Yintoni i-Over charging?

Ukutshaja okugqithisileyo kwenzeka xa ibhetri ifumana amandla ombane angaphaya komthamo wayo uphezulu, nto leyo ebangela ukuba amandla ombane agqithe kwimida yokusebenza ekhuselekileyo. Ngeebhetri ze-lithium-ze-ion{2}}etshajwayo iiseli ezisebenzisa i-elektronikhi ezininzi zala maxesha ngokuhambisa i-lithium ion phakathi kwe-electrode{3}ukutshaja kakhulu kwenzeka xa amandla ombane angaphezulu kwe-4.2V ngeseli, ebangela ukwanda kobushushu, ukuthotywa kweekhemikhali, kunye nokubaleka kwe-thermal.

Ukuqonda ukuba yintoni ibhetri ye-lithium ion idinga ukujonga isakhiwo sayo esisisiseko kunye nokusebenza. I-lithium -ibhetri ye-ion sisixhobo sogcino samandla esitshangekayo kwakhona esenza umbane ngokuhambisa i-lithium ion phakathi kwee-electrode ezimbini-i-cathode (positive) kunye ne-anode (negative){3}}ngolwelo lwe-electrolyte. Ezi bhetri zilawula ii-elektroniki zanamhlanje kuba zipakisha amandla abalulekileyo kwiipakethi ezincinci, ezikhaphukhaphu ngelixa zixhasa amakhulu emijikelo yokutshaja kwakhona.

Amacandelo asisiseko asebenza kunye kumdaniso ochanekileyo. I-cathode iqulethe i-lithium metal oxides njenge-lithium cobalt oxide okanye i-lithium iron phosphate. I-anode iqulethe i-graphite carbon layers ezinokuthi zifake i-ion ze-lithium phakathi kwamaphepha abo e-athomu. I-membrane yokwahlula ikhusela ukudibana ngokuthe ngqo phakathi kwe-electrode ngelixa ivumela i-ion passage. I-electrolyte{4}}idla ngokuba yityuwa ye-lithium enyibilikiswa kwizinyibilikisi zezinto eziphilayo{5}}iqhuba ii-ion kodwa hayi ii-electron.

Ngexesha lokukhutshwa, ii-ion ze-lithium zihamba ukusuka kwi-anode nge-electrolyte ukuya kwi-cathode, ngelixa ii-electron zihamba ngesekethe yangaphandle inika amandla isixhobo sakho. Ukutshaja kuyayibuyisela umva le nkqubo: amandla angaphandle aqhuba ii-ion emva kwe-anode yokugcina. Oku kubuyiselwa umva kwenza amawaka eentlawulo{2}}zemijikelo yokukhupha phambi kokuba umthamo wehle kakhulu.

Le nkqubo intle icacisa ukuba kutheni i-lithium-itekhnoloji ye-ion inika amandla yonke into ukusuka kwii-smartphone ukuya kwizithuthi zombane. Ubunzima beatom yokukhanya be-lithium bubonelela ngamandla amakhulu oxinaniso -ngokuqhelekileyo nge-150-250 Wh/kg xa kuthelekiswa ne-30-50 Wh/kg yeebhetri ze-asidi yelothe. I-voltage ye-nominal ye-3.6-3.7V ngeseli ithetha iiseli ezimbalwa ezifunekayo kwi-voltage enikeziweyo, ukunciphisa ubunzima kunye nobunzima.

Nangona kunjalo, le chemistry yenza ukuba iibhetri ze-lithium{0}} zibe namandla zizenza zibe sesichengeni sokutshaja kakhulu.

Iibhetri zeLithium -zinika amandla ezona zixhobo zale mihla ngokusabela kweekhemikhali ezibuyiselwa umva ezihambisa i-ion ze-lithium phakathi kwee-electrode. Xa ibhetri ihlawulisa ngokuqhelekileyo, i-ion ze-lithium zihamba ukusuka kwi-cathode ukuya kwi-anode kwaye zizifake kwisakhiwo segraphite. Le nkqubo igcina amandla ngokukhuselekileyo ngaphakathi kwemida yombane eyiliweyo.

Ngexesha lokutshaja, iindlela ezininzi eziwonakalisayo ziyasebenza. Ukunyuka kwamandla ombane kudlule i-4.2V kuxhokonxa i-lithium plating{2}}idiphozithi yesinyithi ye-lithium yenze kumphezulu we-anode kunokuba idibane ngokufanelekileyo kwigraphite. Ezi diphozithi zenza inaliti{4}}njengezakhiwo ezibizwa ngokuba zii-dendrites ezinokugqobhoza i-membrane yokwahlula phakathi kwee-electrode, ezikhokelela kwiisekethe ezimfutshane zangaphakathi.

Uphando olusuka ku-2024 lubonisa ukuba i-overcharging iyakhawuleza xa amaqondo obushushu ehla. Kwi-degree-10, ukuchasana kwangaphakathi kuyanda kakhulu, okwenza ukuba imida yombane ibe lula ukwaphula kunye nemisinga yokutshaja eqhelekileyo. Olunye uphononongo olubhalwe iibhetri ezihlawuliswe kwi-0.2C kunye ne-1C amazinga kumaqondo obushushu aphantsi, ukufumanisa ukuba ukutshaja okuncinci kuvelise iibhulukhwe ezimfutshane zangaphakathi kunye ne-corrosion yangoku yomqokeleli kwiiveki kuneenyanga.

I-cathode ifumana ipateni yayo yokuthotywa. Ukukhutshwa kwe-lithium ngokugqithiseleyo kwizinto ze-cathode ezifana ne-lithium cobalt oxide kubangela ukuwa kwesakhiwo, ukukhulula i-oksijini ekhawulezisa ukubola kwe-electrolyte. Le cascade ivelisa ubushushu kunye negesi, iphakamisa uxinzelelo lwangaphakathi. Xa uxinzelelo lungaphaya kwe-500 psi, i-casing casing vents{4}}ngamanye amaxesha iyagqabhuka.

Iqondo lobushushu liyenyuka kakhulu ngexesha lokungaphumeleli kwentlawulo egqithisileyo. Uvavanyo lwaselabhoratri lubonisa ukunyuka kwamaqondo obushushu ukusuka kuluhlu oluqhelekileyo lokusebenza (25-35 degree) ukuya ngaphezulu kwe-780℃ngexesha lokubaleka kwe-thermal. Isizukulwana sobushushu sivela kwimithombo emininzi: Ukufudumeza kwe-Joule ukusuka kumbane ophezulu wangoku, ukusabela kwe-exothermic kwicala kwi-electrolyte, kunye nokutsha kweegesi ezikhutshiweyo.

Overcharging

Iinjineli zebhetri zichonga izigaba zokungaphumeleli ezahlukileyo ngokusekelwe kwipesenti yentlawulo.

Inqanaba 1 (100-120% SOC): Intlawulo eqhelekileyo iqala. I-voltage inyuka ngokuthe ngcembe ngelixa ikhoyo ihlala ilawulwa. Uxhathiso lwangaphakathi luyanda njengoko i-SEI (i-solid electrolyte interphase) ikhula kwi-anode. Ubushushu buhlala buphakathi, ngokuqhelekileyo i-5-10℃ngaphezu kwe-ambient.

Inqanaba 2 (120-140% SOC): I-Lithium plating ibonakala. I-metallic lithium iqokelela kumphezulu we-anode, itya i-electrolyte ngokuphendula okuvelisa ubushushu kunye negesi. Ibhetri inokudumba kancinane njengoko uxinzelelo lwangaphakathi lusanda. Imilinganiselo yomthamo ngeli nqanaba ibonisa ilahleko esisigxina ye-10-15%.

Inqanaba 3 (140-160% SOC): Ukukhula kweDendrite kuyakhawuleza. Inaliti -njengezakhiwo ze-lithium zivala umsantsa phakathi kwee-electrode. I-Micro{3}}imfutshane iphuhlisa, ibangela ukufudumeza kwendawo. Ukuveliswa kwegesi kwanda ngokukhawuleza kwi-electrolyte oxidation kunye nokubola kwe-cathode. Amandla ombane ebhetri ayaguquguquka.

Stage 4 (>160% SOC): I-Thermal Runaway iqala. Iqondo lokushisa langaphakathi lidlula i-130 degree, ibangela ukunyibilika kwe-separator. Isiphaluka esifutshane sangaphakathi esipheleleyo senzeke, sikhupha amandla agciniweyo ngokukhawuleza. Ngemizuzwana nje, ubushushu bunokutsiba ukuya kumakhulu aliqela. I-casing igqabhuka, ikhupha iigesi ezishushu kwaye inokuthi ivuthe.

Oku kuqhubela phambili kuyahluka ngokwekhemistri. I-Lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4) iibhetri zinyamezela ukutshaja ngokugqithisileyo kuneenguqu ze-lithium cobalt oxide ngenxa yezakhiwo ezizinzileyo ze-cathode. Nangona kunjalo, zonke iikhemistri ze-lithium-zijongene nomonakalo xa zitshajiswe ngokwaneleyo.

I-lithium -ibhetri ye-ion ngaphandle kokujikeleza kokhuseleko ibeka umngcipheko omkhulu. IiNkqubo zoLawulo lwebhetri (BMS) zisebenza njengokhuselo oluphambili ngokuchasene neemeko zentlawulo egqithisileyo ngokubeka iliso rhoqo kunye nokungenelela okusebenzayo.

I-BMS ilandelela iiparamitha ezintathu ezibalulekileyo ngexesha lokwenyani-: umbane weseli (ulinganiswa ngeemilivolthi), ukuhamba ngoku (kwi-ampere), kunye nobushushu (ngokwesiqhelo kwiindawo ezininzi kwipakethi yebhetri). Iinkqubo zanamhlanje zisampula la maxabiso amaxesha amakhulu ngesekhondi, kuthelekiswa ufundo oluchasene nemida yokhuseleko ecwangcisiweyo.

Xa nayiphi na iseli isondela kwi-4.2V -ubuninzi obuqhelekileyo be-lithium{2}}iiseli ze-ion{3}}i-BMS yehlisa ukutshaja ngoku ngokuzenzekelayo. Le tapering yandisa ixesha lokutshaja kodwa ithintela ukudutyulwa kombane. Ukuba i-voltage iyaqhubeka nokunyuka ngaphandle kokuncitshiswa kwangoku, inkqubo inqumla ukutshaja ngokupheleleyo ngokuvula iiswitshi ze-MOSFET kwindlela yesekethe.

Ulungelelwaniso lweseli longeza omnye umaleko wokhuseleko. Iiseli zomntu ngamnye kwipakethi yebhetri azifane zigcine iimeko ezifanayo zokuhlawulisa ngenxa yeyantlukwano encinci yokwenziwa kunye neepateni zokusetyenziswa. I-BMS ibeka iliso kwiseli nganye ngokuzimeleyo kwaye iphinde isasaze intlawulo ukunqanda nayiphi na iseli enye ekutshajisweni kakhulu ngelixa ezinye zisalela ngasemva. I-Pasisive balancing ichitha amandla agqithisileyo njengobushushu ngokusebenzisa izixhasi; ibhalansi esebenzayo idlulisela amandla phakathi kweeseli ukuze isebenze kakuhle.

Ukujongwa kobushushu kubangela iiprothokholi zolawulo lobushushu. Uninzi lweebhetri ze-lithium{1}}zibandakanya izivamvo zobushushu ezininzi ezibekwe kufutshane neeseli ezithanda ukufudumeza. Xa amaqondo obushushu edlula i-45℃ngexesha lokutshaja, i-BMS inokunciphisa yangoku okanye ivule iinkqubo zokupholisa. Ngaphezulu kwe-60 degree, ukutshaja kuyeka ngokupheleleyo ukuthintela ukubaleka kwe-thermal.

Iitshaja ezihlakaniphile zilungelelaniswa neenkqubo ze-BMS ngemigaqo yonxibelelwano. Itshaja ifumana{1}}ixesha lokwenyani ledatha yemeko yebhetri kwaye ihlengahlengisa amandla ayo ombane kwaye isebenze ngokufanelekileyo. Ezi ndlela zimbini-zonxibelelwano zithintela iimeko apho useto lwetshaja lungqubana nokubanakho kwebhetri.

Idatha yendawo esuka ku-2024-ufakelo luka-2025 lubonisa iiyunithi ze-BMS eziqwalaselwe ngokufanelekileyo ukufikelela kumazinga okusilela ngaphantsi kwe-0.3%{7}}leyo ingaphantsi kokusilela kwe-3 kwibhetri eyi-1,000. Oku kubonisa ukuphucuka okukhulu ukusuka kwiibhetri ze-lithium-ion zakuqala, eziye zafumana amazinga okusilela malunga ne-1 kwi-10 yezigidi xa isetyenziswe ngokuchanekileyo kodwa amazinga aphezulu kakhulu xa ukhuseleko luhlulekile.

Iimpawu zomzimba zivela xa iibhetri zifumana ukutshaja ngokugqithiseleyo, nangona umonakalo othile uhlala ungabonakali de uvavanyo lokusebenza.

Amanqanaba okudumba njengesona salathisi sicacileyo. Iibhetri ezigcwele kakhulu ziphuhla amaqhuma njengoko uxinzelelo lwerhasi lwangaphakathi lukhubaza i-casing. I-lithium-iiseli ze-ion pouch zibonisa oku ngokucacileyo, zikhula njengemiqamelo. Iiseli ze-Cylindrical zinokubonisa ukudumba okucacileyo, kodwa ukulinganisa ngononophelo kubonisa ukwanda kwedayimitha.

Ubushushu obugqithisileyo ngexesha okanye emva kokutshaja kweempawu zeengxaki. Ibhetri esebenza kakuhle yenza ubushushu obuthile -obukholisa i-5-9℃F ngaphezulu kwe-ambient ngexesha lokutshaja okuqhelekileyo. Amaqondo obushushu angaphezulu koku, ngakumbi ukuba ibhetri ivakala ishushu xa ibamba imizuzu emininzi emva kokuqhawula itshaja, ibonisa ukutshajiswa okanye umonakalo wangaphakathi.

Ukuthotywa kwamandla kubonakala ngokuthe ngcembe. Iibhetri ezitshajiswe kakhulu ziphinda-phinda ukubamba umrhumo omncinci ekuhambeni kwexesha. Isixhobo ebesihlala kwiiyure ezisi-8 ngaphambili phakathi kwentlawulo sinokuhla siye kutsho kwiiyure ezi-5 ukuya kwezi-6 emva kokutshaja okugqithisileyo. Iiapps zokujonga ibhetri zinokulandela oku kwehla ngokuthelekisa umthamo wangoku kunye nomthamo woyilo.

Imilinganiselo yombane ibonelela ngolwazi lokuxilonga. Ukusebenzisa i-multimeter, khangela i-voltage yebhetri emva kokuba isixhobo siphumle iiyure ezininzi (kungekhona ngokukhawuleza emva kokutshaja okanye ukukhupha, njengoko ukufundwa kuya kuba kungachanekanga). Ufundo lwamandla ombane aphezulu ngokuthe gqolo{2}}ngaphezu kwe-4.2V ngeseli yelithium eqhelekileyo{4}}iion{5}}qinisekisa imiba yokutshaja kakhulu.

Ukuvuza kubonakala kwiimeko ezinzima. Intsalela engumgubo omhlophe ejikeleze iitheminali okanye amanzi aphuma elulwelo ukusuka kwingxowa yebhetri ibonisa ukubaleka kwe-electrolyte. Oku kuyingozi; I-lithium ibhetri ye-electrolytes iqulethe iikhompawundi ezinobuthi kunye nokutsha. Iibhetri ezivuzayo akufunekanga zisetyenziswe.

Amavumba alumkisa ngokuqhekeka kweekhemikhali. Isulfure-efana okanye ivumba lekhemikhali elimnandi elisuka ebhetrini, ngakumbi ngexesha okanye emva kokutshaja, licebisa ukubola kwe-electrolyte kubushushu obugqithisileyo. Eli vumba lidla ngokukhokelela kwiintsilelo ezinzulu.

Ukungahambelani komsebenzi kubonakalisa ukungalingani kweeseli. Ukuba ifowuni iyacima ngokungalindelekanga nangona ibonisa i-30-40% yentlawulo eseleyo, ezinye iiseli ezikwipakethi yebhetri zinokonakala ngenxa yokutshaja kakhulu ngelixa ezinye zigcina umthamo.

Overcharging

Amaqhinga othintelo ayohluka ngokwesicelo, ukusuka kubathengi abancinci bombane ukuya -kugcino lwamandla amakhulu.

Smartphones kunye neelaptops: Izixhobo zale mihla zibandakanya ulawulo lwamandla oluntsonkothileyo oluthintela ngobuchule ukutshaja okugqithisileyo. Isekethe yokutshaja imisa ukuhamba kwangoku kwi-100% umthamo. Nangona kunjalo, ukugcina izixhobo ziplagiwe kudala imijikelo yokutshaja{3}}amanani amancinci azalise ukukhutshelwa okwenzeka ngokwendalo, kubangela imijikelo emincinci{4}}. Ngelixa ingatshaji kakhulu ngokobuchwepheshe, oku kuvelisa ubushushu kwaye kucinezele ibhetri. Uqheliselo olulolona lubandakanya ukukhupha iiplagi xa utshajiswe ngokupheleleyo okanye usebenzisa iimpawu zokutshaja eziguquguqukayo ezifumaneka kwizixhobo ezitsha ezifunda iipatheni zokusetyenziswa kunye nokulibazisa ukutshaja ngokupheleleyo kude kube yimfuneko.

Izithuthi zoMbane: Ii-EVs zisebenzisa iinkqubo ze-BMS eziphambili ezilawula amakhulukhulu eeseli. Ezi nkqubo zisebenzisa iileya zokhuselo ezininzi: iseli{1}}yokujongwa kwinqanaba, ulawulo lwe-thermal ngokupholisa ulwelo, kunye nesoftware{2}}enyanzeliswa intlawulo yemida. Ii-EV ezininzi zivumela abanini ukuba bamisele amanqanaba entlawulo aphezulu{7}}80% okanye 90% kune-100%-yokusetyenziswa yonke imihla, ukugcina iintlawulo ezipheleleyo zohambo olude. Oku kunciphisa uxinzelelo olusuka kumandla ombane aphezulu. Ukutshaja kumazinga asezantsi (iNqanaba loku-1 okanye iNqanaba lesi-2) endaweni yokutshaja ngokukhawuleza kwe-DC nako kunciphisa umngcipheko wentlawulo egqithisileyo ngokuvumela ulawulo olungcono lobushushu.

Izixhobo zamandla kunye nezixhobo zokuzilibazisa: Iibhetri ze-lithium ze-polymer eziqhelekileyo kwiinqwelo ze-RC, i-drones, kunye nezixhobo ezingenazintambo zifuna ukubeka iliso ngokucophelela. Sebenzisa iitshaja ezilungiselelwe ngokukodwa ikhemistri yebhetri kunye nokubalwa kweeseli. Ukutshaja ibhalansi kuqinisekisa ukuba zonke iiseli zifikelela kumbane ofanayo. Ungaze ushiye ezi bhetri kwiitshaja zingajongwanga ixesha elide. Ukugcinwa kwi-3.7 - 3.8V ngeseli nganye (malunga ne-40-50% yentlawulo) kunokuba ihlawuliswe ngokupheleleyo kunciphisa ukuthotywa kwexesha elide.

Ukugcinwa kwaMandla aVuselelwayo: Iinkqubo zebhetri zasekhaya ezihamba ngebhayisikile imihla ngemihla ukusuka kwiipaneli zelanga zifuna ukhuseleko oluluqilima lwe-BMS kunye noqwalaselo olufanelekileyo lomlawuli wentlawulo. Umlawuli wentlawulo kufuneka ahambelane neenkcukacha zekhemistri yebhetri. Kwiibhetri ze-LiFePO4, oku kuthetha ukuba i-14.4-14.6V ye-12V yeenkqubo eziqhelekileyo. Inkqubo ye-voltage ye-float ngokuchanekileyo-ngokuqhelekileyo i-13.4-13.6V ye-LiFePO4-inqanda ukutshaja okuqhubekayo emva kokuba ibhetri ifikelele kumthamo.

Izicelo zaseLwandle kunye neRV: Lead-iibhetri zeasidi ngokwembali bezilawula ezi zicelo kodwa i-lithium{1}}i-ion iyakhula. Xa uphinda ufaka iibhetri ze-lithium kwiinkqubo ezilungiselelwe ilothe -iasidi, inkqubo yokutshaja kufuneka iphinde iqwalaselwe. I-Lead-yombane wokutshaja iasidi (14.8V okanye ngaphezulu) iya kuhlawulisa uninzi lweekhemistri ze-lithium. Ukufakela i-lithium{8}}itshaja ehambelanayo okanye isiguquli sinqanda umonakalo.

Izixhobo zoShishino kunye neWarehouse: I-Forklifts kunye nezinye izixhobo zemizi-mveliso ziya zisebenzisa ngakumbi i-lithium -ibhetri ye-ion ukukwazi ukutshaja ngokukhawuleza kunye nobomi bomjikelo omde. Olu fakelo luxhamla kwithuba lokutshaja{2}iiseshini zokutshaja ezimfutshane ngexesha lekhefu kuneendleko zobusuku obugcweleyo. I-BMS kufuneka ixhase le patheni yosetyenziso ngaphandle kokuqokelela umonakalo ovela kwimijikelo yentlawulo engaphelelanga okanye ukuthintela ukutshaja kakhulu ngexesha elongeziweyo lokuphumla.

Iqondo lobushushu-intlawulo exhomekeke kuyo yongeza ubucukubhede kwiinkqubo zothintelo. Iibhetri zeLithium - ze-ion akufuneki zihlawulise ngaphantsi kwe-0℃(32℃F) njengoko oku kukhuthaza ukufakwa kwe-lithium nakwimibhobho eqhelekileyo. Iinkqubo ze-BMS ezisemgangathweni zivala ukutshaja ngaphantsi kwalo mqobo kwaye zinokuvumela ukufudumeza kweeseli phambi kokuvumela ukuhamba kwangoku.

Ukungasebenzi kakuhle kwetshaja kudala imingcipheko yokutshaja kakhulu ngaphandle kokhuseleko lwebhetri. Ukuqonda iindlela zokungaphumeleli kunceda ukuchonga iimeko eziyingozi ngaphambi kokuba kwenzeke umonakalo.

Ukungaphumeleli kokulawulwa kwe-voltage kuphezulu kuluhlu lweengxaki zeshaja. Iitshaja zisebenzisa i-voltage regulators ukugcina imveliso ezinzileyo. Xa ezi zixhobo zisilela{2}kaninzi ukusuka kwiminyaka yobudala, uxinzelelo lobushushu, okanye ukunyuka kwamandla -imveliso yombane inokunyuka kakuhle ngaphezu kwemilinganiselo. Itshaja elinganiselwe kwi-4.2V inokuzisa i-5V okanye ngaphezulu, iisekethe zokhuseleko lwebhetri.

Imiba ekhoyo yolawulo idala iimeko ezicothayo kodwa zonakalise ngokulinganayo. Iitshaja eziyilelwe ukucofa ngoku njengoko iibhetri zisondela kwintlawulo epheleleyo ngamanye amaxesha ziyasilela kwimo engaguqukiyo-yangoku, iqhubeleka nokutyhala i-amperage ephezulu nakwimibhobho yombane ephezulu. Oku kunyanzelisa amandla agqithisileyo kwibhetri, ukuvelisa ubushushu kunye noxinzelelo.

Iitshaja zamayeza enziwe ngabenzi okanye awomgunyathi zibeka imingcipheko ethile. Ezi mveliso zinokuthi zingabi neesekethe zokulawula ezifanelekileyo, zisebenzise amacandelo aphantsi, okanye zibe neziphene zoyilo. Uvavanyo olwenziwa yimibutho yokhuseleko lwabathengi luhlala lufumana iitshaja ezitshiphu ezidlula amandla ombane akhuselekileyo kunye neenkcukacha zangoku. Ugcino lweendleko luyanyamalala xa lutshabalalisa ibhetri okanye ludala iingozi zomlilo.

Iitshaja ezingahambelaniyo zonakalisa iibhetri ngombane kunye nokungahambi kakuhle kwangoku. Ukusebenzisa itshaja yefowuni engu-5V kwisixhobo se-3.7V, okanye itshaja eyenzelwe i-nickel{3}esekelwe kwiibhetri ze-lithium-iseli ze-ion, iqinisekisa iingxaki. Hlala uqinisekisa ukuba iinkcukacha zetshaja zihambelana neemfuno zebhetri.

Umonakalo wenyama kwiitshaja ezivela kumathontsi, ukuvezwa kwamanzi, okanye imiba yentambo inokuguqula iimpawu zombane. Iintambo eziqhawukileyo zidala ukuxhathisa okutshintsha indlela yokutshaja. Umonakalo wamanzi unokubangela iisekethe ezimfutshane ngaphakathi kwetshaja, okukhokelela kwimveliso engalawulekiyo.

Ubalo olusuka kuphando lokhuseleko lwemveliso lubonisa izehlo eziyeleleneyo zetshaja{0}ebangela malunga ne-25% yokusilela kwebhetri ye-lithium{2}}. Ukukhetha ngokufanelekileyo itshaja, ukuhlolwa kwamaxesha ngamaxesha umonakalo, kunye nokutshintshwa kweeyunithi zokuguga kunciphisa kakhulu umngcipheko wokutshaja.

Ayizizo zonke iibhetri ze-lithium{0}}eziphendula ngokufanayo ekutshajweni kakhulu. I-Chemistry imisela amanqanaba okunyamezela kunye neendlela zokungaphumeleli.

ILithium Cobalt oxide (LCO): Ixhaphakile kwii-smartphones kunye neelaptops, iLCO ibonelela ngamandla amakhulu oxinaniso kodwa ukunyanyezelwa kwentlawulo egqithisileyo. I-cathode iba yinto engazinzi kakhulu ngaphezu kwe-4.2V, ikhupha i-oksijini ephendula ngobudlova kunye ne-electrolyte. Iibhetri zeLCO zifuna imida yombane engqongqo kunye nokhuseleko oluluqilima lweBMS. Ukutshaja ngokugqithisileyo nokuba yi-0.1V kuyakukhawulezisa ukuthotywa kwexabiso.

ILithium Iron Phosphate (LiFePO4): Eyaziwayo ngokukhuselekileyo, i-LiFePO4 ibamba ukugqithiswa kwe-overcharging kunezinye iikhemistri ngenxa yesakhiwo esizinzile se-iron phosphate cathode. I-voltage plateau iphantsi (i-3.65V ngeseli) kwaye i-flatter, yenza i-overcharge incinci. Naxa itshajiswe kakhulu, iLiFePO4 ivelisa ubushushu obuncinci kunye negesi. Nangona kunjalo, ukutshaja ngokuphindaphindiweyo kusenokubangela ukulahleka kwamandla okusisigxina kunye nobomi obufutshane bomjikelo. Ukonyuka kokuchasana kwangaphakathi ukusuka kwi-overcharging iqokelela ngokuhamba kwexesha, ekugqibeleni yenze iiseli zingasebenzi.

ILithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt oxide (NMC): Isetyenziswe ngokubanzi kwizithuthi zombane, i-NMC ilinganisa ubuninzi bamandla kunye nokuzinza okuhloniphekileyo. Amandla ombane aphezulu afikelela kwi-4.2V ngeseli nganye. I-NMC inyamezela ukutshaja okuncinci ngcono kune-LCO kodwa kubi kune-LiFePO4. Umyinge-wokuzifudumeza ngexesha lokutshaja kakhulu ungaphantsi kune-LCO, ukubonelela ngexesha elithe kratya leenkqubo zokhuseleko ukuphendula phambi kokubaleka kwe-thermal.

ILithium Manganese oxide (LMO): Izixhobo zamandla kunye nezixhobo zonyango zisebenzisa i-LMO kumazinga aphezulu okukhutshwa kunye nokuzinza kwe-thermal. Ulwakhiwo lwe-spinel ye--dimensional dimensional luvumela intshukumo ye-lithium ion ekhawulezayo kodwa imida yobomi bomjikelo naphantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo. Ukutshaja kakhulu kukhawulezisa{3}}umthamo osele uphelile, kunciphisa ubomi obuluncedo ukusuka kuma-700 ukuya kuma-300 ukuya kuma-400.

ILithium Nickel Cobalt Aluminium oxide (NCA): I-Tesla kunye nezinye ii-EVs ze-premium zisebenzisa i-NCA yoxinano lwamandla olukhethekileyo. Nangona kunjalo, iNCA ibeka phakathi kwezona khemistri zingazinzileyo xa zihlawuliswe kakhulu. Umxholo we-nickel ophezulu wenza ukuba i-cathode isebenze kumbane ophakamileyo. Le chemistry ifuna ulawulo oluphucukileyo lwe-thermal kunye nolawulo oluchanekileyo lombane.

Uphando lwakutsha nje malunga nokutshaja okugqithileyo{0}apho iibhetri zisoloko zihlawulisa ngaphaya kwemida kunokuba rhoqo{1}}ibonisa ukonyuka komonakalo kuzo zonke iikhemistri. Kwaneziganeko ezifutshane zokutshaja kakhulu zibangela utshintsho oluncinci kwisakhiwo: ukuqhekeka kwamasuntswana ecathode, ukunyibilika kwesinyithi, kunye nediphozithi yomphezulu we-anode. Iziqendu ezininzi zidibanisa ezi ziphumo, zicacisa ukuba kutheni iibhetri ngamanye amaxesha zitshajiswa kakhulu zithomalalisa ngokukhawuleza kuneendlela zokusetyenziswa zizodwa ziqikelela.

Overcharging

Ubushushu buchaphazela ngokunzulu ukuba nokwenzeka kokutshaja kakhulu kunye nobuzaza beziphumo. Iindawo ezibandayo nezishushu zenza imingeni eyahlukeneyo.

Amaqondo obushushu aphantsi anyusa umngcipheko wokutshaja ngokugqithisileyo ngokumelana okuphezulu kwangaphakathi. Kwi- - 10℃, ibhetri ye-lithium-ion iyakwazi ukuphinda kabini okanye kathathu xa kuthelekiswa nobushushu begumbi. Oku kuxhathisa kuphakamileyo kubangela ukuba amandla ombane anyuke ngokukhawuleza ngexesha lokutshaja kwigalelo elifanayo langoku. Iitshaja ezibeka esweni amandla ombane ebhetri kuphela zinokutolika amandla ombane aphezulu njengasekutshatweni ngokupheleleyo, kodwa oku kubonisa ukuxhathisa kwangaphakathi kunemeko yokwenyani yentlawulo. Ukuqhubeka nokutshaja emva koko itshaje ibhetri.

Imozulu ebandayo iphinda ikhuthaze i-lithium plating kumanqanaba asezantsi e-overcharge kuneemeko ezifudumeleyo. Ngokuqhelekileyo i-lithium ion kufuneka ifikelele kwi-anode kwaye ifake phakathi kweengqimba zegraphite. Amaqondo obushushu abandayo ayayicothisa le nkqubo yokudibanisa. Iion ifumba kumphezulu we-anode endaweni yoko, yenze iidiphozithi zetsimbi. Olu cwecwe lunokuqala kwimibhobho yombane engaphantsi kwezo zithathwa njengokutshaja kakhulu kwiqondo lobushushu begumbi.

Izifundo ezivela kwi-2024 ezivavanya iiseli ze-LFP kwi-degree-10 efunyenwe i-overcharging kwi-4.0-4.8V ibangele ukuthotywa ngokukhawuleza. Umthamo wehle nge-30-40% emva kwemijikelo yentlawulo engama-50 kuphela, xa kuthelekiswa ne-5-10% yelahleko yokusebenza kobushushu begumbi. Umda osezantsi woqhushumbo (LEL) weegesi ezibalekayo ezishushu nawo wehlile, okuthetha ukuba kuncinci ukwakheka kwerhasi efunekayo kwiimeko zoqhushumbo.

Amaqondo obushushu aphezulu adala ingxaki echaseneyo{0}}anciphisa ixesha phakathi kokufunyaniswa kwentlawulo egqithisileyo kunye nokubaleka kwe-thermal. Ubushushu bukhawulezisa zonke iikhemikhali ezikwibhetri. Ibhetri egcwele kakhulu kwi-40℃inokufikelela ekubalekeni kwe-thermal ngaphakathi kwemizuzu, ngelixa i-overcharge efanayo kwi-20℃ingathatha imizuzu engama-30. Le festile yokuphendula imfutshane inciphisa ukusebenza kweenkqubo zokukhusela.

Ubushushu be-Ambient bongeza kubushushu obuveliswe ngaphakathi obuvela kwi-overcharge, idala i-loop impendulo. Ukutshaja ibhetri kwimoto eshushu (ubushushu obungaphakathi obungama-60 degrees) iqala kubushushu obuphezulu. Ukutshaja kakhulu kwenza ubushushu obongezelelweyo. Indibaniselwano ityhala amaqondo obushushu kudederhu oluyingozi ngokukhawuleza kunayo nayiphi na into yodwa.

Ukwahluka kwamaxesha kwiziganeko zebhetri kubonisa esi siphumo sobushushu. Amasebe omlilo anika ingxelo yokutsha kwebhetri ye-lithium-eyongezelelekileyo ngeenyanga zasehlotyeni, ngokutshaja kakhulu kunye namaqondo obushushu aphezulu endalo edala indibaniselwano eyingozi. Ngokufanayo, ubusika buzisa ngakumbi ukutshaja{3}}imiba enxulumene njengoko iibhetri ezibandayo zifumana iingxaki zangaphakathi zokuchasa.

Elona qondo lobushushu lokutshaja kwiibhetri ze-lithium{0}} liwela phakathi kwe-10{4}} 30℃. Ngaphandle kolu luhlu, amaxabiso entlawulo kufuneka anciphe ukuhlawulela iziphumo zobushushu. Iinkqubo ze-BMS eziphucukileyo zibandakanya i-algorithms yembuyekezo yobushushu ehlengahlengisa iiparamitha zokutshaja ngokusekelwe kubushushu bebhetri, ukuthintela ukutshaja okunxulumene nobushushu.

Igama elithi "ukutshaja ngokugqithiseleyo" lidlulela ngaphaya kweebhetri ukuya kwimimandla yezoqoqosho nezomthetho, apho ichaza ukubiza amaxabiso agqithisileyo okanye ukongeza izityholo zolwaphulo-mthetho ezingenasihlahla.

Kwiitransekshini zeshishini, ukubiza ngaphezulu kuthetha ukufuna intlawulo engaphaya{0}}kumaxabiso ekuvunyelwene ngawo okanye afanelekileyo. Unokontraka ohlawula i-5,000 yeedola ngomsebenzi ekuvunyelwene ngawo nge-3,500 yeedola uhlawula ngaphezulu. Ngokufanayo, iindawo zokutyela zongeza izinto kumatyala angakhange aodolwe okanye ukubala iitotali ngendlela engachanekanga zenza ukuba kutshajiswe ngaphezulu. Uncwadi lwezoqoqosho luyichaza ngokuthe ngqo njengomahluko wamaxabiso phakathi kwamaxabiso emarike adityanisiweyo kunye namaxabiso ebhentshimakhi akhuphisanayo.

Imithetho yokukhuselwa kwabathengi kwimimandla emininzi ijongana nokugqithiswa kwentengiso. Amashishini afunyenwe ehlawulisa ngokugqithisileyo ajongene nezohlwayo, iimfuno zembuyekezo, kunye nezityholo zolwaphulo-mthetho ezinokubakho ngenxa yobuqhophololo. Ubuzaza buxhomekeke kwinjongo{2}}iimpazamo zokubhatalwa ngamaxesha athile zifumana isohlwayo esingaphantsi kunezicwangciso zangabom zokufumana iintlawulo ezigqithisileyo.

Kwinkqubo yezomthetho, ukuhlawuliswa ngokugqithisileyo komtshutshisi kuchaza ukufaka izityholo ezinobuzaza kunobungqina obuxhasayo. Abatshutshisi banokuhlawulisa inqanaba lesibini -lokubulala xa ubungqina bubonisa ukubulala umntu kuphela, oko kumisela isikhundla esiqinileyo sengxoxo. Amagqwetha akhuselayo ahlula phakathi kokutshaja okuthe tye (ukuphindaphinda izityholo ngokungekho ngqiqweni) kunye nokutshaja okuthe nkqo (ukutshaja kumanqanaba aphezulu angafanelekanga). Ngelixa iinkundla zingasikhuthazi esi senzo, imigangatho enokuba ngunobangela yenza ukuchithwa kwamatyala ahlawuliswe kakhulu kube nzima.

Oku kungasetyenziswa{0}}ngebhetri "yokutshaja ngaphezulu" kwabelana ngomxholo ofanayo kunye nokutshajwa kwebhetri: ukugqitha kwimida eyiyo kudala iingxaki. Kanye njengokuba amandla ombane agqithisileyo ezonakalisa iibhetri, iintlawulo ezigqithisileyo kurhwebo okanye emthethweni zidala iimeko ezingafanelekanga ezifuna ungenelelo.

Ii-smartphones zanamhlanje zakhelwe-kukhuseleko oluyeka ukutshaja kumthamo we-100%, ukuthintela ukutshaja okuqhelekileyo. Nangona kunjalo, ukugcina iifowuni zixhunyiwe ngokuqhubekayo kubangela imijikelo yokutshaja eyenza ubushushu kunye noxinzelelo lwebhetri ekuhambeni kwexesha. Obu bushushu bunciphisa kancinane ubomi bebhetri. Ukukhupha iiplagi xa utshajiswe ngokupheleleyo okanye usebenzisa izinto eziguqukayo zokutshaja kuphucula impilo yebhetri.

Iiseli ze-ion ze-lithium - zitshayela ngaphezulu xa amandla ombane edlula i-4.2V ngeseli nganye. Kwibhetri yelaptop eneeseli ezi-3, oku kuthetha ukuba amandla ombane angaphezulu kwe-12.6V abonisa ukutshaja ngaphezulu. Iibhetri ze-Lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4) zinemida ephantsi, ngokuqhelekileyo i-3.65V ngeseli nganye. Ukujonga amandla ombane kufuna ukuba ibhetri iphumle iiyure ezininzi ukufumana ufundo oluchanekileyo, njengoko amandla ombane enyuka okwethutyana ngexesha lokutshaja okusebenzayo okanye ukukhupha.

Ixesha lokungaphumeleli lixhomekeke kubunzima bentlawulo egqithisileyo kunye nekhemistry yebhetri. Ukutshaja kakhulu kunokubangela ukubaleka kwe-thermal phakathi kwemizuzu ukuya kwiiyure. Ukutshaja okungapheliyo okuncinci kuthoba umthamo kwiiveki ukuya kwiinyanga, kunye nebhetri ebonisa i-20-30% yokulahlekelwa kwamandla emva kwemijikelezo ye-50-100 xa kuthelekiswa nokusebenza okuqhelekileyo. Iibhetri ezineenkqubo zokukhusela ezisebenzayo azisoloko zisilela ngokwentlekele kodwa ziphulukana nokusebenza kancinci kancinci.

Ukutshajiswa okugqithisileyo kubangela umonakalo osisigxina kwimathiriyeli yebhetri engenakubuyiselwa umva. Amasuntswana eCathode aqhekeka, i-lithium plating ihlala kwi-anode, kwaye ukubola kwe-electrolyte akunakuguqulwa. Ngelixa ukumisa ukutshaja okungaphaya kuthintela umonakalo owongezelelweyo, umthamo olahlekileyo ngaphambili awunakubuyiselwa. Iibhetri ezitshajiswe kakhulu ngokugqithisileyo ezibonisa ukudumba, ukuvuza, okanye umthamo ongaphantsi kwe-60% yeyoqobo kufuneka itshintshwe endaweni yokuzama ukulungisa.

Impilo yebhetri kunye nokhuseleko zixhomekeke kwiindlela ezifanelekileyo zokutshaja. Ukuqonda iindlela zokutshaja kakhulu kunceda ukuthintela umonakalo nokuba utshaja i-smartphone ngobusuku okanye ulawula isithuthi sombane. Iinkqubo zokukhusela ziye zaphucuka kakhulu, zenza ukusilela okuyingozi kunqabile xa izixhobo zisebenza ngokuchanekileyo. Ukuhlolwa rhoqo kweetshaja neebhetri, iindlela ezifanelekileyo zokugcina, kunye nengqalelo yeemeko zobushushu zigcina ukusebenza kwebhetri kubude bobomi obucetyiweyo.

Inguquko yekhemistri yebhetri iqhubela phambili kwimixube ekhuselekileyo. -Iibhetri ezikwimeko eqinileyo okwangoku zikuphuhliso zithembisa ukuchasa ukutshajiswa ngokugqithisileyo ngokususa i-electrolyte elulwelo olunokutsha ngezinto eziqinileyo. De ezi teknoloji zivuthwe, iinkqubo zokhuseleko ezikhoyo ezidityaniswe nezenzo zabasebenzisi ezinolwazi zibonelela ngokhuseleko oluthembekileyo kwiibhiliyoni zeebhetri ze-lithium - zeion ezisetyenziswa yonke imihla.