Yintoni intlawulo epheleleyo?

Intlawulo epheleleyo yimeko xa ibhetri ifikelela kumthamo wamandla ombane aphezulu kwaye ingasakwazi ukwamkela amandla ombane ongezelelweyo. Kwiibhetri ezininzi ezinokutshajwa kwakhona, oku kwenzeka kumda wombane othile{1}}ngokwesiqhelo yi-4.2 volts ngeseli yelithium-ibhetri yeion{4}}apho inkqubo yokutshaja iyeke ngokuzenzekelayo ukunqanda umonakalo.

Ukuqonda iCharge yeVoltage egcweleyo

Ingqikelelo yentlawulo epheleleyo ibotshelelwe ngokusisiseko kumbane endaweni yomthamo nje. Ikhemistri yebhetri nganye inomthamo wombane ochaziweyo obonisa ukutshaja okupheleleyo. Xa uplaga isixhobo sakho, itshaja ihambisa umsinga de ibhetri ifike kulo mgangatho wombane umiselweyo.

Kwiibhetri ze-lithium - ze-ion, olona hlobo luxhaphakileyo kwi-electronics yabathengi, intlawulo epheleleyo ithetha i-4.2V ngeseli nganye. Ibhetri ye-smartphone eneseli enye ifikelela kwintlawulo epheleleyo kwi-4.2V, ngelixa i-laptop ibhetri ipakethe kunye neeseli ezintathu ezilandelelanayo zifikelela kwi-12.6V.Umda wombane ubalulekile-ukuyogqitha nokuba kancinane kunokubangela ukubaleka kwe-thermal kunye nomonakalo osisigxina webhetri.

Iikhemistri zebhetri ezahlukeneyo zineevolti ezahlukeneyo zentlawulo epheleleyo. I-Lead-ibhetri zeasidi zifikelela kwintlawulo epheleleyo malunga ne-2.4V ngeseli nganye, ngelixa i-nickel{3}}i-metal hydride (NiMH) iibhetri zigqibezela ukutshaja malunga ne-1.4-1.5V ngeseli nganye. Iibhetri ye-lithium polymer, itekhnoloji ye-lithium-i-ion, ikwahlawulisa ukuya kwi-4.2V ngeseli nganye kodwa isebenzisa ijeli{2}}efana ne-electrolyte endaweni yolwelo, iyenza ibe bhetyebhetye ngakumbi kwimilo kwaye ikhuseleke kancinane phantsi koxinzelelo.

Iisistim zala maxesha zokutshaja zisebenzisa indlela yombane engaguqukiyo yangoku/ohleliyo (CC/CV). Ngexesha lenqanaba langoku eliqhubekayo, itshaja ihambisa ubuninzi bangoku ngelixa i-voltage inyuka ngokuthe ngcembe. Nje ukuba ibhetri ifikelele kwi-4.2V, inkqubo itshintshela kwimowudi yombane rhoqo, apho i-voltage ihlala ihleli kwi-4.2V ngelixa ikhoyo iyancipha ngokuthe ngcembe. Ibhetri ithathwa ngokuba igcwaliswe ngokupheleleyo xa ibhetri yangoku ihla ukuya malunga ne-3-5% yomthamo webhetri.

IiNkqubo zokuTjaja zifumanisa njani intlawulo epheleleyo

Iisekethe zokutshaja zisebenzisa iindlela ezininzi zokuchonga xa ibhetri ifikelele kwintlawulo epheleleyo. Indlela ephambili yokufumanisa ijonga i-voltage kunye neyangoku ngaxeshanye. Xa amandla ombane ebhetri ezinzile kumlinganiselo omkhulu kwaye umsinga wokutshaja wehla ngaphantsi kwexabiso lokunqunyulwa kwangaphambili, inkqubo iyayibona intlawulo epheleleyo kwaye iyayiphelisa inkqubo yokutshaja.

Ukujongwa kobushushu kusebenza njengendlela yesibini yokufumanisa.Ngexesha lokugqibela lokutshaja, iibhetri zivelisa ubushushu. Ukunyuka kweqondo lokushisa ngokukhawuleza kungabonisa ukuba ibhetri ifikelele kwintlawulo epheleleyo kwaye nayiphi na ikhoyo ngoku eyongezelelweyo iguqulelwa kubushushu kunokuba igcinwe amandla. Iitshaja zomgangatho zibandakanya izifudumezi{2}}zeqondo lobushushu{3}}izixhasi ezibuthathaka{4}}ezivala ukutshaja ukuba ibhetri igqithile kwiqondo lobushushu elikhuselekileyo.

Iinkqubo zolawulo lwebhetri (BMS) kwizixhobo zanamhlanje zisebenzisa i-algorithms enobugocigoci obulandelela iiparamitha ezininzi. Ezi nkqubo zibeka iliso kumandla ombane weseli nganye kwiipakethi zeeseli ezininzi{{1}, ziqinisekisa ukutshaja okulinganayo kuzo zonke iiseli. Ukuba iseli enye ifikelela kwi-4.2V ngaphambi kwezinye, i-BMS inokucotha okanye inqumame ukutshaja kuloo seli ngelixa iqhubeka nokutshaja iiseli ezishiyekileyo.

Intlawulo yokupheliswa kwangoku iyahluka ngobukhulu bebhetri kunye nekhemistri. Ibhetri ye-smartphone eqhelekileyo inokuphelisa ukutshaja xa ngoku ihla iye kwi-50-100mA, ngelixa ibhetri yelaptop enomthamo ophezulu inokuqhubeka de yangoku iwe phantsi kwe-200-300mA. Abavelisi balinganisa la maxabiso ukulinganisa isantya sokutshaja kunye nobude bebhetri.

Izalathisi eziBonakalayo kunye nezoMzimba zeNtlawulo epheleleyo

Uninzi lwezixhobo zibonelela ngezalathi ezicacileyo xa iibhetri zifikelela kwintlawulo epheleleyo. Izibane ze-LED zezona ziqhelekileyo zokubonwayo-ukutshintsha ukusuka ebomvu okanye i-amber ngexesha lokutshaja ukuya eluhlaza okanye eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka xa kugqityiwe. Ezinye iitshaja zicima isibane esicacileyo ngokupheleleyo xa zifikelela kwintlawulo epheleleyo, ngelixa ezinye zinokubonisa ipateni yokubetha ukuze zahlule kwiimo zokutshaja ezisebenzayo.

Iimpawu zeSoftware ziye zaphucuka ngakumbi. Iisistim ezisebenzayo zibonisa ipesenti yebhetri, kodwa ipesenteji iyodwa ayibonakalisi intlawulo epheleleyo. Ibhetri ebonisa i-100% isenokuba isamkela umbane omncinci wangoku. Intlawulo epheleleyo yokwenyani yenzeka xa zombini ipesenti ifundeka nge-100% kunye nesixhobo sibonisa isimo "sokuTshaja ngokuPheleleyo" okanye "Awuhlawulisi".

Ezinye izixhobo zibandakanya impendulo ye-haptic, ibonelela ngokungcangcazela xa ukutshaja kugqityiwe. Eli nqaku libonisa ukuba luncedo ngakumbi ngexesha lokutshaja ebusuku xa abasebenzisi besenokungaboni izalathi ezibonwayo. Izixhobo zePremium zinokuthumela izaziso zokutyhala ukwazisa abasebenzisi ukuba ibhetri yabo ifikelele kwintlawulo epheleleyo.

Utshintsho olwenzekayo ngexesha lokutshaja lunokubonakalisa ukugqitywa. Iibhetri zifudumala ngexesha lokutshaja ngenxa yokuchasana kwangaphakathi kunye nokuphendula kweekhemikhali. Xa ibhetri ifikelela kwintlawulo epheleleyo, iye iqalise ukuphola njengoko umsinga wokutshaja uhla kakhulu. Nangona kunjalo, ukuxhomekeka kwiqondo lobushushu kuphela akuthembekanga{3}}imiba yokusingqongileyo kunye neepateni zokusetyenziswa kwesixhobo kuchaphazela kakhulu ubushushu bebhetri.

Intlawulo egcweleyo xa kuthelekiswa nesakhono esikalikelweyo

Ukuqonda umahluko phakathi kwentlawulo epheleleyo kunye nomthamo olinganisiweyo kucacisa ukubhideka okuqhelekileyo malunga nokusebenza kwebhetri. Umthamo webhetri okalwayo, olinganiswa ngee milliampere-iiyure (mAh) okanye watt-iiyure (Wh), imele amandla ewonke enokuthi igcinwe phantsi kweemeko ezifanelekileyo. Ukutshaja ngokupheleleyo kuthetha ukuba ibhetri ifikelele kumthamo wombane ophezulu{4}akuqinisekisi ukuba ibhetri inomthamo wayo wokuqala okalikiweyo.

Umthamo webhetri uyehla ngokuhamba kwexesha ngentlawulo ephindaphindiweyo{0}}kumjikelezo wokukhupha. Ibhetri ye-smartphone{{2}emibini-iminyaka ubudala inokufikelela kwintlawulo epheleleyo kwi-4.2V kodwa igcine kuphela i-80% yomthamo wayo wokuqala. I-voltage ifikelela kumda wentlawulo epheleleyo, kodwa ibhetri iyancipha ngokukhawuleza kunexesha elitsha ngenxa yokuba ukuchithwa kweekhemikhali kunciphise izinto ezisebenzayo ezikhoyo zokugcina intlawulo.

Ukuphelelwa amandla kwenzeka ngeendlela ezininzi.Iibhetri zeLithium-ziphuhlisa ujongano oluluqilima lwe-electrolyte (SEI) kwi-anode ngexesha lokuhamba ngebhayisekile. Olu luhlu lusebenzisa i-lithium ion ngokusisigxina, ukunciphisa umthamo okhoyo. Ukongezelela, izinto ze-electrode zinokuqhekeka kunye nokuqhekeka ngexesha lokwandiswa kunye nokunyanzeliswa okwenzeka ngexesha lokutshaja kunye nokukhupha, ngakumbi ukunciphisa amandla.

Abavelisi baxabisa iibhetri phantsi kweemeko ezilawulwayo{0}}ngokwesiqhelo kwi-25℃kunye nemilinganiselo yokukhupha ephakathi. Okwenyani{3}umthamo wehlabathi uyohluka ngokobushushu, izinga lokukhutshwa, kunye nobudala. Ibhetri efika itshajiswe ngokupheleleyo phantsi kweemeko zokukhenkceka inokunikezela kuphela ngama-50-60% omthamo wayo olinganisiweyo ngenxa yokwanda kokunganyangeki kwangaphakathi kunye nokucotha kweekhemikhali.

Ezinye izixhobo zibonisa "impilo yebhetri" metrics ebonisa umthamo wangoku xa uthelekiswa nomthamo wokuqala. Lo mlinganiselo unceda abasebenzisi baqonde ukuba ukufikelela kwintlawulo epheleleyo akuthethi ukuba ibhetri isebenza njengentsha-ithetha ngokulula ukuba ibhetri ifikelele kumbane wayo wangoku omkhulu ngaphakathi kwimeko yokonakala.

Impembelelo yokuGcina iCharge egcweleyo kuBomi bebhetri

Ukugcina i-lithium{0}esekwe kwiibhetri kwintlawulo epheleleyo ixesha elongeziweyo kuyakukhawulezisa ukuthotywa. Kwi-4.2V, ibhetri ifumana uxinzelelo olukhulu lombane kwii-electrode zayo kunye ne-electrolyte. Olu xinzelelo luqhuba ukuphendula okungafunekiyo kwecala okudla i-lithium esebenzayo kunye nokunciphisa izixhobo ze-electrode, ukunciphisa ngokusisigxina umthamo.

Idatha yophando ibonisa iipateni zokuthotywa ezicacileyo ezinxulumene nombane wokugcina. Iibhetri ezigcinwe kwi-100% yentlawulo zilahlekelwa malunga ne-20% umthamo ngonyaka kwiqondo lobushushu begumbi, ngelixa iibhetri ezigcinwe kwi-40-i-60% yentlawulo ilahlekelwa yi-2-4% kuphela umthamo ngonyaka. Umahluko ubonakala ngakumbi kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu-ibhetri egcwaliswe ngokupheleleyo kwimoto eshushu inokufumana ilahleko enkulu yomthamo kwiinyanga.

Izixhobo zanamhlanje zisebenzisa amanyathelo okukhusela ngokuchasene noxinzelelo olupheleleyo lwentlawulo.Ii-smartphones ezininzi kunye neelaptops ngoku zibonakalisa "ukutshaja kwebhetri ephuculweyo" efunda iipateni zabasebenzisi kunye nokulibaziseka ukutshaja ukuya kwi-100% de kube kanye ngaphambi kokuba isixhobo sikhutshwe. Umzekelo, ukuba uhlala uhlawulisa ubusuku bonke kwaye ukhuphe iplagi ngo-7 AM, isixhobo sinokuhlawulisa ukuya kwi-80% ngokukhawuleza, uze ulinde kude kube ngu-6:30 AM ukugqiba ukutshaja ukuya kwi-100%.

Izithuthi zombane (EVs) zithatha le ngcamango ngakumbi ngokucebisa abasebenzisi ukuba babeke imida yentlawulo kwi-80-90% yokusetyenziswa kwansuku zonke, ukugcina iindleko ze-100% kuphela kwiihambo ezide. Iibhetri ze-EV zihamba ngamawaka emijikelo ngexesha lokuphila kwazo, ngoko ke ukunciphisa uxinzelelo lombane kwandisa kakhulu ubomi bebhetri. Ibhetri yeTesla etshajwa ukuya kuma-90% rhoqo inokugcina umthamo we-90% emva kweemayile ezingama-200,000, ngelixa enye ihlawuliswa ukuya kwi-100% yonke imihla inokuthoba ukuya kuma-80% umthamo kumgama ofanayo.

Ijiko lamandla ombane alikho{0}}emtyani{1}}i-20% yokugqibela yentlawulo (ukusuka kwi-80% ukuya kwi-100%) ibangela uxinzelelo olungalinganisekiyo. Lo mmandla ufuna ukutshajiswa kwamandla ombane rhoqo apho ukusabela kweekhemikhali kuya kuba nzima ngakumbi, ukuvelisa ubushushu obuninzi kunye nokuqhuba ukuphendula okungafunekiyo. Kubasebenzisi ababeka phambili ubomi obude ngaphezu kwexesha eliphezulu lokusebenza, ukugcina intlawulo phakathi kwe-20-80% kunika ubomi obulungileyo.

IiNdlela zokuTshaja eziLungileyo

Ukuqonda intlawulo epheleleyo kuvumela imikhwa ekrelekrele yokutshaja elungelelanisa lula kunye nobomi obude bebhetri. Ukusetyenziswa kwemihla ngemihla, imijikelo yokutshaja ngokuyinxenye ibonakalisa uxinzelelo oluncinci kwiibhetri kunokutshaja ngokuphindaphindiweyo ukuya kwi-100%. Iingcali ezininzi zebhetri zincoma ukugcina intlawulo phakathi kwe-30-80% yokusetyenziswa rhoqo, ukuvumela iintlawulo ezigcweleyo kuphela xa ubuninzi bexesha lokuqhuba liyimfuneko.

Isantya sokutshaja sichaphazela uxinzelelo lwebhetri kunye nobushushu. Ukutshaja ngokukhawuleza ukuya kwintlawulo epheleleyo kuvelisa ubushushu obuninzi kunokutshaja okucothayo, okukhawulezisa ukuwohloka. Xa ixesha livuma, ukusebenzisa itshaja esezantsi{2}}yehlisa i-thermal ngexesha lokutshaja. Ibhetri ehlawuliswe nge-5W ngaphezulu kweeyure ezintathu ifumana ukuthotywa okungaphantsi kunenye ihlawulwe kwi-20W phantsi kweyure, nangona zombini zifikelela kumbane wentlawulo opheleleyo ofanayo.

Ixesha libalulekile njengenqanaba lentlawulo.Ukushiya isixhobo siplagiwe emva kokufikelela kwintlawulo epheleleyo akuyongozi njengoko abaninzi bekholelwa, ukuba inkqubo yokutshaja iyilwe kakuhle{0}}. Iitshaja ezisemgangathweni zingena kwimowudi yokulungisa apho zizisa kuphela umsinga owaneleyo wokuzikhulula-ukuzikhupha, ngokwesiqhelo 2-5mA. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba isixhobo sisebenzisa amandla ngelixa siplagiwe-efana nomdlalo okanye umboniso wevidiyo-ibhetri inokujikeleza phakathi kwe-98-100% ngokuphindaphindiweyo, nto leyo eyenza ukuba ikhawuleze ukuguga.

Ulawulo lobushushu ngexesha lokutshaja lungqina ukuba lubalulekile. Ibhetri kufuneka itshaje kwindawo yobushushu obuphakathi{1}}ephakathi kwe 10-30℃(50-86℃F). Ukutshaja kubanda kakhulu kunciphisa ukusebenza kakuhle kokutshaja kwaye kunokubangela i-lithium plating, ngelixa ukutshaja kubushushu obugqithisileyo kukhawuleza zonke iindlela zokuwohloka. Susa iimeko zefowuni ngexesha lokutshaja ukuphucula ukulahla ubushushu, kwaye unqande izixhobo zokutshaja kwiindawo ezithambileyo njengeebhedi okanye iibhedi ezibamba ubushushu.

Kwizixhobo ezisetyenziswa rhoqo, ezinje ngeebhetri zogcino okanye izixhobo zonyaka, zigcine ngentlawulo eyi-40-50% kunokuba uhlawule ngokupheleleyo. Lo mbane wokugcina unciphisa ukuthotywa ngexesha lokulala. Jonga iibhetri ezigciniweyo qho kwiinyanga ezimbalwa kwaye uzitshaje kwakhona ukuba zehle ngaphantsi kwe-20% ukunqanda umonakalo onzulu wokukhupha.

Imibuzo ebuzwa qho

Ngaba ukukhupha iiplagi ngoko nangoko emva kwentlawulo epheleleyo kuphucula ubomi bebhetri?

Iinkqubo zokutshaja zale mihla ziyeka ngokuzenzekelayo ukuzisa umsinga obalulekileyo nje ukuba ibhetri ifikelele kwintlawulo epheleleyo, ingena kwimowudi yogcino enika amandla amancinci. Ukukhupha iplagi ngokukhawuleza emva kwentlawulo epheleleyo kubonelela ngenzuzo esecaleni ngaphandle kokuba usebenzisa isixhobo kakhulu ngelixa uplagiwe, nto leyo enokubangela ukuhamba kwebhayisikile encinci{1}} phakathi kwe-98-100%. Kubasebenzisi abaninzi, ukushiya isixhobo siplagiwe iiyure ezimbalwa ezongezelelweyo akubangeli bungozi bunokulinganiswa.

Kutheni ipesenti yebhetri yam yehla ngokukhawuleza emva kokubonisa i-100%?

Oku kubonisa imiba yokulungelelaniswa kwebhetri kunokuphulukana nomthamo wokwenyani. Inkqubo yokulawula ibhetri iqikelela inqanaba lentlawulo ngokusekelwe kumbane kunye nemilinganiselo yangoku. Ukuba olu qikelelo lusuka kwinyani, inkqubo inokuxela i-100% xa intlawulo yokwenyani iphantsi. Ukukhupha ngokupheleleyo{4}}umjikelo wentlawulo ngamaxesha athile kuyanceda ukuhlaziya inkqubo, nangona oku kungafuneki ngaphezu kweenyanga ezimbalwa.

Ngaba ukutshaja kakhulu kunokuyonakalisa ibhetri nokuba kukho iinkqubo zokhuseleko zale mihla?

Ukutshaja ngokugqithisileyo{0}}ngaphezulu kwe-4.2V ngeseli{2}}kunqabile kakhulu ngetshaja ezisemgangathweni kunye nezixhobo. Iisekethe zokhuselo zineendlela ezininzi zokukhusela ezingafunekiyo ezithintela amandla ombane ukuba angagqithi kwimida ekhuselekileyo. Nangona kunjalo, ukugcina rhoqo iibhetri kwi-100% yentlawulo, nakwi-voltage echanekileyo, kukhawulezisa ukuthotywa kweekhemikhali. Igama elithi "ukutshaja ngokugqithiseleyo" lihlala lisetyenziswa kakubi ukuchaza ukutshaja ixesha elide ngentlawulo epheleleyo, nto leyo ebangela uxinzelelo lwevoltheji endaweni yokutshaja okwenyani.

Ndazi njani ukuba ibhetri yam ifikelele kwintlawulo epheleleyo ukuba isalathisi sophukile?

Ngaphandle kwezikhombisi zokusebenza, ungasebenzisa imilinganiselo yombane kunye ne-multimeter. Kwibhetri ye-yeseli yelithium{2}}eyodwa, intlawulo epheleleyo yi-4.2V elinganiswa kwiitheminali zebhetri. Kwiipakethe -zeseli ezininzi, phindaphinda i-4.2V ngenani leeseli kuthotho. Kungenjalo, qaphela ixesha lokutshaja{8}}iibhetri ezininzi zifuna 2{10}}iiyure ezi-3 ngentlawulo epheleleyo ukusuka kufutshane-engenanto kunye neetshaja eziqhelekileyo. Ukutshaja ngaphaya kweli xesha kungabikho tshintsho kubushushu bebhetri kubonisa ukuba intlawulo epheleleyo ifikelelwe.

Iingqwalaselo zokugqibela kuLawulo lweNtlawulo ePheleleyo

Ikhemistri yebhetri ayitshintshanga ngokusisiseko kumashumi eminyaka, kodwa ukuqonda kwethu ezona ndlela zilungileyo zokutshaja ziyaqhubeka nokuvela. Ishishini ngoku liyaqonda ukuba ukufuna i-100% yentlawulo kumjikelo ngamnye iza norhwebo{2}}oluya kuthi abasebenzisi abaninzi bangalufuni ukuba banolwazi olungcono malunga nezinye.

Qwalasela iimfuno zakho zokwenyani ngokuchasene nokuziphatha ngokwesiqhelo. Uninzi lwabantu lunokusebenza nge-80% yentlawulo yemisebenzi yemihla ngemihla, ukugcina iintlawulo ezipheleleyo ngeentsuku apho ixesha lokusebenza liyimfuneko. Olu hlengahlengiso olulula, oludityaniswe nokuphepha ukukhutshwa okunzulu ngaphantsi kwe-20%, kunokwandisa ubomi bebhetri obusebenzayo nge-50-100% ngaphandle kokufuna nasiphi na isixhobo esikhethekileyo okanye ukuphazamiseka okukhulu.

Ishishini letekhnoloji liziqhelanisa ngokuthe ngcembe nezi nyaniso. Abavelisi abaninzi ngoku baquka iimpawu zempilo yebhetri, ukhetho lokunciphisa intlawulo, kunye neendlela zokutshaja eziguquguqukayo ezinciphisa ixesha elichithwe kwintlawulo epheleleyo. Njengoko iibhetri zimele zombini iinkxalabo zokusingqongileyo kunye neendleko ezibalulekileyo zokutshintsha, lindela ezi mpawu zokukhusela ukuba zibe semgangathweni kunokuba zikhethe iiprimiyamu.

Izinto eziphambili zokuThatha

Intlawulo epheleleyo iyenzeka kumbane omkhulu (4.2V ye-lithium- ion), hayi xa ibhetri ifunda ngokulula 100%.

Ukugcina iibhetri ngentlawulo epheleleyo kukhawulezisa ukuthotywa xa kuthelekiswa neemeko zentlawulo engaphelelanga

Iinkqubo zokutshaja zale mihla zisebenzisa i-voltage, yangoku, kunye nokujongwa kweqondo lobushushu ukubona intlawulo epheleleyo ngokuchanekileyo

Ukutshaja phakathi kwe-20-80% yokusetyenziswa kwemihla ngemihla kwandisa kakhulu ubomi bebhetri

Amandla ombane wokutshaja ngokupheleleyo ahlala engaguquki ngelixa amandla ebhetri ehla ngokuhamba kwexesha

Unxulumano olucetyiswayo lwangaphakathi

Umthamo webhetri kunye namazinga okukhutshwa

I-Lithium -yeyona nto ibalulekileyo kwi-battery chemistry

Iinkqubo zolawulo lwebhetri (BMS) ubuchwepheshe

Ukutshaja ngokukhawuleza xa kuthelekiswa nohlahlelo lokutshaja olucothayo

Eyona ndlela yokugcina ibhetri