Yintoni igridi{0}}isikali sogcino lwamandla?

NgoFebruwari ka-2021, ndandifowunelwa nomsebenzi wogcino e-Texas xa amaxabiso ombane wehoseyile ayebetha i-$9,000 ngemegawathi{3}}ngeyure. Amawaka alithoba eedola. Ngomxholo, amaxabiso aqhelekileyo ajikeleza malunga ne-$30-50. Inkqubo yakhe yebhetri yayishicilela imali - ikhuphela kwigridi ngexesha leWinter Storm Uri ngelixa izityalo zegesi yendalo zingumkhenkce. “Le yeyona nto siyakhele yona,” utshilo, kodwa ilizwi lakhe belinomphetho kulo. Phantse ungqinelwe. Njengokuba ebelinde iminyaka ukuba abonise abagxeki ukuba baphosisile.

Loo mzuzu - ukubukela amaxabiso enyuka kwizikrini zorhwebo ngelixa imibhobho igqabhukile kwilizwe lonke - yabonisa into ebendiyijikeleza okwethutyana. Igridi-isikali sogcino ayisekho malunga nobuchwephesha kwakhona. Imalunga nokuba sizimisele na ukuvuma ukuba indlela esiqhube ngayo iigridi zamandla kwinkulungwane ayisasebenzi.

Masixhase{0}} kwaye ngo-2001, eCalifornia baye baqalisa ukucima. Hayi kanye okanye kabini - amaxesha amaninzi. Abantu baphelelwa ngamandla, iirobhothi zaba mnyama, izibhedlele zatshintshelwa kwiijenereyitha. Uphando olusemthethweni lugxeka ukuguqulwa kweemarike zika-Enron, okwakuyinyani, kodwa yayingelobali lonke. Eyona ngxaki yaya nzulu ngakumbi. Igridi yaseCalifornia yenzelwe malunga nezityalo zefosili onokuthi uzilawule. Ngaba ufuna amandla amaninzi? Tshisa irhasi eninzi. Iimfuno zehla? Ubuyise umva. Elula.

Ngaphandle kokuba iyekile ukuba lula ngexesha isizukulwana esinokuhlaziywa siqale ukubaluleka. Kwaye andithethi iiphaneli zelanga zomqondiso ezinye izinto eziluncedo ezifakwe kwi-PR kwi-90s. Umthamo wangempela. IiGigawatts.

Bendikwinkomfa eSan Diego - kumele ukuba ngo-2014 okanye 2015 - apho injineli ye-ISO yaseCalifornia yabonisa into abayibiza ngokuba "ligophe ledada." Igumbi lathi cwaka. Igrafu ibonise umthwalo oshiyekileyo (imfuno iyonke kuthatyathwe ilanga) owehla emini enkulu xa ilanga liphezulu, lize lidubule ekutshoneni kwelanga. Elo zinga lerempu - ukusuka kobuncinane ukuya kobona bukhulu mhlawumbi kwiiyure ezi-3 - yophule indlela esebenze ngayo imisebenzi yegridi. Kuya kufuneka ugcine izityalo zegesi zijikeleza kwindawo elindileyo yonke imvakwemini ukuze ulawule utyando lwangokuhlwa. Iyabiza, ayisebenzi, kwaye ibubudenge obusisiseko.

Omnye umfana ngasemva wabuza, "Ngaba asinakukwazi ukunciphisa ilanga?" Injineli yanqumama. "Singakwazi. Okanye singafumana indawo yokugcina."

Ugcino. Kunene.

Ibar esecaleni ekhawulezayo - yintoni na igridi{1}}isikali sogcino? Buza abantu abahlanu, ufumane iimpendulo ezintandathu. Imvumelwano ekhululekileyo nantoni na ngaphezu kwe-megawatt e-1, kodwa ndiye ndahlala kwiiphaneli zenkomfa apho abantu baphikisana malunga nale nto imizuzu engamashumi amabini. Ngaba isicelo sibaluleke ngaphezu komthamo? Ukuba unama-500 eekilowatts ezisebenza kwisitishi esincinci, ingaba oko kuyabala?

Kukho indawo eCalifornia ngoku - iMoss Landing, ndicinga ukuba - ingaphezulu kwe 400 MW. Inokuba ngama-450. Mhlawumbi ngama-420. Ingongoma kukuba, kunye neprojekthi ye-1 MW ivakala ingalunganga, kodwa ishishini alikazinzi ngesigama esingcono. Sithetha ngogcino oluchaphazela ukusebenza kwegridi. Ayiyiyo iTesla Powerwall yommelwane wakho.

Nantsi into ehlekisayo. Wonke umntu uthetha ngeebhetri ngoku, kodwa i-hydro pumped isalawula umthamo wogcino lwehlabathi. Hayi kufutshane. Impompo yamanzi inyuke xa umbane unexabiso eliphantsi, wuyeke ubuyele umva ngee turbines xa amaxabiso enyuka. IBath County eVirginia ibisenza oku ukusukela ngo-1985. Ngaphezu kwe-3,000 MW. Ukusebenza kakuhle kuhloniphekile - 70-80% uhambo lokubuya - kwaye "ifuel" ngamanzi ophinda uwasebenzise ngokungenasiphelo.

Ingxaki yijografi. Udinga iintaba, iindawo ezifanelekileyo zamadama, iindawo apho amadama okwakha angayi kuzalisa nantoni na abantu abayikhathaleleyo. Uninzi lweesayithi ezilungileyo zase-US zaphuhliswa ekuqaleni kwe-90s. Izindululo ezitsha zivela ngamanye amaxesha kodwa ukuvumela kuthatha ixesha elide kangangokuba abaphuhlisi bahlala benikezela. Kukho iprojekthi eMontana esele icwangciswe kangangeminyaka eli-15. Ayikakhiwa.

Umoya oxiniweyo ukhona nawo, kancinci. Izityalo ezimbini kwihlabathi jikelele: Huntorf eJamani (1978) kunye neMcIntosh, Alabama (1991). Yiyo leyo. Itekhnoloji isebenza kakuhle - impompa umoya kwimiqolomba engaphantsi komhlaba, ikhutshwe ngee turbines kamva - kodwa udinga i-geology ethile. Iidome zetyuwa okanye iindawo zokugcina igesi eziphelileyo ezineempawu ezifanelekileyo. Zombini ezi zityalo zikhoyo zitshisa irhasi yendalo ngexesha lokwandiswa nto leyo enciphisa izibonelelo zokusingqongileyo. Uyilo olutsha lwe "adiabatic" lubanga ukuba lunokuphelisa ukutshiswa kwerhasi. Akukho namnye oye wakhwela kwintengiso.

Ngoko iibhetri. Wonke umntu uchulumancile ziibhetri ngoku kodwa bekungasoloko kunje. Iindleko bezithintelekile kude kube ngu 2012-2015. Kwakukho ufakelo oluncinci kwiFama yoMoya yaseNotree eOstreliya emva phayaa ngo-2012, ubungqina{5} bombono ongaphezulu kunoqoqosho olusebenzayo.

Emva koko uTesla wakha iHornsdale{0}}, eMzantsi Australia, i-100 MW / 129 MWh. U-Elon wenze ukubheja kwe-Twitter malunga nokuyakha ngeentsuku ezili-100 - u-Elon oqhelekileyo - kwaye bayenze ngeentsuku ezingama-63. Abantu bagxile kwisantya sokwakha kodwa ibali lokwenyani yayikukusebenza. Ibhetri yenze imali ngokukhawuleza kunoqikelelo ngeenkonzo zolawulo lwamaza.

Ndindwendwele iziko lolawulo lwegridi ngaphandle kweAdelaide mhlawumbi kwiinyanga ezi-6 emva kokuba iHornsdale iphile. Iinjineli zazisathetha ngayo. Omnye umfana wandibonisa iitshathi zokuphendula rhoqo. Xa i-frequency yegridi itenxa kwi-50 Hz, ibhetri ibilungisa ngeemilliseconds. Iijenereyitha eziqhelekileyo zithathe imizuzwana kuba ujikelezisa iiinjini zomoya. “Kufana nokuthelekisa imoto yezemidlalo nololiwe wempahla,” utshilo.

Elo xesha lokuphendula le-millisecond libaluleke kakhulu kwiinkonzo ezithile zegridi. Nje ukuba izinto eziluncedo ziqaphele ukuba iibhetri zinokwenza izinto eziqhelekileyo ngokwasemzimbeni zingenako, izimo zengqondo zatshintsha ngokukhawuleza. Kwisithuba sonyaka uqale ukubona ezinye izibhengezo zeprojekthi.

Imeko yekhemistri imbi ngaphezu kopapasho lorhwebo lucebisa. "I-lithium - ion" asiyonto enye. Iikhemistri ezininzi ziyadityaniswa. Ukusetyenziswa kwegridi, i-lithium iron phosphate iphumelele ngokusisiseko. LFP, LiFePO4,lithium ion phosphate ibhetri- amagama ahlukeneyo kuxhomekeke ekubeni ngubani oyithengisayo.

Le chemistry ngoku imele mhlawumbi 60-65% yofakelo olutsha lwase-US naseYurophu. Amanani ayohluka ngokuxhomekeke ekubeni ngubani obalayo nokuba abandakanya ntoni na. Isizathu esisebenzayo: i-LFP iphatha ibhayisekile yokukhupha imali ngcono kuneendlela ezizezinye ezifana ne-NMC (nickel manganese cobalt). Umngcipheko ophantsi womlilo nawo, obalulekileyo xa ubeka izikhongozeli zokuthumela ezigcwele iibhetri kwiindawo zokuhlala. Siza kuba semlilweni kamva.

Uxinaniso lwamandla lungaphantsi kune-NMC kodwa kugcino olumileyo alunamsebenzi. Awuyifaki phantsi kwezihlalo zemoto. Izikhongozeli zemfumba ude ufikelele kwithagethi zomthamo.

Iibhetri ezihambayo zihlala zifumana ukhuseleko. Iinkqubo ze-Vanadium redox zahlula ugcino lwamandla (ubungakanani betanki) ukusuka kumandla (ubungakanani besitaki). Iziko le-Dalian e-China, ligunyazise i-2022, i-100 MW / 400 MWh, inkulu ngoku. Iindleko zihamba phezulu kune-lithium kodwa ubomi bomjikelezo bunokugqithisa i-20,000 imijikelezo ngaphandle kokuthotywa okukhulu.

Ngokwethiyori ibalulekile kucwangciso lwezixhobo zokusebenza 20+ zonyaka. Enyanisweni, iindleko ze-lithium zehla ngokukhawuleza kunokuba iibhetri zokuhamba zivale i-gap. Iibhetri eziqukuqelayo "sele ziza kuphumelela" ubuncinci iminyaka elishumi. Ukuqala ukuvakala njengamandla okudibanisa.

IJamani yafumanisa ingxaki yokugcina ngendlela enzima. Malunga no-2011-2012 ngequbuliso baba neegigawatts zelanga eluphahleni ukusuka kwi-Energiewende push. Emini ngeentsuku ezinelanga, isizukulwana sakhula. Amafu aqengqeleka, awiswe ziigigawati. Ukukhawuleza.

Abasebenzisi begridi abachithe yonke imisebenzi belawula iijika zemfuno eqikelelwayo ngoku bajongana neegophe zobonelelo ezihamba ngokukhawuleza kunokuba banokusabela. Gqibezela inguqu yeparadigm. Omnye umqhubi ndathetha naye kwinkomfa yaseBerlin - le yayiyi-2016 mhlawumbi - uthe okokuqala ebona isizukulwana silahla i-5 GW kwimizuzu engama-20, wayecinga ukuba inkqubo yakhe yokubeka iliso yaphukile.

Umoya wenza izinto ezifanayo kodwa amaxesha ahlukeneyo. {{1}Iipaki zoxinzelelo oluphezulu kwiifama zomoya kunye nesizukulwana siyehla phantse kwanto. Uhlala apho iintsuku. Awunakufowunela ifama yomoya nge-6 PM kwaye uyixelele ukuba yenze ngaphezulu kuba abantu bapheka isidlo sangokuhlwa ekhaya. Ayisebenzi ngaloo ndlela.

Ixesha lokuphendula libalulekile kwezinye izicelo. California ISO ifuna iinkonzo zolawulo rhoqo hit amandla apheleleyo ngaphakathi 10 imizuzu. Inokuba yimizuzu esi-8, kuya kufuneka ndijonge iinkcukacha. Ezinye iinkonzo zifuna impendulo{5}}yesibini. Iibhetri ziyagqwesa apha - ii-electrochemical reactions zibakho ngoko nangoko ngokwembono yomsebenzisi wegridi.

I-hydro emponthiweyo idinga imizuzwana eyi-10-15 ukuze amanzi ahambe ngokukhawuleza ngee turbines, kunye nokusebenza kweevalvu. Lo msantsa ubalulekile kulawulo lwamaza. Ayinamsebenzi kakhulu kukutsheva okuphezulu apho ukhupha khona iiyure.

Ukusebenza kakuhle kuqinisekisa ukuba iiprojekthi zenza imali. Izibalo ezisisiseko: gcina i-100 MWh, buyisela i-90 MWh, ulahlekelwe yi-10% kumjikelo ngamnye. I-Lithium ibetha i-85-95% ngokuxhomekeke kuqwalaselo kunye nokuba uyityhala kangakanani na. Iibhetri ezihambayo zifana ne-65-75%. Kubonakala ngathi kuncinci kodwa ukukhwela ibhayisekile yonke imihla iminyaka eli-15, loo delta esebenzayo idibanisa kwizigidi kumahluko wengeniso. Mhlawumbi amashumi ezigidi zeeprojekthi ezinkulu.

Ubomi bomjikelo buba nzima. Uninzi lweenkqubo ze-lithium zegridi zisebenza 20-80% yemeko yentlawulo kunokuba ibhayisekile epheleleyo. Ukuncama i-40% ye-nameplate umthamo wokuphinda kabini okanye kathathu ubomi bokusebenza. Uqoqosho luyasebenza kuba ukubuyisela iibhetri kwindawo ephakathi kweprojekthi kubiza kakhulu. Kungcono ukongeza ubukhulu ekuqaleni.

grid-scale energy storage

Umthetho wokuNcitshiswa kwexabiso lentengo ngo-2022 uzitshintshile ngokwenene iimarike zaseMelika. Vumela ugcino oluzimeleyo lubange i-30% yeekhredithi zerhafu yotyalo-mali. Ngaphambi kokuba ugcino olufanelekileyo ludityaniswe nelanga okanye umoya, eyayingumgaqo-nkqubo osisiyatha kodwa yindlela eyabhalwa ngayo.

Emva kokuba i-IRA igqithile, izibhengezo zeprojekthi ziye zagcwala. Umgca woqhagamshelo ube 85+ GW yendawo yokugcina phakathi ku-2023. Nabani na oqhelene nemigca yoqhagamshelo uyazi ukuba uninzi lweeprojekthi azikhe zakhiwe nangona kunjalo. Amazinga okugqiba ngokwembali aqhuba i-20-30% ngokugqibeleleyo.

Bendikwinkomfa yomphuhlisi e-Houston kulo nyaka uphelileyo - umfo osuka komnye wabavelisi abakhulu baseTshayina wathi abakwazanga ukuhambelana nemfuno yase-US. "Siyongeza imigca yokuvelisa kodwa kukho amaxesha eenyanga ze-18 kwizixhobo." Izithintelo zekhonkco lonikezelo kuyo yonke indawo.

Ugcino lwehlabathi lonke lufike malunga ne-27-28 GW ngo-2023 kuxhomekeke kwindlela obala ngayo. 90% yokukhula okwenzeka ukususela ngo-2018. I-US yongeze i-4.8 GW ngo-2022 kuphela, inokuba yayiyi-5.2, ndiyahamba kwimemori. ICalifornia kunye neTexas zilawula ukuthunyelwa ngezizathu ezahlukeneyo ngokupheleleyo. ICalifornia inezigunyaziso zomgaqo-nkqubo eziqhuba ukudityaniswa kwezinto ezihlaziyiweyo. I-Texas inamandla e-ERCOT -kuphela kwemarike edala ukuguquguquka okukhulu kwamaxabiso. Abaqhubi beendawo zokugcina bathanda ukuguquguquka - baxhaphaze ezo nguquko zamaxabiso.

Iindleko ziye zawa ukusuka kwi-$ 500 / kWh ngo-2015 ukuya kwi-$ 150-200 / kWh ngo-2023 kwiinkqubo ezipheleleyo. Abanye abantu babanga ukuba bangaphantsi kodwa i-150-200 yeedola yinto endiyibonileyo kwiiprojekthi zokwenyani. Isikali sokuvelisa ngokuyintloko, ukhuphiswano olukhohlakeleyo phakathi kwabavelisi beeseli baseTshayina naseKorea.

Iimodeli zengeniso ziyahluka ngokwahlukileyo ngokwentengiso. I-Texas ERCOT ivumela ibhidi yokugcina ngokuthe ngqo kwiimarike zamandla. Laa mzekelo weWinter Storm Uri kwasekuqaleni - abanye abaqhubi bacime i-$10+ yezigidi, mhlawumbi i-$12 yezigidi, ndeva amanani ahlukeneyo. Ayiqhelekanga kodwa.

Imisebenzi eqhelekileyo ibandakanya ukupakisha imithombo yengeniso: i-arbitrage yamandla (intlawulo ephantsi, ukukhupha kuyabiza), iintlawulo zesakhono, ukulawulwa ngamaza, ukuhanjiswa kophuculo ngamaxesha athile. I-SGIP yaseCalifornia iphosa inkuthazo phezulu, ngakumbi kumaziko abalulekileyo.

Omnye umsebenzisi undixelele - ngaphandle kwerekhodi kwibhari ngexesha lenkomfa - ukuba isiqingatha sengeniso yabo eqikelelweyo ivela kwiinkonzo ebezingekho kwiminyaka emihlanu eyadlulayo. "Senza oku njengoko sihamba. Abaqhubi begridi bafumanisa ukuba iibhetri zinokwenza ntoni ngexesha langempela."

Ubude bexesha buhlala bungumqobo ocacileyo kwaye kuyakhathaza. Iinkqubo ezininzi zikhupha 2-iiyure ezi-4 ngamandla alinganisiweyo. Ifanelekile kwiincopho zangokuhlwa xa ilanga lihla. Ayinamsebenzi kwaphela kugcino lweentsuku ezininzi ngexesha lezehlo zemozulu ezandisiweyo.

Itekhnoloji yexesha elide ihlala ibhengezwa ngoshicilelo olukhulu lweendaba. Umoya oxinzelelweyo, iinkqubo zobunzima, ukugcinwa kwe-thermal. Ukusasazwa kwezorhwebo kuhlala kunzima. Wonke umntu ufuna 8+ ugcino lweyure, abanye bafuna 12 okanye 24. Akukho mntu ucinge ngezoqoqosho ngokwesikali okwangoku.

Kukho iziqalo zokwenyani zokuphakamisa iibhloko zekhonkrithi ngeekhreyini ukugcina amandla. Kuvakala kungenangqondo kodwa i-physics iyasebenza. Akukho namnye oye wakala. Ngokufanayo nokugcinwa kwe-thermal.

Ukuthotywa kwebhetri phantsi kweepateni zokwenyani zokukhwela ibhayisekile kuqhubeleka ngokumangalisayo kubaqhubi, nto leyo endikhathazayo kuba ungacinga ukuba sesiyifumene le nto ngoku.

Uvavanyo lwaseLab aluqikelelanga ukusebenza kakuhle kwentsimi. Ufakelo lwakwangoko - 2018, ixesha elibekiweyo lika-2019 - likhwele ibhayisekile ngamandla kunokuba bekucwangcisiwe, ubomi bokusebenza bufutshane ngokukhawuleza kunoko bekulindelekile, ukunyanzeliswa kohlaziyo lwebango lewaranti. Iimodeli ezingcono zokuthotywa zikhoyo ngoku kodwa ukungaqiniseki kusasele malunga ne-10+ yokusebenza konyaka, ngakumbi njengoko amaqhinga okuhambisa avela.

Awunakho ukuvavanya iminyaka eyi-15 yokusebenza kwixesha eliyiminyaka emi-2 yophuhliso. Akunakwenzeka. Injineli e-NREL indixelele ukuba bakha iimodeli ezinokwenzeka ngokusekwe kwidatha yendawo enyiniweyo. "Siyongeza ukusuka kwiminyaka emi-5 yokusebenza ukuqikelela iminyaka engama-20. Kufundile ukuqikelela."

Ukhuseleko lomlilo alukapheli nangona imigangatho ephuculweyo. Umlilo kaMcMicken e-Arizona - ngo-Epreli 2019 - uhlala esona sehlo sibi. Uqhushumbo lwenzakalise abacimi-mlilo abane, kunokuba yintlekele.

Ndathetha nomnye wabaphenduli bokuqala kwinkomfa yokhuseleko. Uthe xa befika, iiprothokholi eziqhelekileyo zathi fafaza amanzi kwimililo yebhetri. Yaqala ukwenza loo nto. Emva koko yagqabhuka. "Akukho mntu usixelele ukuba ezi zinto zinokuhamba zibaleke ngobushushu nasemva kokuba umlilo uphumile."

Eso siganeko sibonakalise indlela ishishini elikuqonda kakubi ngayo usasazo lwe-thermal runinway kwiinkqubo ezinezingxobo. Sasicinga ukuba siyazi. Kuyavela ukuba asizange senze njalo. Imigangatho yovavanyo iye yaphucuka kakhulu emva koko. I-UL 9540A ibe luphawu lokungqinisisa wonke umntu.

Kodwa yonke imichiza yeeseli entsha ifuna ukuvavanywa ukusuka ekuqaleni. Ayingabo bonke abathengisi abalandela iindlela zoyilo ezifanayo zokubeka isithuba kwiiseli, ukupholisa, ukucutha umlilo. Abanye benza iimfuneko zekhowudi ezincinci. Abanye bayamangalisa. Awunakuhlala uxela kwintengiso ukuba yeyiphi indlela esetyenziswa yiprojekthi. Yingxaki leyo.

UMzantsi Australia ubonelela ngokubona{0}ukungena okuphezulu kwixesha elizayo. Phantse i-300 MW yogcino olunceda malunga ne-2,000 yemfuno ephezulu ye-MW ngo-2022. Loo nto ifana ne-15% yemfuno ephezulu yomthamo wogcino. Okubalulekileyo.

Ukusebenza kwegridi ngokusisiseko. Kodwa ulawulo olwahluke kakhulu kuneTexas okanye eCalifornia apho ugcino luhlala luncinci ipesenti yomthamo opheleleyo. Ngaba unokukala indlela yoMzantsi Australia kwi-ERCOT? Mhlawumbi, mhlawumbi akunjalo.

Ndabuza umqhubi wegridi waseMzantsi Australia malunga noku kwinkomfa. Impendulo yakhe: "Siyi-test case. Ukuba iqhekeza apha, ubuncinane sincinci ngokwaneleyo ukuba ukungaphumeleli kuqulethwe." Ayinakuzithemba ncam{3} iyakhuthaza kodwa inyanisekile.

grid-scale energy storage

Iiprojekthi ze-NREL into efana 250+ nokugcinwa kwe-GW yase-US ngo-2050 phantsi kweemeko eziphezulu ezinokuhlaziywa. Okanye ngaba i-300 GW? Kuya kufuneka ndiyijonge. Ukuba loo nto iba yinyama ixhomekeke kwizinto ezininzi. Ukucutha iindleko eziqhubekayo ngokucacileyo. Inkxaso yomgaqo-nkqubo ukuhlala kwindawo, engaqinisekiswanga. Abaqhubi begridi ngokwenene batshintsha iindlela zokusebenza endaweni yokuthetha nje ngayo.

Olunye uqikelelo lweminyaka emihlanu edlulileyo sele lukhangeleka lunolondolozo. Usasazo lugqithise ubuqikelelo bangaphambili. Kodwa olunye uqikelelo lunokungqina ukuba nethemba elikhulu ukuba iingqikelelo eziphambili azibambeki okanye kwenzeke into engalindelekanga. Kunzima ukuthetha.

Iikhemistri ezintsha zihlala zivela kwiilebhu zophando. Isodium-iyoni ithembisa iindleko ezisezantsi zemathiriyeli kuba awusebenzisi i-lithium. IZinc - ibango lomoya lokuxinana okuphezulu. Ezinye izinto mhlawumbi ndiyalibala. Ngaba nayiphi na i-lithium - isusa i-ion yosetyenziso lwegridi? Mhlawumbi akunjalo ngokupheleleyo, kuya kuba luqikelelo lwam. Itekhnoloji ebambeleyo inesikali sokuvelisa abatsha abanako ukuhambelana ngokukhawuleza. Kuthatha iminyaka ukwakha iifektri.

Kunokwenzeka ukuba iikhemistri ezahlukeneyo zifumana iindawo ezithile ezisekelwe kumandla athile. IMarike iye yahluka ngokwaneleyo ukuxhasa iindlela ezininzi, kucingwa ukuba zifikelela kwinqanaba lezorhwebo kwaye zingahlali nje kwiiprojekthi zolingo ngonaphakade.

Ugcino luqale njengesisombululo esihlaziyiweyo sekhefu kodwa savela ngokubanzi. Ngoku sisixhobo sokuguquguquka kwegridi kungakhathaliseki ukuba ivela phi. Faka endaweni yee turbines zokutsha ngolawulo lwamaza. Ukurhoxisa uphuculo olubiza kakhulu lothumelo ngokulawula ingxinano yendawo. Nikeza umnyama-ukuqala kokukwazi ukubuyisela igridi emva kokungabikho okukhulu.

Ezi zicelo zibalulekile ukuba ukungena okuvuselelekayo kubetha i-80% okanye kuhlala kubambekile kwi-40% okanye naphina apho kuphelela khona.

Ezoqoqosho zihlala ziphucuka ngokwandayo. Ukuqhuba isikali sokwenziwa kwexabiso lehle minyaka le. Ukusebenza kwebhetri - Ubuninzi bamandla, ubomi bomjikelo, yonke loo nto - iyaphucuka ngokunyuka. Nokuba indawo yokugcina iba sisisombululo esiguquguqukayo esibalaseleyo okanye inketho enye phakathi kwezinto ezininzi (impendulo yemfuno, ukuhanjiswa okuphuculweyo, uqikelelo olungcono) kuhlala kungumbuzo ovulekileyo ongenakuphendulwa enye ishumi leminyaka okanye emibini.

Yintoni ebonakala icacile: iigridi zitshintsha ngeendlela ezisisiseko. Itekhnoloji zogcino - nokuba zeziphi na iifomu abazithathayo - zenza lukhulu kolo tshintsho. Loo nto ibonakala iqinisekile.

Buyela kuloo mqhubi waseTexas ngexesha leWinter Storm Uri. Emva kokuba amaxabiso ehle abuyele esiqhelweni kunye nengxaki yadlula, ndambuza ukuba ufunde ntoni. Ukunqumama ixesha elide. "Ukuba iibhetri ziyakwazi ukwenza umsebenzi. Kodwa kwakhona akukho mntu uyaziyo into eyenzayo okwangoku. Sonke sicinga oku kunye."

Uziva elungile.

I-EIA ipapasha iinkcukacha-manani zokugcina zenyanga. Ithembekile nangona iphuma kunye ne-lag. I-NEF yaseBloomberg yenza imbonakalo yonyaka, ifuna umrhumo obiza imali eninzi. I-NREL igcina i-database yokusebenza, idatha ibeka inyani ngeenyanga ezili-12-18. Useluncedo kwiinjongo zemfundo.

UWood Mackenzie kunye neefemu ezifanayo zipapasha uqikelelo. Landela umkhondo wokuchaneka{1}} kobulumko kumaxesha amade, masithi kuxutyiwe. Bahlala bejongela phantsi i-2018-2022 amazinga okuthunyelwa. Kuyahlekisa kwimva.

Upapasho zorhwebo olunje nge-Utility Dive kunye neNdaba zoGcino lwaMandla zigubungela iiprojekthi kakuhle. Ukuthambekela kwisakhelo esinethemba nangona kunjalo. Isiqingatha sezinto abazibhengezayo njenge "ziyeza kwakamsinya" azange zifike kumsebenzi worhwebo. Thatha ngetyuwa.

Kwaba neengxoxo eziluncedo kwiminyaka kunye neenjineli zaseCalifornia ISO, ERCOT, South Australia Power Networks, kunye nabaqhubi kwiinkomfa ezahlukeneyo (uAustin, San Diego, Berlin, Adelaide). Uninzi lwezinto ezifundisayo zivela kwiingxoxo zebar emva kokuba iiphaneli ezisemthethweni ziphelile.

Idatha yangoku ukusukela ngo-2023 okanye ekuqaleni kuka-2024. Ishishini liyatshintsha ngokukhawuleza ngokwaneleyo kufuneka uqinisekise amanani athile ukuba uwasebenzisela nantoni na ebalulekileyo. Sukukhankanya eli nqaku kuphela - ndingumntu othile kwi-intanethi.