Iibhetri zeLithium zeMoto zenziwa kwihlabathi liphela

car lithium battery

Ukuveliswa kwebhetri ye-lithium yemoto kwenzeka kumazwekazi amaninzi, kunye nezixhobo ezikhethekileyo ezivelisa iiseli, iimodyuli, kunye neepakethi zebhetri ezipheleleyo zezithuthi zombane. I-China ilawula malunga ne-75% yemoto yehlabathi jikelele ye-lithium yokuvelisa ibhetri, ilandelwa nguMzantsi Korea, eJapan, kunye nokusebenza ngokukhawuleza eYurophu naseMntla Melika. Iindawo ezinkulu zemveliso ziquka i-Asia (i-China, i-South Korea, i-Japan), i-Yurophu (i-Jamani, i-Poland, i-Hungary), kunye ne-Mntla Melika (e-United States, e-Canada), kunye neendawo ezikhulayo kwi-Asia-mpuma ye-Asia kunye ne-Morocco. Ishishini livelise iiyure ezingama-894.4 zegigawatt{5}}ngo-2024, lixhasa ngaphezulu kwe-17 yezigidi zeentengiso zezithuthi zombane kwihlabathi jikelele.

Ishishini lehlabathi le-lithium yebhetri yemoto isebenza ngothungelwano lwezixhobo ezikhethekileyo zokuvelisa ezigxininiswe kwimimandla enamacandelo anamandla eemoto kunye nenkxaso karhulumente. I-China igcina esona sabelo sikhulu kunye neenkampani ezifana ne-CATL kunye ne-BYD ezilawula imveliso edibeneyo malunga ne-55% yemarike yehlabathi. Aba bavelisi basebenzisa amaziko amakhulu kwizixeko ezinjengeNingde, iShanghai, kunye neChongqing, apho amakhonkco obonelelo adibeneyo avumela ukukalwa ngokukhawuleza.

UMzantsi Korea kunye neJapan banegalelo malunga ne-28% yonikezelo lwebhetri yehlabathi ngeenkampani eziquka i-LG Energy Solution, i-SK On, i-Samsung SDI, kunye ne-Panasonic. Abavelisi baseKorea babenoburhalarhume ekusekeni amaziko aphesheya kweelwandle, aphantse abe ngama-400 egigawatt{3}}iiyure zesakhono semveliso yamazwe ngamazwe xa kuthelekiswa ne-China's 30 GWh kunye ne-Japan's 60 GWh phesheya.

IYurophu iye yavela njengommandla wesithathu omkhulu wokuvelisa, kunye neJamani ekhokelayo kwi-262 GWh umthamo oqikelelweyo ngo-2030. I-Tesla's Gigafactory Berlin, i-CATL's Thuringia plant, kunye nentsebenziswano eyahlukeneyo kunye nabavelisi baseKorea baguqula ilizwekazi ukusuka kumthengisi webhetri ukuya kumlimi obalulekileyo. I-Poland ibamba indawo ye-LG's Wrocław, ngoku iyeyona mveliso yebhetri inkulu eYurophu esebenza ngama-70 GWh ngezicwangciso zokwandisa ukuya kwi-115 GWh. I-Hungary iphuhlisa ibe yindawo ebalulekileyo enezixhobo ezivela kwi-CATL (eyakhiwayo), i-SK On, kunye ne-Samsung, igalelo elilindelekileyo le-210 GWh ekupheleni kweminyaka elishumi.

Imveliso yaseMntla Melika ifumana ukwanda okukhawulezayo okuqhutywa yinkuthazo yoMthetho wokuNcitshiswa kwexabiso lentengo. I-United States inyuke ukusuka kwi-44 GWh ngo-2021 ukuya kwi-91 GWh elindelekileyo ngo-2025, kunye nezityalo ezitsha ze-13 ezicwangcisiweyo kwiminyaka emihlanu. Izibonelelo ezinkulu ziquka i-Tesla's Nevada Gigafactory (isebenzisana nePanasonic), i-Ford's Michigan complex (esebenzisa iteknoloji yeCATL), kunye ne-GM's joint ventures kunye ne-LG Energy Solution eKentucky naseTennessee.

I-CATL (i-Contemporary Amperex Technology Co. Limited) isebenza ngezityalo ezilishumi elinesithathu zokuvelisa ibhetri emhlabeni jikelele kwaye igcine indawo yayo njengomthengisi omkhulu kwi-2024 kunye ne-339.3 GWh efakwe kwizithuthi zombane. Inkampani ibonelela ngazo zonke ii-automaker eziphambili ezibandakanya iTesla, iVolkswagen, iBMW, iMercedes-iBenz, kunye neFord. Isicwangciso sokuvelisa se-CATL sigxininisa ukuhlanganiswa ngokuthe nkqo, kunye notyalo-mali olusuka kwi-lithium extraction kwiPhondo laseQinghai ukuya kwimveliso yezinto ze-cathode kunye nendibano yokugqibela yeeseli. Ukwandiswa kwenkampani kumazwe ngamazwe kubandakanya izibonelelo zokusebenza eJamani (ukususela ngo-2023), phantsi{8}}kwezityalo zokwakha e-Hungary (ekulindeleke ngo-2025), kunye namashishini adibeneyo e-Spain nase-Indonesia axabisa i-5 yeebhiliyoni zeedola.

I-BYD ikwindawo yesibini nge-153.8 GWh ngo-2024, ikhula nge-38.5% ngonyaka{3}enyakeni{4}. Ngokungafaniyo ne-CATL, i-BYD ngokuyintloko ibonelela ngemveliso yemoto yayo kodwa isanda kubathengi bangaphandle ukusukela ngo-2021, ifumana izivumelwano neToyota, iQela le-FAW, kunye ne-BAIC. Itekhnoloji yeBetri yeBlade yenkampani, esekwe kwi-lithium iron phosphate chemistry, ifezekisa i-50% yokusetyenziswa kwendawo engcono kuneebhetri zeLFP eziqhelekileyo ngelixa igcina iimpawu zokhuseleko ezongeziweyo.

I-LG Energy Solution ibonelela nge-121.4 GWh kwihlabathi jikelele, isebenzela iTesla, iHyundai, iGeneral Motors, iFord, kunye neVolkswagen. Umenzi waseMzantsi Korea usebenzisa elona shishini likhulu ehlabathini elise-Wrocław, ePoland, kwaye ugcina i-odolo esemva eyi-217 yeebhiliyoni zeerandi eyandisa iminyaka kwixesha elizayo. Ulwandiso lwakutsha nje lubandakanya amaziko eMichigan (kunye neGM) kunye neziza ezongezelelweyo zaseMntla Melika ukunceda imarike yase-US ekhulayo.

I-Panasonic igcina ukudibanisa okunzulu kunye nokusebenza kukaTesla, ngokukodwa kwiifomathi zeeseli ze-cylindrical. Intsebenziswano kwi-Nevada's Gigafactory ivelisa zombini iiseli ze-2170 zeModel 3 / Y kunye neeseli ezintsha ze-4680 zeelori zeTesla Semi. Ngaphandle komnyaka we-18%-ngaphezu{7}}unyaka wehla ukuya kwi-35 GWh ngo-2024, iPanasonic ilindele ukuphinda ifumane isabelo semarike ngokwandisa imveliso ye-4680, enikezela ngamandla aphezulu kunye nokunciphisa iindleko zokwenza.

Inkqubo yokwenziwa kwebhetri ifuna ikhonkco lonikezelo elintsonkothileyo, elisasazwe ngokwejografi eliqala ngokutsalwa kwemathiriyeli ekrwada kwaye liqhubele phambili ngezigaba ezininzi zokucokisa. I-China ilawula malunga ne-90% yemveliso ye-cathode esebenzayo kunye ne-97% yemathiriyeli ye-anode emhlabeni jikelele. I-Korea ithatha i-9% yomthamo we-cathode, kunye ne-Japan kwi-3%, okwenza la mazwe mathathu angabinakuthathelwa indawo kumakhonkco okubonelela ngehlabathi.

Iikhemistri zebhetri ezahlukeneyo zifuna amakhonkco obonelelo ahlukeneyo. I-China ibamba phantse i-100% ye-lithium iron phosphate (LFP) umthamo wokuvelisa kunye ne-75% ye-nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC) umthamo. Olu lawulo lunwenwela kwizinto ezandulelayo, apho amaziko aseTshayina enza i-lithium carbonate, i-cobalt sulfate, kunye ne-nickel sulfate kwiikhemikhali zodidi lwebhetri{4}. Ugxininiso ludala zombini iinzuzo ezisebenzayo kunye nokuba semngciphekweni kwekhonkco lobonelelo oorhulumente baseNtshona bajongana nabo ngenkuthalo ngamaphulo ohlukeneyo.

I-Indonesia iye yavela njengeyona ndawo ibalulekileyo kwikhonkco lokubonelela nge-nickel, equlathe isiqingatha soovimba behlabathi be-nickel basemigodini. Indawo yokuqala yokuvelisa ibhetri ye-EV yelizwe yaqala ukusebenza ngo-2024, kunye ne-CATL yeebhiliyoni ezi-5 zeerandi zotyalo-mali eziqhuba imveliso yecandelo lasekhaya le-graphite anode kunye nemathiriyeli ye-cathode. I-Morocco ibonise amandla afanayo kunye noovimba be-phosphate abakhulu behlabathi, abayimfuneko kwiibhetri ze-LFP, kudityaniswe nokuveliswa kweemoto kunye nezivumelwano zorhwebo zasimahla kunye ne-EU kunye ne-United States. Ngaphezulu kwe-15 yeebhiliyoni zeedola kutyalo-mali lwenxalenye yebhetri yabhengezwa apho ngo-2022.

I-Australia ilawula imveliso ye-lithium enyukayo, inikezela malunga nesiqingatha se-lithium yehlabathi njenge-spodumene concentrate ukusuka{0}}kumsebenzi onzima wemigodi yamatye. Umgodi weGreenbushes wedwa, osebenza nguTalison Lithium, uvelise iitoni ze-798,000 ze-spodumene concentrate kunyaka-mali we-2024-2025. Imisebenzi yaseChile ikhupha i-lithium kwiidiphozithi ze-brine, kunye nemveliso efikelela kwi-49,000 yeetoni ze-metric ngo-2024.

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Ishishini lifumene utshintsho olubalulekileyo olubhekiselele kwikhemistri ye-lithium iron phosphate, ngoku ebalelwa ngaphezulu kwe-40% yomthamo webhetri ye-EV yehlabathi, ngaphezulu kokuphindwe kabini isabelo sayo sika-2020. Olu tshintsho lugxile e-China, apho isibini{3}}sesithathu sentengiso ye-EV ngo-2023 sasebenzisa iibhetri ze-LFP. Uncedo oluphambili lwekhemistri luzindleko{6}}imveliso ye-LFP iqhuba malunga ne-20% ngexabiso eliphantsi kunezinye iindlela ze-NMC ngelixa ibonelela ngozinzo oluphezulu lobushushu kunye nobomi bomjikelo omde. Iindleko zemveliso zehle zaya kutsho kwi-$55-60 ngekilowatt-yure nganye ukusukela ngoSeptemba ka-2024.

Ukwamkelwa kukaTesla kubonisa ukwamkelwa okukhulayo kwekhemistri ngaphaya kweTshayina. Inkampani isebenzise iibhetri ze-LFP kwi-30% yemveliso yayo ngo-2022, isuka kwi-20% ngo-2021, malunga nesiqingatha sezithuthi zayo zehlabathi ngoku zisebenzisa obu buchwepheshe. Phantse konke ukusetyenziswa kwe-LFP ye-Tesla kwenzeka e-Shanghai{6}}izithuthi ezenziweyo, nangona inkampani iseka imveliso ye-LFP yasekhaya e-Nevada isebenzisa izixhobo ezivela kwi-CATL ukuthobela iimfuno ze-Inflation Reduction Act.

Iibhetri ze-NMC zihlala zilawula kwiimarike zaseYurophu naseMntla Melika ngaphandle kweendleko eziphezulu, ziqhutywa ziimfuno eziphezulu zoxinano lwamandla kwiimoto ezinkulu kunye noluhlu olude. I-chemistry ifuna i-nickel, i-cobalt, kunye ne-manganese kwimilinganiselo eyahlukeneyo, kunye neendlela zamva nje ezithanda umxholo we-nickel ophezulu (i-NMC 811) ukunciphisa ukuxhomekeka kwe-cobalt kunye nokuphucula ubuninzi bamandla. Ubunzima bokuvelisa bunyuka ngomxholo ophezulu we-nickel, kodwa ukuphuculwa koxinano lwamandla kwi-10-15% kulungelelanisa inkqubo eyongezelelweyo yolawulo olufunekayo.

Itekhnoloji yesodium-iyoni imele enye into ekhulayo, enemizi-mveliso ephantse ibe ngama-30 esebenzayo okanye ephantsi kolwakhiwo kwihlabathi jikelele, ikakhulu e-China, engaphezulu komthamo we-GWh we-100. Iibhetri ze-CATL zesodium-ze-ion zibiza malunga ne-30% ngaphantsi kwe-LFP elinganayo kodwa zihambisa uxinano lwamandla asezantsi (75-160 Wh/kg xa kuthelekiswa ne-120-260 Wh/kg ye-lithium{11}} ion). Oku kubeka isodiyam{13}}iyoni kwizithuthi zasedolophini zomgangatho wokungena kunye nogcino olumileyo kunee-premium ze-EV ezifuna uluhlu oluphezulu. I-BYD ibhengeze imodeli ye-Seagull isebenzisa iibhetri ze-sodium-ion kunye ne-300 km ububanzi kwi-11,600 yeedola, ebonisa ukusebenza korhwebo lwetekhnoloji.

Umthamo wokwenziwa kweebhetri zehlabathi ufikelele kwiiyure ezi-3-zeterawatt ngo-2024, neeprojekthi ezibhengeziweyo ezinokuliphinda kathathu eli nani ngo-2029 ukuba ziphunyeziwe ngokupheleleyo. Nangona kunjalo, imveliso yokwenyani ibambezela kakhulu umthamo ofakiweyo ngenxa yeemfuno ezahlukeneyo kunye nemiceli mngeni yokusebenza kakuhle. Umsantsa phakathi komthamo we-nameplate kunye nesiphumo sokwenyani sidala amandla emarike antsonkothileyo apho ukubonelela ngokugqithisileyo kunye nokunqongophala kunokuhlalisana kuyo yonke imimandla eyahlukeneyo kunye neentlobo zekhemistri.

Amaxabiso epakethi yebhetri ehle ngaphantsi kwe $100 ngekilowatt-ngeyure nganye ngo-2024, enqumla umda obalulekileyo apho iimoto zombane zifikelela kwixabiso elilinganayo kunye neenjini zokutsha zangaphakathi ngaphandle kwenkxaso. Amaxabiso e-China ehle phantse nge-30% ngo-2024, afikelela kumanqanaba angama-30% asezantsi kuneYurophu kunye ne-20% ngaphantsi kuMntla Melika. Lo mahluko wamaxabiso engingqi ubonakalisa iyantlukwano kwiindleko zabasebenzi, amaxabiso ombane, ukudityaniswa kwekhonkco lokubonelela, kunye nesikali sokwenziwa kwemveliso.

Ukuhla kulandele amaxabiso e-lithium ehla ngaphezu kwe-85% ukusuka kwincopho yabo ka-2022, nangona amaxabiso ahlala malunga ne-50% ngaphezu kwe-2015{5}} i-avareji ye-2020. I-Cobalt, igraphite, kunye namaxabiso e-manganese ehle ngaphantsi kwe-avareji yeminyaka emihlanu ngasekupheleni kuka-2023, igalelo elithe ngqo kwi-14% yokunciphisa ixabiso lebhetri phakathi kuka-2022 kunye no-2023.

Amazinga okusetyenziswa kwemveliso ahluka kakhulu ngommandla kunye nekhemistri. Abavelisi baseTshayina beebhetri ze-LFP basebenza kufutshane ne-85% yokusetyenziswa kwamandla, bexhaswa yimfuno eqinile yasekhaya kunye neemarike ezithumela ngaphandle. Amaziko aseYurophu naseMelika eebhetri ze-NMC zihlala zisebenza kwi-50-70% yokusetyenziswa njengoko iimarike ze-EV zasekhaya zisilela ukuhlangabezana noqikelelo olunobundlavini lokwandiswa. Lo mahluko ukhokelele ukuba abanye abavelisi balibazise okanye barhoxise ukongezwa komthamo okucwangcisiweyo, ngakumbi eYurophu apho ukuthengiswa kwe-EV ka-2024 kuye kwanda phakathi kokwehliswa kwenkxaso-mali eJamani naseFransi.

Ukuwela -ilayisensi yobuchwepheshe bemida kunye namaphulo adibeneyo ayinto eqhelekileyo njengoko abavelisi befuna ukhuseleko lwebhetri ngelixa abavelisi befuna ukufikelela kwimarike. Ford's $3.5 billion imboni yebhetri yeMichigan ingumzekelo wale modeli, isebenzisa ubuchwepheshe beCATL phantsi kwelayisenisi ngelixa igcina ubunini obugcweleyo ukuthobela iimfuno zesiqulatho sasekhaya sase-US. Ulungiselelo luvumela iFord ukuba ivelise iiseli zeLFP ngaphandle kokubandakanyeka ngokuthe ngqo kwenkampani yaseTshayina, ijongana neenkxalabo zezopolitiko ngelixa ifikelela kwimveliso eqinisekisiweyo yazi{4}}njani.

Indlela kaTesla idibanisa -kuphuhliso lwendlu kunye nentsebenziswano ecwangcisiweyo yababoneleli. Inkampani iyila iipakethi zebhetri kwaye ivelisa iiseli zayo ze-cylindrical (ifomati ye-4680), ngelixa ifuna iiseli ze-LFP zeprismatic ezivela kwi-CATL kunye ne-BYD, kunye neeseli ze-NMC ze-cylindrical ezivela kwi-Panasonic kunye ne-LG. Le multi-icebo lemithombo ibonelela ngezemichiza bhetyebhetye, ukwahlukana ngokwejografi, kunye nokukhuphisana kwamaxabiso. Ukwandiswa kwendawo ye-Tesla ye-Nevada ibandakanya umgca we-10 GWh we-LFP wokuvelisa usebenzisa izixhobo ze-CATL ezingasebenziyo, ebonisa ukuba ukuhanjiswa kweteknoloji kwenzeka njani ngokuthengiswa kwezixhobo kunokuba intsebenziswano yokuvelisa ngokuthe ngqo.

Abavelisi baseYurophu baya belandela amashishini adibeneyo kunye nabenzi bebhetri baseAsia ukukhawulezisa imveliso yasekhaya. I-Automotive Cells Company (ACC), intsebenziswano phakathi kweStellantis, Mercedes{1}}Benz, kunye neTotalEnergies, ijonge ukwakha umthamo webhetri kulo lonke elaseFransi, eJamani, nase-Itali. I-Northvolt, eyasekwa ngabaphathi be-Tesla bangaphambili, ikhusele ngaphezu kwe-15 yeebhiliyoni zeerandi kwinkxaso-mali yokwakha i-150 GWh yomthamo ngo-2030 usebenzisa iindlela zokuvelisa ezizinzileyo kunye nezinto ezihlaziyiweyo. Inkampani imele awona mabhongo ebhetri elona linge laseYurophu, nangona ikhuphisana ngokuchasene nabavelisi baseAsia abasele benamashumi eminyaka yamava kunye namaphepha ebhalansi anamandla.

Abavelisi baseKorea basebenza ngokwahlukileyo, beseka ngokupheleleyo-amaziko angaphesheya kweelwandle kunoshishino oludibeneyo. Iplanti ye-LG Energy Solution's Poland kunye notyalo-mali lwe-SK On kulo lonke elase-United States lugcina ubunini obugcweleyo baseKorea ngelixa besebenzela iimarike zengingqi. Esi sicwangciso-qhinga sibonelela ngolawulo olukhulu kwipropathi enomgangatho ophezulu wokuqonda kunye neenkqubo zokuvelisa kodwa sifuna izibophelelo ezinkulu zenkunzi kwaye samkele imingcipheko ephezulu yokusebenza.

Umgaqo-nkqubo wezoShishino uye waba sembindini wezigqibo zendawo yokwenziwa kweebhetri njengoko oorhulumente beqaphela ukubaluleka kobuchule beteknoloji kukhuphiswano lweemoto kunye nokhuseleko lwamandla. UMthetho wokuNcitshiswa kwexabiso lentengo eUnited States ubonelela ukuya kuthi ga kwi-7,500 yeedola kwiikhredithi zerhafu zabathengi kwii-EVs ezihlangabezana neemfuno zomxholo wasekhaya, ugunyazisa ngokukodwa ukuba i-50% yamacandelo ebhetri enziwe eMntla Melika kwaye ingabandakanyi izinto ezivela "kumaziko angaphandle axhalabileyo" (ikakhulukazi iinkampani zaseTshayina). La malungiselelo aqalise ngaphezulu kwe-70 yeebhiliyoni zeedola ekubhengezweni kutyalo-mali lwebhetri yase-US ukusukela ngo-2022.

Indlela yaseYurophu igxininisa ukwakhiwa kweendlela ezidibeneyo zokubonelela ngengingqi ngokusebenzisa i-European Battery Alliance, ijolise kwi-500 GWh yomthamo wemveliso yonyaka ngo-2030. Isicwangciso sibandakanya i-6.1 yeebhiliyoni zeebhiliyoni kuncedo lukarhulumente kwiiprojekthi ezininzi, kunye neJamani, iFransi, kunye ne-Italy ekhokela utyalo-mali. Nangona kunjalo, abavelisi baseYurophu bajongana nokungalungi kweendleko malunga ne-20% ngokuchasene nabakhuphisana baseTshayina nangaphambi kokuba bathathele ingqalelo imathiriyeli ekrwada kunye nokwahluka kolungiselelo. I-EU's Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism, ephunyezwe ngo-2023, yongeza ubunzima ngokufuna iibhetri ukuba zihlangabezane nemigangatho yokukhupha izinto ezikhutshwayo, ezinokuthi zithintele ukuthengwa kwempahla kwamanye amazwe ukusuka kumalahle{7}}egridi zamandla anzima.

Ulawulo lwebhetri yaseTshayina lusukela kumgaqo-nkqubo wezoshishino olungelelanisiweyo othatha amashumi amabini eminyaka. Inkxaso-mali karhulumente, iimali-mboleko ezikhethekileyo, kunye nezigunyaziso ezifuna ukuba abavelisi beemoto bamanye amazwe basebenzise iibhetri zaseTshayina kwiintengiso zasekhaya zenze urhwebo olukhulu lwasekhaya oluvumela abavelisi ukuba bafikelele kuqoqosho olungenakuthelekiswa nanto. I-CATL iyodwa ifumene inkxaso-mali eninzi yenkampani yaseTshayina kunayo nayiphi na enye inkampani ukusuka ngo-2023 ukuya phambili, ixhasa ngemali imijikelo yeR&D ekhawulezayo kunye nolwando oluqatha lwamazwe ngamazwe. Ukusukela ngoSeptemba ka-2024, le nkxaso karhulumente iyaqhubeka nangona ishishini lixhomile.

Ukruthakruthwano ngokwemo yezopolitiko luyanda ukubumba izigqibo zemveliso. ISebe lezoKhuselo laseMelika longeze i-CATL kuluhlu lwayo "lweenkampani zasemkhosini zaseTshayina" ngoJanuwari 2025, inqanda izivumelwano zokhuselo kunye nemibutho esebenzisa iimveliso zeCATL. Abenzi bomthetho base-US bacebise ukongeza i-CATL ukungenisa izintlu ezivaliweyo phantsi koMthetho we-Uyghur Forced Labor Prevention Act, nangona inkampani iphika zonke izityholo zokunyanzeliswa komsebenzi kwiintambo zayo zokubonelela. Ezi ntshukumo, zidityaniswe nezindululo zolawulo lukaTrump malunga neerhafu ezinokufikelela kwi-150%, zityhala abavelisi baseTshayina ukuba baseke amaziko emveliso kwiimarike ekujoliswe kuzo kunokuthumela ngaphandle iibhetri ezigqityiweyo.

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Ukwenziwa kweeseli zebhetri kubandakanya inkitha yamanyathelo achanekileyo afuna indawo engqongileyo elawulwa ngononophelo nolwazi lwenkqubo yobunini ethatha iminyaka ukuphuhla. Inkqubo iqala ngokuxuba izixhobo ze-electrode zibe yi-slurries, zigqunywe kwiifoyile zetsimbi (ubhedu lwe-anodes, i-aluminium ye-cathodes), kwaye ucinezele ukufezekisa ubukhulu obuchanekileyo kunye nobuninzi. Ezi electrode ke ziyasikwa, zipakishwe okanye zilinyazwe ngezahluli, zifakwe kwiiseli zeeseli, zizaliswe nge-electrolyte, zitywinwe, kwaye zixhomekeke kwimijikelo yokwakheka eseka ukusebenza kokuqala kwe-electrochemical.

Iseli yeCATL{0}}ukuya{1}}ukupakisha (CTP) indlela isusa umaleko wemodyuli yemveli, ibeka iiseli ngqo kwiipakethi zebhetri. Le ndlela yokwandisa ukusetyenziswa komthamo nge-15-20%, iphinda kabini ukusebenza kakuhle kwemveliso ngokunciphisa amanyathelo okuhlanganisa, kwaye inciphisa ukubalwa kwecandelo ngama-40%. Uxinzelelo lwamandla lutsiba ukusuka kwi-140-150 Wh/kg ukuya kwi-200 Wh/kg kwinqanaba lepakethe, ukuguqulela ngokuthe ngqo kuluhlu olwandisiweyo lwesithuthi okanye ubungakanani obuncitshisiweyo bebhetri ngokusebenza okufanayo. Ibhetri ye-CTP 3.0 "Qilin" yenkampani kuthiwa ifikelela kwi-13% umthamo ophezulu kuneeseli ze-Tesla ze-4680.

Ifomati yeseli ye-Tesla ye-4680 imele indlela entsha entsha, ukwandisa i-cylindrical cell diameter ukusuka kwi-21mm ukuya kwi-46mm kunye nobude ukuya kwi-80mm. Ifomathi enkulu icutha iindleko zokwenziwa ngekilowatt-ngeyure ngokwenza lula ukudityaniswa (iiseli ezimbalwa ezifunekayo kwipakethi nganye) kwaye iphucule ukulahla ubushushu. Uyilo lwe-electrode yetafile inciphisa ukuchasana kwangaphakathi, ivumela ukutshaja ngokukhawuleza kunye nokukhutshwa kwamandla aphezulu. U-Tesla ubanga ukuphuculwa kwamandla oku-5x, ukunyuka kwamandla e-6x, kunye ne-16% yokuphuculwa koluhlu xa kuthelekiswa neeseli ze-2170, nangona ukufezekisa ezi nkcukacha kwimiqulu yemveliso kuye kwabonakala kungumngeni.

I-electrode coating eyomileyo, ephuhliswa nguTesla kunye nabanye, iphelisa amandla{0}}inyathelo lokumisa isinyibilikisi esinzulu kwimveliso yemveli. Ukugquma okumanzi kwangoku kufuna ukusetyenziswa kwe-electrode slurries equlethe izinyibilikisi (ngokuqhelekileyo i-N{2}}Methyl-2-pyrrolidone), emva koko ikhuphe ezo zinyibilikisi kwii-oveni ezinkulu ezitya amandla abalulekileyo kunye nendawo yasefektri. Ukugquma okomileyo kusebenzisa izinto zomgubo ngokuthe ngqo, ezinokuthi zinciphise iindleko zenkunzi nge-10-20% kunye nokusetyenziswa kwamandla ukuya kuma-30%. Nangona kunjalo, ukuphumeza umgangatho othelekisayo we-electrode kunye nezantya zokuvelisa kuhlala kunzima, kunciphisa ukuthunyelwa kwezorhwebo.

Ulawulo lomgangatho luzisa imingeni ekhulayo njengoko abavelisi bekhula ngokukhawuleza. Kwanokwahluka okuncinci kubukhulu be-electrode, ukuhanjiswa kwamasuntswana, okanye ukuzaliswa kwe-electrolyte kunokudala iiseli ezineempawu ezahlukeneyo zokusebenza ngaphakathi kwebhetshi enye. Njengoko iipakethi zebhetri zinekhulu leeseli ekufuneka zisebenze ngokufanayo kumawaka emijikelo yentlawulo, abavelisi baphumeza iiprothokholi zovavanyo olubanzi oluquka uhlolo lwe-X-reyi, ukuhlolwa kokusebenza kombane, kunye nokwandayo, i-AI{3}}yokubona isiphene esinamandla. Abavelisi baseKorea bagxininisa ngakumbi umgangatho ngaphezu kokukhula kwamandla ekrwada, bazibeka njengababoneleli beprimiyamu nangona iindleko eziphezulu.