Yintoni ukufumana idatha?

Iindlela zokufumana idatha

Imodyuli yokufumana amandla ombane webhetri yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yenkqubo yolawulo lwebhetri yamandla. Ukusebenza kwayo kunye nokuchaneka kwayo kumisela ukuchaneka kwesigwebo senkqubo yolwazi lwesimo sebhetri, kwaye luchaphazela ngakumbi ukuphunyezwa okusebenzayo kwezicwangciso zokulawula ezilandelayo. Iindlela eziqhelekileyo ezisetyenziswayo zokubona amandla ombane weseli ziquka indlela yokudluliselwa koluhlu, indlela yomthombo oqhubekayo wangoku, indlela yokufumana i-amplifier eyodwa yokusebenza, indlela yokufumana i-voltage/frequency conversion circuit, kunye nendlela yokufumana isekethe ye-optocoupler amplifier.

Umzobo 8-6 ubonisa umzobo webhloko yesekethe yokufumana amandla ombane webhetri esekelwe kwindlela yokudluliselwa koluhlu. Iquka i-terminal sensor sensor, i-relay array, i-A-D (i-analog-ukuya-yedijithali) isiguquli se-chip, i-optocoupler, kunye ne-multiplexer. Ukulinganisa i-terminal voltage yeebhetri ze-n eziqhagamshelwe kuthotho, iingcingo ze-n+1 kufuneka ziqhagamshelwe kwindawo nganye ekwipakethi yebhetri. Xa ulinganisa i-terminal voltage ye-m{9}}th ibhetri, i-microcontroller ithumela isignali yolawulo ehambelanayo, ekhetha i-relay efanelekileyo nge-multiplexer, i-optocoupler, kunye nesekethe ye-relay drive, edibanisa i-m{11}}th kunye ne-m{10}}eingcingo kwi-A{14}}D isiguquli chip. Ngokuqhelekileyo, ukuchasana kwezixhobo zokutshintsha kuncinci, kwaye impazamo ebangelwa ukuchaswa kwezixhobo zokutshintsha iphantse ibe yinto engafanelekanga emva kokudibanisa ne-voltage divider circuit. Ngaphezu koko, yonke inkqubo yesiphaluka ilula; kuphela i-resistors ye-voltage divider, i-chip yokuguqula i-AD, kunye nokuchaneka kwereferensi yombane kuchaphazela ukuchaneka kwesiphumo sokugqibela. Iimpazamo ze-resistors kunye ne-chip zinokuthi zenziwe zincinci kakhulu. Ke ngoko, indlela yokuhanjiswa kwereyiyi yeyona ilunge kakhulu kwizicelo ezifuna imilinganiselo yombane webhetri ephezulu kunye nokuchaneka okuphezulu.

Schematic Diagram of Battery Voltage Acquisition Circuit Based on Capacitor Array

Umgaqo osisiseko wokufumana amandla ombane webhetri enxuseneyo kusetyenziswa isekethe yomthombo wangoku engaguqukiyo kukuguqula umbane wetheminali yebhetri ibe ngumqondiso wangoku otshintsha ngomgca ngaphandle kokusebenzisa isixhasi soguqulo. Oku kuphucula inkqubo yokuchasana{1}}nophazamiseko lwesakhono. Kwinqanaba elinye-ipakethi yebhetri, ngenxa yokuba amandla ombane okuphela kwebhetri asezantsi kakhulu, phakathi kwe-2V kunye ne-5V, amandla ombane azinzile xa ekhutshwa, ngaloo ndlela iphucula amandla okuthintela{6}}ukuphazamiseka kwenkqubo. Ke ngoko, iamplifier{8}eyenye yokusebenza yetshaneli ihlala ikhethwa kwinkqubo yoyilo ukufezekisa oku. Ngenxa yomahluko kuyilo lwesekethe kunye nokusetyenziswa, iisekethe zomthombo wangoku zihlala zithatha iindlela ezininzi ezahlukeneyo.

Isekethe eboniswe kuMfanekiso 8{1}}7 ngomnye umzekelo onjalo; yimvelaphi yangoku yesekethe eyenziwe ngothotho{2}}khetha iamplifier esebenzayo kunye ne-insulated-sango le-effect field transistor.

Figure 8-7 Subtraction constant current source circuit composed of an operational amplifier and an insulated-gate field-effect transistor.

Njengoko kunokubonwa kulwakhiwo lweamplifier yokusebenza, le sekethe inamanqanaba amaninzi-ethe ngqo{1}}idityanisiwe isekethe yeamplifier evuleke kakhulu{2}}inzuzo yeloop kunye nengxelo embi enzulu. Inqanaba lalo legalelo lisebenzisa isiphaluka seamplifier esahlukileyo kwaye sidityaniswe kwi-silicon chip efanayo, okukhokelela kumdlalo ogqwesileyo wokusebenza phakathi kwezi zimbini, kwaye inqanaba eliphakathi linamandla aphezulu wokukhulisa. Ngokusekwe kumgaqo weesekethe zokwahlulahlula, le sekethi inamandla afanayo{5}}nendlela yokwala umqondiso wesakhono. Ngoko ke, xa usebenzisa iamplifier esebenzayo ukulinganisa amandla ombane weseli nganye kwipakethi yebhetri, okuqhelekileyo okuqhelekileyo{7}}ukulahlwa kwemowudi kunye nekhono lokukhulisa kuyakuphucula ukuchaneka komlinganiselo. I-insulated -indawo yesango{10}}i-effect transistor (IGFET) sisixhobo se-semiconductor esisebenzisa i-electric field effect ye-input circuit circuit ukulawula i-output circuit current. Xa isebenza kummandla oguquguqukayo woxhathiso, i-drain yemveliso yangoku ndinxulumana ngokuhambelana ne-drain yegalelo{12}}source voltage Us. Ngaphaya koko, isango{14}}uthintelo lomthombo we-transistor luphezulu kakhulu, lubangela ukuvuza okuncinci kwangoku, ngelixa umthombo{15}}umthombo{16}}okuxhathisayo umncinci kakhulu, ukhokelela ekuhleni kombane welizwe. Umzobo 8-7 usebenzisa i-P-uphuculo lwetshaneli{22}}indawo yemowudi{23}}i-effect transistor (FET), kunye ne-Zener diode iqhagamshelwe ukugcina isango elingaguqukiyo{26}}lomthombo wombane we-Ucs. I-amplifier esebenzayo isebenza kwingingqi yomgca. Ukuba inqanaba elisezantsi{27}}lokumelana neFET likhethiwe, ukuhla kwamandla ombane akuyongxaki. Ngoko ke,

2. Constant Current Source Method

enokufezekiswa

2. Constant Current Source Method

Kwezi zibalo zingasentla, umahluko phakathi kwe-u₁ kunye ne-u₂ yi-voltage ye-terminal yebhetri, kwaye i-U₁ yi-voltage ephumayo ye-inverting operation amplifier circuit. Kulula ukubona ukuba i-diode ye-Zener edibeneyo kwimveliso ye-amplifier yokusebenza inikeza impendulo, igcina isiphaluka kwisimo esilungeleleneyo. V₀ ↑→ |Uz| ↓→ IL ↓→ |VR| ↓→ VI ↑→ |V₀| ↓. Apho i-V₀ yi-voltage ephumayo yeamplifier yokusebenza; I-VR yivoltheji yombane kwi-resistor R₁; kunye ne-VI yigalelo lombane ohlukeneyo we-amplifier yokusebenza, okt, VI=U₁ - U₂. Xa isekethe ikwi-equilibrium, VI=0. Isekethe yomthombo wangoku eqhubekayo inesakhiwo esilula, eyomeleleyo eqhelekileyo{9}}indlela yokwala isakhono, ukuchaneka okuphezulu, kunye nokusebenza okulungileyo.

I-amplifier yokusebenza yodwa licandelo lombane elikwaziyo ukwahlula ngombane imiqondiso ye-analog. Isetyenziswa ngokubanzi njenge-isolator kulawulo lwenkqubo yoshishino kunye namajelo osasazo odwa kwizixhobo ezahlukeneyo zokubonelela ngombane. Ngokuqhelekileyo iqulathe amacandelo amabini: icandelo legalelo kunye necandelo lemveliso. Ezi zinikwa amandla ngokwahlukeneyo kwaye zidityaniswa ludibaniso lwemagnethi. Isiginali ihlaziywa licandelo lokufaka, lidlula kwinqanaba lokuzihlukanisa, kwaye lihlanjululwe kwaye libuyiselwe licandelo lokuphuma. Ii-amplifiers ezisebenza zodwa zilungile kwiisekethe zokufumana iiseli zebhetri. Ziyahlukanisa igalelo le-terminal ye-terminal signal kwi-circuit, ngaloo ndlela ukuphepha ukuphazamiseka kwangaphandle kunye nokuphucula ukuchaneka kokufunyanwa kwenkqubo kunye nokuthembeka. Umzekelo wesicelo oqhelekileyo unikiwe ngezantsi.

Umzobo 8.8 ubonisa ukusetyenziswa kweamplifier yokusebenza yodwa kwi-600V inkqubo yokulawula ibhetri yamandla. Ipakethi yebhetri iqulathe iibhetri zeasidi ezingama-50 ezithe tyaba ezinomthamo olinganiselwe we-12V, kwaye amandla ombane etheminali azo afunyanwa nganye nganye ngesekethe yeamplifier esebenzayo eyedwa. I-ISO 122 sisixhobo sokukhulisa sodwa esiyilwe ngokumodareyitha kunye netekhnoloji yokuthomalalisa epakishwe nguBlack & Decker (BBB) eUnited States, isebenzisa itekhnoloji yokudibanisa i-capacitor echanekileyo kunye nesiqhelo esiphindwe kabini-kumgca ({9}}) solungiselelo lwephini (DIP). Amacandelo egalelo kunye nemveliso ye-ISO 122 abekwe kwisekethe yesampulu, ahlulwe ngamacapacitor amabini ahambelana ne-1pF enza umaleko wokuzihlukanisa. I-voltage elinganisiweyo yokwahlula inkulu kune-1500V (AC 60Hz eqhubekayo), ene-impedance ephezulu yokuzimela kunye nokuchaneka kwenzuzo ephezulu kunye nomgca, ngoko ke ihlangabezana neemfuno zesicelo esisebenzayo. Njengoko kuboniswe kwi-Figure 8.8, amandla okufakwa kwe-ISO 122 atsalwa kwi-pack yebhetri ezenzekelayo, kwaye isibonakaliso sokuphuma, esinobudlelwane bomgca kunye nayo, siphindaphindwe, emva koko sahlulwe ngokuzenzekelayo ngamacandelo amabini achanekileyo alawulwa yi-microcontroller ngaphambi kokuba ithunyelwe kwigalelo. Amandla aphumayo anikezelwa yimodyuli yonikezelo lwamandla kwibhodi yesiphaluka, kwaye i-voltage terminal yebhetri yodwa. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba kwi-terminal voltage acquisition circuit yebhetri ye-50, i-inverter yongezwa emva kwesekethe ye-amplifier yokusebenza eyedwa ukuguqula umqondiso wokuphuma kwi-negative ukuya kwi-positive. Kufuneka kwakhona kuphawulwe ukuba nangona isekethe yokufumana i-amplifier yokusebenza eyedwa inomsebenzi ogqwesileyo, iindleko zayo eziphezulu zithintele ukusetyenziswa kwayo ngokubanzi.

Xa usebenzisa i-voltage/frequency (V/F) yokuguqula isekethe ukuze ufumane i-voltage ye-cell cell, i-V/F converter ibalulekile. Licandelo eliguqula imiqondiso yamandla ombane abe ziimpawu zefrikhwensi, inika ukuchaneka okugqwesileyo, umgca, kunye negalelo elidityanisiweyo.

Figure 8-8 Application of an isolation operational amplifier in a 600V power battery pack management system

Umzobo 8-9 ubonisa iskimu sesekethe ye-LM331 V/F converter esetyenziselwa{5}}uguqulo oluchanekileyo lwe-V/F. I-LM331 yindawo ephezulu{7}}yokusebenza edityanisiweyo ye-V/F eyenziwe nguFS Microcontroller. Isebenzisa isekethe yereferensi ye-bandgap entsha ehlawulelwe ubushushu, ibonelela ngokuchaneka okuphezulu kakhulu kulo lonke uluhlu lobushushu obusebenzayo kunye nombane wobonelelo lwamandla ophantsi njenge-4.0V.

Figure 8-9 Circuit schematic of LM331 V/F converter used for high-precision V/F conversion

Kule ndlela yokufumana, isignali yamandla ombane iguqulelwa ngokuthe ngqo kwisignali yefrikhwensi, enokuthi emva koko iqhutywe yi-microcontroller's counter port ngaphandle kwesidingo se-A{0}}D ukuguqulwa. Ngaphaya koko, ukuxhasa isekethe yoguqulo ye-V/F kwinkqubo yokufumana amandla ombane weeseli zebhetri, iisekethe ezihambelanayo zokhetho kunye neesekethe zeamplifier ezisebenzayo nazo kufuneka ziyilwe ukufezekisa ukusebenza kokufunyanwa kwamatshaneli amaninzi. Le ndlela ibandakanya amacandelo ambalwa, kodwa i-voltage -i-oscillator elawulwayo iqulethe ii-capacitors, kwaye impazamo ehambelana nee-capacitors idla ngokuba nkulu, kunye nee-capacitors ezinkulu ezibonisa iimpazamo ezinkulu ngakumbi.

Umjikelo wokufumana umbane weseli yebhetri esekwe kumgca we-optocoupler uphumeza ukwahlukaniswa phakathi kwesiphelo sokufunyanwa komqondiso kunye nesiphelo sokusetyenzwa, ngaloo ndlela kuphuculwa uzinzo lwesekethi kunye-nokuphazamiseka kwamandla. Umzobo 8-10 ubonisa i-TIL300 yomgca we-optocoupler, equlathe i-photodiode yempendulo ekwanti ekhutshwe nge-infrared ukukhanya kwe-LED kunye ne-photodiode ephumayo. Itekhnoloji yenkqubo ekhethekileyo isetyenziselwa ukuhlawulela ukunganyaniseki kwexesha le-LED kunye neempawu zobushushu, ukwenza umqondiso wemveliso ulungelelane ngokuhambelana ne-servo flux ekhanyayo ekhutshwa yi-LED. I-TIL300 ine-peak isolation ye-3500V, i-bandwidth enkulu kune-200kHz, ilungele ukukhulisa okukodwa kwe-DC kunye ne-AC signals, kwaye ine-output gain gain stability ± 0.05% / degree. Njengoko kunokubonwa kumzobo, ixabiso le-voltage yeseli enye yebhetri (umahluko phakathi kwe-U1 kunye ne-U2) iguqulwa ibe yisignali yangoku ye-Ip nge-amplifier yokusebenza A kwaye ihamba nge-Optocoupler yomgca we-TIL300. Emva kwe-opto{18}}yokwahlulwa, ikhupha i-Ip2 yangoku edityaniswa ngokomda kwi-Ip1. Le yangoku iguqulelwa emva kwixabiso lombane nge-amplifier esebenzayo A2 ye-A{23}}D ukuguqulwa kunye nokufumana idatha. Kuyaphawuleka ukuba iziphelo ezibini ze-optocoupler yomgca zifuna izixhobo zamandla ezahlukeneyo ezizimeleyo, ezibhalwe I{20}}V kunye ne-±12V kumzobo. Oku kubonisa ukuba i-linear optocoupler amplifier circuit ayinayo kuphela into eyomeleleyo yokwahlula kunye{25}}nokuphazamiseka okunamandla kodwa ikwagcina umgca womgca we-analog ngexesha lothumelo. Ke ngoko, inokusetyenziswa ngokubambisana ne-relay arrays okanye i-gating circuits kwiinkqubo zokufumana ii-channel multi-channel. Nangona kunjalo, ukujikeleza kwayo kunzima, kwaye izinto ezininzi zinokuchaphazela ukuchaneka kwayo.

Figure 8-10 Schematic diagram of battery cell voltage acquisition circuit based on linear optocoupler TIL300

Ubushushu bokusebenza kwebhetri alichaphazeli kuphela ukusebenza kwebhetri kodwa likwanxulumene ngokuthe ngqo nokhuseleko lwezithuthi zombane. Ke ngoko, ukufumana iparamitha yobushushu echanekileyo kubalulekile. Ukufumana ubushushu akukho nzima; isitshixo kukukhetha isivamvo sobushushu esifanelekileyo. Okwangoku, uninzi lwezinzwa zobushushu ziyafumaneka, ezinje nge-thermistors, thermocouples, thermistor transistors, kunye nezinzwa zobushushu ezihlanganisiweyo.

Umgaqo wendlela yokufumana i-thermistor isekelwe kwimpawu yokuba ukuchasana kwe-thermistor kutshintsha kunye nobushushu. I-resistor esisigxina idityaniswe kuluhlu kunye ne-thermistor ukwenza i-voltage divider, ngaloo ndlela iguqula inqanaba lobushushu libe ngumqondiso we-voltage. Lo mqondiso uguqulelwa kulwazi lwedijithali lobushushu nge-analog-ukuya{3}}kuguqulelo lwedijithali. I-Thermistors ayibizi kakhulu kodwa inolungelelwano olubi kwaye ngokubanzi ineempazamo ezinkulu zokwenziwa kwemveliso.

Umgaqo osebenzayo we-thermocouple kukuba umzimba we-bimetallic uvelisa amandla ahlukeneyo e-thermoelectric kumaqondo okushisa ahlukeneyo. Ngokufumana eli xabiso le-thermoelectric elinokubakho, ixabiso lobushushu linokufumaneka ngokujonga itafile. Ekubeni ixabiso lexabiso le-thermoelectric lixhomekeke kuphela kwizinto eziphathekayo, ukuchaneka kwe-thermocouples kuphezulu kakhulu. Nangona kunjalo, njengoko amandla ombane e-thermoelectric ayimillivolt{3}}imiqondiso yenqanaba, ulwandiso luyafuneka, ukwenza i-circuitry complex yangaphandle. Ngokubanzi, iintsimbi zineendawo eziphezulu zokunyibilika, ngoko ke ii-thermocouples ziqhele ukusetyenziselwa imilinganiselo yobushushu obuphezulu-.

Njengoko umlinganiselo weqondo lokushisa uxhaphake kakhulu kubomi bemihla ngemihla kunye nemveliso, abavelisi be-semiconductor baye bazisa ezininzi izinzwa zokushisa ezidibeneyo. Ngelixa uninzi lwezi luvo zisekwe kwi-thermistors, zilinganiswe ngexesha lokuvelisa, okukhokelela ekuchanekeni okuthelekiswa ne-thermocouples. Ngaphaya koko, banokukhupha ngokuthe ngqo amaxabiso edijithali, bewenza ukuba afaneleke kakuhle-ukusetyenziswa kwiinkqubo zedijithali.

Iindlela eziqhelekileyo zokubona zangoku zibandakanya i-shunts, i-transformers, i-Hall effect sensors yangoku, kunye ne-fiber optic sensors.

Iimpawu zendlela nganye ziboniswa kwiThebhile 8-1.

Into	Shunt	Umtshintshi	IHolo Element yangoku yoVavanyo	Uluvo lweFiber Optic
Ilahleko yokuFaka	Ewe	Hayi	Hayi	Hayi
Ifomu yoLungiselelo	Kufuneka ifakwe kwisekethe engundoqo	Vula umngxuma, ukufikelela kweengcingo	Vula umngxuma, ukufikelela kweengcingo	-
Into yoMlinganiso	DC, AC, Pulse	AC	DC, AC, Pulse	DC, AC
Ukwahlulwa koMbane	Akukho Ukwahlulwa	Ukwanti	Ukwanti	Ukwanti
Ukusebenziseka lula	Ukwandiswa kwesignali encinci, kufuna ukulungiswa kwedwa	Ngokwentelekiso ilula ukuyisebenzisa	Kulula ukuyisebenzisa	-
Imeko yesicelo	Incinci yangoku, umlinganiselo wokulawula	Umlinganiselo we-AC, esweni igridi yamandla	Umlinganiselo wokulawula	Idla ngokusetyenziswa kwiinkqubo eziphezulu-zomlinganiselo wamandla ombane
Ixabiso	Phantsi ngokwentelekiso	Phantsi	Phezulu ngokomlinganiselo	Phezulu
iNqanaba lokuZalisa abantu abaninzi	Udumo	Udumo	Ngokwentelekiso edumileyo	Ayinyuswanga

Phakathi kwezi zinto, iindleko eziphezulu ze-fiber optic sensors zinciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwazo kwintsimi yokulawula; Ii-shunts ziphantsi-zixabiso kwaye zinempendulo entle rhoqo, kodwa kunzima ukuzisebenzisa njengoko kufuneka ziqhagamshelwe kwiluphu yangoku; abaguquli bangoku bangasetyenziselwa kuphela imilinganiselo ye-AC; kunye neeSensom zeHolo zangoku zibonelela ngokusebenza kakuhle kwaye kulula ukuzisebenzisa. Okwangoku, i-shunts kunye ne-Holo element ye-sensor zangoku zisetyenziswa kakhulu ekufumaneni kwangoku kunye nokubeka iliso kwiinkqubo zolawulo lwebhetri yemoto yombane.

Ngexesha lokusebenza kwesithuthi, ngenxa yeemeko ezintsonkothileyo zendlela kunye nemiba yendalo yokwenziwa kweebhetri, iimeko ezingxamisekileyo ezinjengomsi okanye umlilo zinokuthi zenzeke ngenxa yobushushu obugqithisileyo, ukucinezelwa, okanye ukungqubana. Ukuba ezi ziganeko azibonakali kwaye ziqwalaselwe ngokukhawuleza, ngokuqinisekileyo ziya kunyuka, zisongela iibhetri ezijikelezileyo, isithuthi, kunye nabasebenzi kwindawo yemithwalo, echaphazela kakhulu ukhuseleko lokusebenza kwesithuthi. Ukuthintela iziganeko ezinjalo, ukubeka iliso komsi kuye kwangeniswa kwiinkqubo zolawulo lwebhetri kwiminyaka yakutshanje kwaye ifumana ingqwalasela eyandayo.

Izivamvo zomsi zahlukene kwaye zingahlelwa ngokweendidi ezintathu ezingundoqo ngokusekwe kwimigaqo yazo yokubhaqa: ① Izivamvo zomsi ezisebenzisa iimpawu ze-physicochemical, ezifana ne-semiconductor yomsi we-semiconductor kunye ne-conbustion sensors zomsi wokutsha; ② Izinzwa zomsi ezisebenzisa iipropathi ezibonakalayo, ezifana nezinzwa zomsi ze-thermal conductivity, i-optical interference sensor sensors, kunye ne-infrared sensors; ③ Izivamvo zomsi ezisebenzisa iipropati ze-electrochemical, ezifana nezangoku-uhlobo lwezivamvo zomsi kunye ne-electromotive force{1}}uhlobo loluvo lwerhasi. Ngenxa yokuba izivamvo zomsi zahlukene, izinzwa zomsi ze-semiconductor azikwazi ukubona zonke iigesi. Ngoko ke, uhlobo oluthile lukhethwa ukufumana enye okanye ezimbini iintlobo ezithile zomsi. Umzekelo, i-oxide semiconductor umsi wezivamsi zisetyenziswa ikakhulu ukubona umsi we-hydrocarbon, kubandakanywa i-O₂, H₂S, CO, H₂, O₃H₂O, Cl₂, OH, CO₂, njl. SO₂, njl.

Xa izixhobo zomsi zisetyenziselwa iibhetri zamandla, ukhetho lwenzwa lufuna ukuqonda ukubunjwa komsi oveliswa kukutsha kwebhetri. Ngokuqhelekileyo, ukutsha kwebhetri kuvelisa inani elikhulu le-CO kunye ne-CO2, ngoko ke abenzi boluvo olunovelwano kwezi gesi zimbini kufuneka zikhethwe. Ulwakhiwo lwesixhobo soluvo kufuneka lulungelelaniswe neemeko zokungcangcazela zokusetyenziswa kwesithuthi ixesha elide{3}}ukunqanda ukubangela ubuxoki ngenxa yothuli lwendlela kunye nokungcangcazela.

Isixhobo se-alamu yomsi kwinkqubo yokulawula ibhetri yamandla kufuneka ifakwe kwi-console yomqhubi. Emva kokufumana isignali ye-alamu, kufuneka ikhuphe ngokukhawuleza i-alam evakalayo kunye neyobonwayo kunye nendawo enephutha, ukuqinisekisa ukuba umqhubi unokufumanisa ngokukhawuleza kwaye afumane isignali ye-alamu.

Umzekelo, inkqubo yealam yomsi esetyenziswa kwibhasi yombane yeOlimpiki, ephuhliswe ngokuyintloko yiBeijing Institute of Technology, isebenzisa inkqubo yebhetri enikwa amandla yi-9V alkaline okanye i-carbon -ibhetri ye-zinc, eqinisekisa ukusebenza kweeyure ezingama-24 eziqhelekileyo. Isignali ye-alamu inikwe amandla ebhetri ye-24V yesithuthi, enikezelwa ngokwahlukileyo ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuzimela kwenkqubo ye-alamu. Iialamu ezisasazwayo zibona ukuxinana komsi ngokusebenzisa izinzwa zomsi zangaphakathi. Xa umsi womsi ungaphantsi komda, umlawuli wangaphakathi we-alamu ubeka i-relay output ukuvula isiphaluka; xa ugxininiso lomsi ludlula umda, umlawuli wangaphakathi ubeka i-relay output kwi-short circuit, ngokukhawuleza udweba +24 unikezelo lwamandla e-V kwiphaneli yokubonisa ukwenza isiphaluka se-alarm kunye ne-24V yombane kwiphaneli yokubonisa, ikhupha isignali ye-alarm evakalayo kunye nebonwayo. Ubume benkqubo buboniswe kuMfanekiso 8-11.

Figure 8-11 Vehicle Smoke Alarm System Structure