSodium - ziqhuba kakuhle kumaqondo obushushu abandayo, zigcina umthamo we-80% kwi- - 20℃xa kuthelekiswa ne-lithium - ion's 50 - 60% ukugcinwa. Izicelo zorhwebo zaqala ukubonakala kwiimoto ezinamavili amabini namathathu.

Iimodyuli zeLithium Titanate Oxide (LTO) ziyagqwesa kwi-niche yezicelo ezifuna ubomi bomjikelo omde kakhulu-. Iiseli ze-LTO zimelana ne-20,000-30,000 cycles, ezenza ukuba zibe noqoqosho kwiibhasi zasezidolophini kunye nothutho lukaloliwe ngaphandle koxinzelelo lwamandla lwe-60-80 Wh/kg kuphela. Ukuchasa ngokukhawuleza amandla avumela iimodyuli ze-LTO ukuba zifikelele kwi-80% yentlawulo kwimizuzu eyi-10-15 ngaphandle kokuthotywa.

Imveliso yemodyuli yebhetri idibanisa ubunjineli obuchanekileyo kunye neeprothokholi ezingqongqo zokhuseleko.

Inkqubo iqala ngokuhlolwa kweeseli ezingenayo. Iiseli zifika zivela kubaboneleli ngepakethe ekhuselayo kwaye zityhutyha amandla ombane, umthamo, kunye novavanyo lwangaphakathi lokuchasa. Abavelisi balinganisa ezi parameters ukuchonga iiseli ezineempawu ezifanayo{2}}ivoltage ngaphakathi kwe-5 millivolts kunye nomthamo ngaphakathi kwe-1% yamaxabiso ekujoliswe kuwo. Iiseli eziwela ngaphandle konyamezelo oluchaziweyo ziye zakhatywa, njengoko iiseli ezingahambelaniyo zibangela ukutshaja okungalinganiyo okunciphisa ubomi bemodyuli.

Ukulungiswa komphezulu kulandela ukuhlolwa. Ukucocwa kweLaser kususa iileya ze-oxide kunye nongcoliseko kwii-cell terminals. Eli nyathelo lingqina elibalulekileyo kumgangatho we-welding; namasuntswana amakroskopu phakathi kwemiphezulu yokuwelda anokwenza{2}}amakhonkco axhathise avelisa ubushushu ngexesha lokusebenza.

Ukupakishwa kweeseli kulungelelanisa iiseli ezifanelekileyo kubume bazo obuchongiweyo. Iisistim ezizihambelayo zibeka iiseli nge-sub{1}}millimeter echanekileyo zisebenzisa iinkqubo ze-CCD zombono ezibona iindawo zetheminali. Izikhewu phakathi kweeseli zenza izithuba zomoya zokupholisa okanye zivumelane nemathiriyeli yojongano lwe-thermal ehambisa ubushushu kwiipleyiti zokupholisa.

I-Busbar welding idibanisa iiseli ngombane. Imigca yemveliso yanamhlanje isebenzisa i-laser welding kunokuba ixhathise okanye iindlela ze-ultrasonic. I-laser welding ihambisa amandla achanekileyo kwijoyinti ngaphandle kobushushu obugqithisileyo obunokonakalisa iiseli. Inkqubo idala i-welds ngokumelana nombane ngaphantsi kwe-0.1 milliohm. Iisistim zolawulo lomgangatho zenza{5}}ixesha lokwenyani zisebenzisa izinzwa zamehlo eziqinisekisa i-weld geometry kunye nohlolo lwe-X-ebonisa iziphene zangaphakathi.

Udibaniso lwe-BMS lwenzeka emva kokudityaniswa koomatshini. Amagcisa okanye iirobhothi ziqhoboshela iingcingo zengqiqo yombane kwiseli nganye, nyusa izinzwa zobushushu kwiindawo ezicwangcisiweyo, kwaye ziqhagamshele ibhodi yesekethe ye-BMS. Isistim ivavanywa ngokusebenzayo apho imijikelo yentlawulo elinganisiweyo kunye nokukhutshwa iqinisekisa ukuba i-BMS ibeka esweni ngokuchanekileyo zonke iiparamitha kwaye yenze imisebenzi yokhuseleko.

Udibaniso lwezindlu zemodyuli luvalela amacandelo. I-base plate, ehlala iqulethe iziteshi zokupholisa, ifumana isicelo semathiriyeli ye-thermal interface. Abasebenzi okanye abasasazi abazenzekelayo bafaka ngokuchanekileyo ixabiso elilinganisiweyo le-thermal intlama okanye i-adhesive kwindawo yokudibanisa. Isitaki sesisele sikhwela kule pleyiti, kwaye isigqubuthelo sendlu sivala indibano.

Izifundo zokugqibela zovavanyo zagqiba iimodyuli zombane, i-thermal, kunye nokuqinisekiswa koomatshini. Uvavanyo lokulinganisa amandla ombane ophantsi komthwalo, qinisekisa ukusebenza kwenkqubo yokupholisa, jonga igesi okanye ukuvuza kwesipholisi, kwaye uqinisekise ukuba imidibaniso imelana nokungcangcazela. Kuphela ziimodyuli ezidlula zonke iikhrayitheriya ezifumana imvume yokuhlanganisa ipakethi.

Ukulawula ubushushu kume njengowona msebenzi ubalulekileyo wokhuseleko kwiimodyuli zebhetri.

I-Lithium-iiseli ze-ion zisebenza ngokugqibeleleyo phakathi kwama-20{7}}ne-40 degree. Ukusebenza okungaphezulu kwama-60 kukhawulezisa ukufiphala komthamo, ngokunyuka kweqondo lobushushu ngalinye ngeqondo eli-10 ngokuqikelelwa ngokuphindwe kabini kumazinga okuthotywa. Amaqondo obushushu angaphezu kwama-80{8}}90 umngcipheko weqondo lokubaleka kwe-thermal-i-self-sustaining exothermic reaction apho ukubola kweeseli kuvelisa ubushushu ngokukhawuleza kunokuba iinkqubo zokupholisa zinokubuchitha.

Ukupholisa komoya kubonisa eyona ndlela ilula yolawulo lobushushu. Iifeni zinyanzelisa umoya ngokusebenzisa imijelo phakathi kweeseli, zisusa ubushushu nge-convection. Iinkqubo zebhetri zeHonda Insight kunye neToyota Prius zisebenzisa ukupholisa umoya okusebenzayo. Ngelixa ukonga, ukupholisa umoya kunzima ukugcina ukufana kweqondo lokushisa, kunye nokwahlukana kwe-10-15 idigri phakathi kwamacala angenayo kunye nokuphuma kweemodyuli. Oku kupholisa kungalinganiyo kubangela ukuba iiseli kumaqondo obushushu ahlukeneyo ziguge ngamazinga ahlukeneyo.

Ukupholisa ulwelo kuphumelela ukusebenza okuphezulu. Ukupholisa kuhamba ngeetshaneli kwiipleyiti ze-aluminiyam ezifakwe phakathi kweemaleko zeeseli okanye zibekwe kumacala emodyuli. I-thermal conductivity ephezulu ye-aluminiyam kunye nomthamo omkhulu wobushushu bezinto zokupholisa ezingamanzi zenza kube lula ukulawula ubushushu. Iipakethi zebhetri zikaTesla zisebenzisa iziteshi zokupholisa zenyoka ezigcina ukuhluka kweqondo lokushisa kweseli phantsi kwe-5 degree. Iinkqubo zolwelo zongeza ukuntsonkotha, ubunzima, kunye neendawo ezivuzayo ezinokubakho, kodwa olu rhwebo lubonakala lufanelekile kusetyenziso oluphezulu-.

Izinto zokutshintsha isigaba zibonelela ngolawulo lwe-thermal engasebenziyo. I-PCM ithatha ukushisa njengoko iyancibilika, igcina ukushisa okungapheliyo ngexesha lokutshintsha kwesigaba. Xa inkqubo yebhetri ipholile, i-PCM iyaqina kwaye ikhuphe ubushushu obugciniweyo. Uphando ngo-2024 lubonise ukuba iimodyuli ezisekelwe kwi-PCM - zinciphisa amaqondo obushushu aphezulu nge-15-20℃ngexesha lokukhutshwa ngokukhawuleza ngelixa ligcina ukufana kweqondo lokushisa. Nangona kunjalo, ii-PCM zifuna uyilo olucokisekileyo lwe-thermal ukuqinisekisa ukuchithwa kobushushu okwaneleyo kokupholisa okwesibini emva kokuba izinto zinyibilike ngokupheleleyo.

Iindlela zokhuseleko ezingaphaya kolawulo lwe-thermal zibandakanya iisekethe zangoku ezithintela ukugqithisa ngexesha leempazamo, ukubeka iliso kwi-voltage ekhupha iimodyuli ezigqithise kwimida ekhuselekileyo, kunye neentambo zokunciphisa ukuqhuma ezikhupha iigesi ngaphambi kokuba uxinzelelo lukwazi ukukrazula izitywina zezindlu. I-BMS iququzelela olu khuseleko, rhoqo iphumeza abenzi boluvo abaninzi abangafunekiyo kunye -nengqiqo yokuvalwa kwendlela yokuthintela ukusilela kwenqaku elinye.

Iimodyuli zebhetri zisebenza njengesiseko sokwakha ugcino lwamandla esithuthi sombane.

Izithuthi zombane zidibanisa iimodyuli kwiipakethi ngokudibanisa ngomatshini kunye nombane. Ipakethi yebhetri ye-EV eqhelekileyo iqulethe 6-iimodyuli ezili-12 ngokuxhomekeke kubukhulu besithuthi kunye noluhlu olujoliswe kuko. Ii-EV ezibambeneyo zinokusebenzisa iimodyuli ezintandathu eziphelele kwi-40-50 kWh, ngelixa ii-EV zodidi olude zodidi oluphezulu zibandakanya iimodyuli ezilishumi elinambini okanye ngaphezulu ezidlula umthamo we-100 kWh.

Ukumiselwa komgangatho wemodyuli kwenza lula ukwenziwa kunye nenkonzo. Xa abavelisi beyila iimodyuli ezinemilinganiselo engaguqukiyo kunye nojongano lombane, banokuxuba iikhemistri zeeseli ezahlukeneyo okanye amandla kwimigca yemodeli ngelixa besebenzisa iipakethi zehardware eziqhelekileyo. Le modularity inciphisa iindleko zezixhobo kunye nobunzima be-inventri. Ukuba imodyuli iyasilela kwinkonzo, amagcisa angathatha indawo yaloo modyuli enye kunepakethe yonke, ukunciphisa kakhulu iindleko zokulungisa.

Isicwangciso semodyuli sikwajongana nokhuseleko ngokudibanisa. Iipakethi zebhetri zeEV zanamhlanje zisebenzisa umlilo{1}}izithintelo ezixhathisayo phakathi kweemodyuli. Ukuba ukubaleka kwe-thermal kwenzeka kwiseli enye, izithintelo ziqulethe isiganeko kuloo modyuli, ukuthintela ukusilela kwe-cascade kwipakethi. I-General Motors iphuhlise iinkqubo zolawulo lokusasazwa kwe-thermal ezibeka iliso kwiimodyuli ngokuzimeleyo kwaye zihlukanise iiyunithi ezisilelayo ngaphambi kokuba iimodyuli ezikufutshane zifikelele kumaqondo obushushu ayingozi.

Ukudityaniswa kwemoto kufuna ukuqwalaselwa ngononophelo ukubekwa kwemodyuli. Uninzi lwee-EVs ziphakamisa ipakethi yebhetri emgangathweni phakathi kwamavili, idala iziko eliphantsi lomxhuzulane elonyusa ukuphatha. Ngaphakathi kule mvulophu, iimodyuli kufuneka zilungele ukujikeleza iinjini zokuqhuba, izinto zokunqunyanyiswa, kunye nezakhiwo zokuphahlazeka. Ulwakhiwo lweNissan lwendalo yonke lwestakhi luvumela uhlengahlengiso lwemilinganiselo yemodyuli{3}}ubalo lweeseli ezahlukeneyo kunye nolungiselelo{4}}ukwandisa ukusetyenziswa kwendawo kumaqonga ohlukeneyo ezithuthi.

Izibonelelo zokutshaja zisebenzisana neemodyuli ngepakethi-yenqanaba le-BMS. Ngexesha lokutshaja okukhawulezayo kwe-DC, umsinga uqukuqela ukuya kwipakethi ngamazinga angaphezu kwama-250 kW kwezinye iinkqubo. I-BMS isasaza la mandla kuzo zonke iimodyuli ngelixa ibeka esweni ukungalingani kwamandla kunye nokunyuka kobushushu. Iseli -yenqanaba leeyunithi ze-BMS ngaphakathi kwemodyuli nganye yengxelo yemodyuli ukuya kumphathi we-BMS, olungelelanisa amaxabiso entlawulo okanye uhlengahlengiso lwangoku ukunqanda umonakalo.

Uyilo lwemodyuli oluphezulu luyaqhubeka nokuvela. Iseli-ukuya{2}}Ukupakisha (CTP) ubuchwephesha bususa izakhiwo zemodyuli zakwantu ngokufaka iiseli ngqo kwipakethi yezindlu. I-CATL kunye ne-BYD zingoovulindlela kuyilo lwe-CTP olunyusa uxinano lwamandla nge-10-15% ngokunciphisa ukupakishwa kwentloko. Iseli-ukuya{9}}i-Chassis (CTC) ithatha oku ngakumbi ngokudibanisa iiseli kwizinto zesakhiwo sesithuthi. Olu tshintsho luphazamisa umgca phakathi kweemodyuli kunye neepakethi, kodwa imisebenzi esisiseko{10}}uqhagamshelo lombane, ulawulo lwe-thermal, kunye nokubeka iliso-zihlala zibalulekile naxa imodyuli ecacileyo ilahlekile.

Battery Modules

Iimodyuli zebhetri zisebenza kumashishini ahlukeneyo aneemfuno zokusebenza ezahlukeneyo.

Igridi-isikali seenkqubo zokugcina amandla zisebenzisa iimodyuli ukuthintela ukuveliswa kwamandla ahlaziyekayo. Iifama zeSolar nezomoya zivelisa amandla ngokungaguquguqukiyo, zidala ubonelelo{2}}iimfuno ezingafaniyo. Iimodyuli zebhetri zigcina amandla agqithisileyo ngexesha lemveliso ephezulu kunye nokukhupha ngexesha lemfuno ephezulu. Umsebenzi oqhelekileyo-ufakelo lwesikali lunokubeka amakhulu eemodyuli ezixabisa iimegawathi ezininzi-iiyure. Ngo-2024, ukufakwa kwebhetri yokugcina ibhetri yase-US kwafikelela kwi-9.2 gigawatts, kunye nezakhiwo zemodyuli eziququzelela ukwandiswa kwamandla njengoko iimfuno zamandla zikhula.

Izixhobo zokuphatha izinto ezifana neforklifts ziya zisanda kusebenzisa iimodyuli ze-lithium-iion. I-Komatsu ilinge iimodyuli ze-sodium-ze-ion kwi-1.5-yeklasi yeforklift yetoni ngo-2024, ebonisa ukuba ezinye iikhemistri zinganceda usetyenziso lwemizi-mveliso. Iinkqubo zebhetri zemodyuli zivumela abaqhubi bezithuthi ukuba bagcine iimodyuli ezihlawuliswayo ezigcinwe ngokukhawuleza, ukunciphisa ixesha lokunciphisa izixhobo xa kuthelekiswa neebhetri ze-lead-acid ezifuna iiyure zokutshaja.

-Isixhobo sokwakha esinzima sijongene neemeko zokusebenza ezinzima. I-Moog Construction yazisa i-ZQuip Modular Battery System ngo-2024, eneemodyuli ze-70 kWh ezitshintshayo kunye ne-140 kWh. Oku bhetyebhetye kuvumela abaqhubi ukuba baqwalasele umthamo kwiimfuno zomsebenzi{6}}ukusebenzisa iimodyuli ezincinci zomsebenzi wokukhanya ukunciphisa ubunzima besithuthi kunye neemodyuli ezinkulu zokusebenzela okwandisiweyo. Ukutshintsha ibhetri kwenza umsebenzi oqhubekayo ngokutshintshisa iimodyuli eziphelileyo kwiiyunithi ezihlawuliweyo ngaphandle kwexesha lokuphumla kwesithuthi.

Izixhobo zombane eziphathwayo kunye nezixhobo zamandla zisebenzisa iifomathi zemodyuli ezincinci. Ubuchwephesha -izixhobo zamandla zebakala zisebenzisa iimodyuli ezine-5-i-10 lithium{7}}iiseli ze-ion, zibonelela ngemveliso ye-18-36V kumthamo we-2-5 Ah. Indlela yemodyuli ivumela ukuhambelana kwebhetri yeqonga, apho uyilo lwemodyuli enye inika amandla iintlobo ezininzi zesixhobo ngaphakathi komgca wemveliso yomenzi.

Iinkqubo zokuNikezelwa koMbane ezingaphazamisekiyo (UPS) zikhusela iziseko ezingundoqo ezibalulekileyo ekuphazamisekeni kombane. Amaziko eenkcukacha kunye nezibhedlele zisebenzisa i-lithium -imodyuli ze-ion zemodyuli ezibonelela ngombane ogciniweyo ngexesha lokucima kunye nokuzinzisa umbane ngexesha lokuphazamiseka kwegridi. Uyilo lwemodyuli luvumela ukunyuswa komthamo ukungqamanisa iimfuno zomthwalo okhuselweyo kwaye lwenza lula ulungiso ngemodyuli{3}}yokutshintsha kwenqanaba kunenkonzo yebhetri{4}ebanzi.

Izicelo ze-aerospace zifuna iimodyuli ezilungiselelwe ubunzima kunye nokuthembeka. Iinqwelomoya zombane kunye neenkqubo zedrone zisebenzisa iimodyuli ezineeseli ezikhethelwe ngokukodwa ukusebenza okufanayo kuwo wonke amaqondo obushushu obugqithisileyo afunyenwe kumphakamo. Iindlela ze-BMS ezingafunekiyo kunye nemida yobushushu egcinayo iqinisekisa ukhuseleko kwizicelo apho ukungaphumeleli kwebhetri kunokubangela imiphumo eyintlekele.

Uvavanyo olungqongqo luqinisekisa ukuthembeka kwemodyuli kubo bonke ubomi bokusebenza.

Uvavanyo lombane luqinisekisa amandla ombane, amandla, kunye nokumelana kwangaphakathi. Iimodyuli ziyahlawuliswa-ukukhupha ibhayisekile kwimisinga elawulwayo ngelixa kujongwa iijiko zombane. Imilinganiselo yomthamo kufuneka iwele ngaphakathi kwe-2-3% yeereyithingi eziqhelekileyo. Uvavanyo lokuchasa lwangaphakathi kumazwe ahlukeneyo entlawulo luchonga uqhagamshelo olulambathayo olunokudala imiba yokuthembeka.

Iimodyuli zovavanyo lwe-Thermal ukuya kubushushu obugqithisileyo. Iimodyuli zomjikelo weChambers ukuya kwi--40℃ukuya +60 kuluhlu lwesidanga, ukulinganisa ukuvezwa kokusingqongileyo kwimozulu ukusuka ebusika e-arctic ukuya ehlotyeni lasentlango. Iimvavanyo zomothuko wobushushu zitshintsha ngokukhawuleza phakathi kobushushu obugqithileyo ukuqinisekisa ukuba ukwandiswa kwee-coefficients zemathiriyeli eyahlukeneyo akubangeli ukusilela koomatshini.

Uvavanyo lokungcangcazela luphindaphinda ezothutho kunye noxinzelelo lokusebenza. Iimodyuli zikhwela kwii-multi-izishukumisi ze-axis eziphinda zivelise iiprofayili rhoqo ukusuka kungcangcazelo lwendlela, ukusebenza koomatshini, okanye iimpembelelo zokuphatha. I-Accelerometers iliso lokuphendula, kunye nokudibanisa kombane kuqhuba iliso eliqhubekayo ukuze kubonwe ukungaphumeleli okuphakathi koxinzelelo lomatshini.

Uvavanyo lokhuseleko lubandakanya ukugcwala,{0}}ukukhupha ngaphezulu, isiphaluka esifutshane, kunye neemeko zokutyumza. Uvavanyo lokuxhatshazwa lutyhala ngamabomu iimodyuli ngaphaya kwemida ekhuselekileyo yokusebenza phantsi kweemeko ezilawulwayo ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuba iinkqubo zokhuseleko zisebenza ngokufanelekileyo kwaye ukubaleka kwe-thermal, ukuba kuqhutywe, kuhlala kuqulethwe kwimodyuli. Ezi mvavanyo zitshabalalisayo zincama iimodyuli zeesampulu zokuqinisekisa imida yokhuseleko loyilo.

Uvavanyo lokusingqongileyo luqinisekisa ukukhuselwa kokungena eluthulini nasemanzini. Iimodyuli zivavanywa ngokutshizwa kunye novavanyo lokuntywiliselwa ngokufanelekileyo kuhlelo lwazo lwe-IP. Iimodyuli zeemoto zifikelela kwinqanaba le-IP67, okuthetha ukuba zimelana nokuntywiliselwa okwethutyana kwimitha enye yamanzi kangangemizuzu engama-30.

Iziqinisekiso zomgangatho ziyahluka ngokwesicelo. Iimodyuli ze-Automotive zihambelana ne-UL 2580, egubungela ukhuseleko lwe-lithium- iibhetri ze-ion zokuqhubela phambili isithuthi, kunye ne-ISO 26262 yokhuseleko olusebenzayo. Ukugcinwa kwamandla okumileyo kulandela i-UL 9540 yeenkqubo zokugcina amandla. Uthutho lujongene neemfuno ze-UN 38.3 zokuthunyelwa ngokukhuselekileyo kweebhetri ze-lithium. Abavelisi kufuneka babhale ukuthobela ngovavanyo kunye nokugcina iinkqubo zomgangatho phantsi kwe-ISO 9001 okanye imigangatho ye-IATF 16949 yemoto.

Iimodyuli zebhetri zinempembelelo kakhulu kuqoqosho lwenkqubo ngokubanzi.

Amaxabiso emodyuli ngo-2024 ayeyi-avareji ye-$80-120 ngekilowatt-yure nganye kwinqanaba lehoseyile, emele i-25-35% yexabiso lilonke lebetri. I-akhawunti yokuthengwa kweeseli kwi-65-75% yeendleko zemodyuli, kunye ne-hardware ye-BMS, amacandelo olawulo lwe-thermal, kunye nomsebenzi wendibano oquka intsalela. Njengoko amaxabiso eeseli ancipha ukusuka kwi-$ 139 / kWh ngo-2023 ukuya kwiprojekthi ye-115 / kWh ngo-2025, iindleko zemodyuli zilandele iindlela ezifanayo.

Imakethi yehlabathi yeebhetri ze-EV ifikelele kwi-124.4 yeebhiliyoni zeedola ngo-2024, ikhula nge-12.8% ngonyaka. Iimodyuli zeeseli zePrismatic zayalela isabelo esikhulu semakethi, kodwa iimodyuli zecylindrical zazikhula nge-13% ngonyaka ziqhutywa kukwamkelwa kweeseli ezinkulu zefomati njengoyilo lwe-4680 cylindrical. Le seli ilinganisa i-46mm ububanzi nge-80mm ukuphakama, inikezela ngokuphindwe kahlanu amandla eeseli ze-2170 zangaphambili ngelixa ilula ukwakhiwa kwemodyuli ngokubala kweseli encitshisiweyo.

Uqoqosho lwemveliso luthanda ukuhlanganiswa ngokuthe nkqo. Iinkampani ezivelisa zombini iiseli kunye neemodyuli zifezekisa i-10-15% yeenzuzo zeendleko ngaphezu kwezo zithenga iiseli ngaphandle. Oku kuqhube abavelisi bebhetri ukuba banyuke babe kwimodyuli yendibano kunye nee-automakers ukuphuhlisa{8}}kwisakhono sebhetri yendlu. I-Fluence iqalise imveliso yemodyuli yasekhaya yase-US ngoSeptemba ka-2024, idibanisa iiseli ezivela kubaboneleli baseTennessee kwiimodyuli kwiziko lase-Utah-inyathelo elicwangcisiweyo lokulungela uMthetho wokuNcitshiswa koLwahlulo lwamaxabiso eekhredithi zerhafu yasekhaya.

Amanyathelo okulinganisa imodyuli ajolise ekunciphiseni iindleko ngoqoqosho lwesikali. Iqonga le-MEB yeQela leVolkswagen (i-Modular Electric Drive Matrix) iqonga lichaza imilinganiselo yemodyuli eqhelekileyo esetyenziswa kuzo zonke iimodeli zezithuthi ezininzi kunye neempawu. Le ndlela yenza ukuba iVolkswagen ikwazi ukunciphisa uyilo lwemodyuli kunye neendleko zezixhobo ngaphezulu kwemithamo ephezulu yemveliso.

Ukurisayikilishwa kunye{0}}nobomi besibini bezicelo zenza ixabiso elongezelelweyo. Iimodyuli ze-EV ezehlela kwi-70-80% yomthamo wokuqala azisafezekisi iimfuno zokusebenza kweemoto kodwa zigcina usetyenziso lwezicelo ezingabalulekanga kangako. Iimodyuli ze-EV ezidla umhlala-phantsi zifumana ubomi besibini kwindawo yokugcina amandla emileyo, apho ukuxinana kwamandla kunye namaxabiso entlawulo abaluleke kakhulu kunezithuthi. Ukurisayikilisha okufanelekileyo kuphinda kubuyise imathiriyeli yexabiso-i-lithium, i-cobalt, i-nickel, ubhedu, kunye ne-aluminiyam-ehlisa imfuno yokwembiwa kwezinto ezinyulu.

Itekhnoloji ezisakhulayo zithembisa ukubumba ngokutsha uyilo lwemodyuli yebhetri.

Iibhetri zelizwe -eziqinileyo zithatha indawo ye-electrolyte engamanzi ngeceramic eqinileyo okanye imathiriyeli yepolymer. Oku kuphelisa iinkxalabo zokutsha kwaye kwenza ukuba amandla aphezulu aphezulu ngokusebenzisa i-lithium metal anodes. I-QuantumScape, i-Solid Power, kunye ne-Toyota zibonise iiseli ze-prototype eziqinileyo-, kunye neemodyuli zemveliso ezijoliswe ku-2027-}2028. Iimodyuli zelizwe eziqinileyo{7} zinokufikelela kwi-400-500 Wh/kg ubuninzi bamandla, phantse ukusebenza ngokuphindwe kabini kwe-lithium-ion yangoku, kodwa imiceli mngeni yokuvelisa kunye neendleko ngoku zinciphisa urhwebo.

Iimodyuli zebhetri zesakhiwo zidibanisa ukugcinwa kwamandla kumacandelo e-chassis yesithuthi. Endaweni yokupakisha iiseli kwimodyuli eyahlukileyo, uyilo lolwakhiwo lisebenzisa iiseli njengomthwalo{1}}izinto ezithwalayo. Izingxobo zebhetri ziba ngamalungu olwakhiwo afunxa amandla okuntlitheka kwaye anike ubungqongqo be-chassis. Ipakethi ye-Tesla ye-4680 esekelwe kwi-structural pack isusa iimodyuli zendabuko ngokupheleleyo, iiseli ezibophelelayo kwisakhiwo se-honeycomb esenza umgangatho wesithuthi. Le ndlela yonga ubunzima kwaye yongeza indawo yangaphakathi kodwa yenza nzima ukusebenza.

Ulawulo lwebhetri olungenazingcingo luphelisa iingcingo zengqiqo phakathi kweeseli kunye neBMS. Iseli nganye ifumana i-miniature transmitter engenazingcingo exela amandla ombane kunye nedatha yeqondo lobushushu ngemiqondiso yamaza kanomathotholo. Ukwabiwa kwe-wireless esweni kunciphisa ukuntsokotha kweengcingo, ixesha lokudityaniswa, kunye neendawo ezinokuthi zibe khona zokungaphumeleli kweengcingo. I-General Motors inelungelo lomenzi woyilo lwe-BMS olungenazingcingo ngo-2024, nangona imiceli mngeni yokuphazamiseka kwe-electromagnetic isahleli kukusasazwa kwemveliso.

I-Silicon anode imele ukukhula okunyukayo kodwa okubalulekileyo. Ukutshintsha i-graphite anode ngesilicon kwandisa amandla eseli nge-20-40% kuba i-silicon igcina ii-ion ezininzi ze-lithium kwiyunithi nganye. Abavelisi bazisa i-silicon-blend anode ngo-2024, kunye ne-silicon anode ecocekileyo ecwangciswe emva ko-2020s. Ubuninzi bamandla aphezulu kwinqanaba leseli liguqulela ngokuthe ngqo kwiimodyuli ezidibeneyo okanye uluhlu olude lwesithuthi.

Itekhnoloji yokutshaja yeBidirectional yenza ukuba iimodyuli zingafumani intlawulo kuphela kodwa zithumele amandla kwakhona kwigridi. Isithuthi-ukuya{2}}Iinkqubo zegridi (V2G) zisebenzisa iimodyuli zebhetri ze-EV njengosasazo logcino lwamandla oluxhasa uzinzo kwigridi. Ngexesha leemfuno eziphakamileyo, amawaka ee-EV ezidibeneyo akhupha amandla kwigridi; ngexesha lemfuno ephantsi, bayahlaziya. Oku kudala amathuba engeniso kubanini be-EV ngelixa bebonelela ngeenkonzo zegridi ezixabisekileyo. Imodyuli ye-BMS kufuneka iphuculwe ukuze ilandelele umqukuqelo wamandla amabini kwaye ilawule intlawulo eyongezelelweyo{7}}imijikelo yokukhupha eyenziwa yi-V2G.

Battery Modules

Iseli yebhetri yeyona yunithi isisiseko ye-electrochemical egcina amandla ngokusabela kweekhemikhali. Iimodyuli zidibanisa iiseli ezininzi ngoqhagamshelwano lombane, ulawulo lwe-thermal, kunye neenkqubo zokubeka iliso. Iipakethi zidibanisa iimodyuli ezininzi kunye ne-BMS enkulu, iinkqubo zokupholisa, izindlu ezikhuselayo, kunye-noqhagamshelo lombane ophezulu ukudala inkqubo yokugcina amandla. Olu luhlu lwenza ukuba kube lula ukukala ukusuka kwii-elektroniki eziphathwayo ngokusebenzisa usetyenziso-lofakelo lwesikali.

Ubomi bemodyuli buxhomekeke kwikhemistri kunye neepatheni zokusetyenziswa. Iimodyuli ze-NMC zikholisa ukuzisa i-1,000-2,000 imijikelo epheleleyo okanye 8{15}}iminyaka eyi-10 kwizicelo ze-EV ngaphambi kokuthotywa ukuya kuma-80% umthamo. Iimodyuli ze-LFP zifezekisa imijikelezo ye-3,000-5,000 okanye i-10-15 iminyaka. Ukuguga kweKhalenda kwenzeka nangaphandle kokusetyenziswa, malunga ne-2-3% yokulahleka kwamandla ngonyaka ngenxa yokubola kweekhemikhali. Uxinzelelo lwe-Thermal kunye nemijikelezo enzulu yokukhupha ikhawulezisa ukuthotywa, ngelixa iimeko zokusebenza ezincinci kunye ne-partial state-of-charge cycling yandisa ubomi.

Ukusilela kweeseli zomntu ngamnye kwiimodyuli ngamanye amaxesha kunokulungiswa ngokutshintsha iiseli ezineziphene, kodwa oku kufuna izixhobo ezikhethekileyo kunye noqeqesho. Ukuwelda iiseli ezintsha kwiimodyuli ezikhoyo kuyingozi ekonakalisa iiseli ezikufutshane ukusuka ekuvezweni kobushushu. Iinkqubo ezininzi zenkonzo zibuyisela iimodyuli zizonke kunokuzama ulungiso lweseli{2}}kwinqanaba. Uyilo lweModyuli luvumela ngabom le ndlela, ukurhweba inkunkuma encinci yempahla yokuphucula ukhuseleko kunye nokuthembeka.

Izatifikethi ezifunekayo ziyahluka ngokwesicelo kunye nentengiso. Iimodyuli zeemoto ngokuqhelekileyo zidinga i-UL 2580 yokhuseleko lwebhetri ye-EV, i-UN 38.3 yokuthutha, kunye ne-ISO 26262 yokhuseleko olusebenzayo. Iimarike zaseYurophu zifuna ukuthotyelwa kokumakisha i-CE. Iimodyuli zokugcina ezimileyo zilandela i-UL 9540 yeenkqubo zokugcina amandla kunye ne-UL 1973 yeenkqubo zebhetri. Iimodyuli ze-elektroniki zabathengi zithobela imigangatho yokhuseleko ye-IEC 62133. Uvavanyo lubandakanya ukhuseleko lombane, ukusasazeka kwe-thermal runaway, ukusetyenziswa kakubi koomatshini, kunye nokukhuselwa kwendalo.

Iimodyuli zebhetri ziguqule ugcino lwamandla ngokwenza iiyunithi ezilawulekayo, ezinokusebenziseka phakathi kweeseli ezincinci kunye neepakethi zebhetri ezinkulu. Njengoko izithuthi zombane zilawula ezothutho kwaye amandla ahlaziyekayo aphinda amise iigridi zamandla, iimodyuli ziya kuqhubeka zivela{1}}zikhaphukhaphu, zikhuseleke, kwaye zibe namandla ngakumbi{2}}zixinene ngelixa zigcina imisebenzi esisiseko yoqhagamshelo lombane, ulawulo lobushushu, kunye nokubekwa esweni okukrelekrele okwenza iinkqubo zebhetri zangoku zinokwenzeka.